Meteorological parameters determine the physical properties of snow precipitating from the atmosphere, but snow layers also continue to develop within the snow pack after the precipitation event. New characteristics form depending on temperature fluctuations, interaction with the soil, overburden compression, rain-on-snow events and more. As climate change is evidenced across the globe and particularly in the Arctic, understanding the relationship between snow and climate is important. In this project, a set of observed data of snow layer characteristics, collected every two weeks each winter over a 50+ year period at Abisko Scientific Research Station, northern Sweden, is co-studied with a multi-layer snow pack model which is able to reproduce additional snow properties. Data is presented in long time series as well as in high resolution to capture both trends and details. Comparison between modelled and observed data is made where possible. Physical processes are discussed and potential trends in the data are evaluated. Results show good agreement for snow pack depth between model and observations, while modelled snow density is largely confirmed by comparison with other records of density measured at Abisko. Modelled outputs illustrate snow pack temperature fluctuations, percolation of melt water and densification of snow layers within the profiles; observed data show variations in snow layer hardness, grain compactness, grain size and dryness. Long-term trends indicate an increase in snow layer hardness and a decrease in snow grain size since the beginning of the record. / Förhållanden i atmosfären bestämmer vilken sorts snö som fälls ut som nederbörd, men de snöskikt som bildas i säsongspackad snö fortsätter även att utvecklas genom hela vintern. Snölagrens egenskaper förändras beroende på temperaturvariationer, termodynamisk växelverkan med markytan, belastning från ovanliggande snö, regn, med mera. Med accelererande klimatförändringar – särskilt i Arktis – är det viktigt att förstå hur snö och klimat interagerar. I detta projekt analyseras en serie observationer av snöskikt och snöegenskaper, insamlade under mer än 50 år vid Abisko naturvetenskapliga station, jämte en snöpackmodell som ger information om ytterligare egenskaper hos snön. Snödata presenteras både för enskilda säsonger och i långa tidsserier för att fånga upp detaljer såväl som utvecklingen över tid. Där det är möjligt görs jämförelser mellan modelldata och observationer. De fysikaliska processer som ger upphov till förändringar i snön diskuteras och eventuella trender i dataserierna utvärderas. Resultaten visar att snödjup stämmer väl överens mellan modell och observationer. Modellerad snödensitet styrks vid jämförelse med tidiga observationer av densitet som gjorts i Abisko. Snöpackmodellens utdata illustrerar snöns temperaturändringar, perkolation av smältvatten och förtätning (densitetsökning) hos snöskikten. Observationsdata visar förändringar i snöns täthet (hårdhet), snökornens fasthet, kornstorlek samt snöns torrhet. Trendstudier pekar mot att snölagrens täthet ökat och att snöns kornstorlek minskat sedan mätningarna startade.

Nessa pesquisa apresentamos uma proposta didática pautada no uso da literatura no ensino de ciências a partir do uso de um gênero literário específico, o romance policial juvenil, no ensino da Investigação Científica. A obra utilizada como modelo é O caso da borboleta Atíria de Lúcia Machado de Almeida, que possui um enredo pautado em mistério e investigação policial e faz parte da Série Vaga Lume da editora Ática. As obras literárias que compõe a Série estão presentes nas salas de aula e bibliotecas escolares, desde a década de setenta e fazem parte do repertório de leitura de muitos alunos atualmente. Além disso, elas estão repletas de conteúdos que permeiam várias áreas do conhecimento. Um dos procedimentos utilizados de análise da obra foi o uso da semiótica de Greimas (1976) que procura estabelecer as relações sintáxicas no interior de um texto, podendo auxiliar em um trabalho de interpretação mais profunda. Também realizamos a análise do discurso tendo como aporte teórico Maingueneau (2006), que estabelece parâmetros que nos permitem avaliar as principais características e as condições de êxito para os gêneros do discurso, estudando o processo de produção da obra, tendo como base o contexto sociocultural, evidenciando elementos a serem considerados no processo de ensino-aprendizagem relacionados à estrutura da obra e ao contexto sociocultural em que ela está inserida. Com essas análises, notamos que a obra tem como foco a busca do conhecimento por meio da investigação, possibilitando a elaboração de propostas didáticas para o ensino da Investigação Científica. Sendo assim, elaboramos propostas didáticas com o uso da obra para a abordagem da investigação científica no ensino de ciências voltadas para nível do Ensino Fundamental II. Essas propostas foram aplicadas em uma escola da cidade de São Paulo com o objetivo de reformular e aprimorar as propostas, possibilitando seu uso em diversos contextos escolares de forma interdisciplinar. / In this research we propose a guided didactic use of literature in science education from the use of a specific literary genre, the crime novel, in Scientific Research\'s teaching. The book O caso da borboleta Atíria was used as a model, written by Lucia Machado de Almeida, in which story is based in mystery and police investigation and is part of the publisher Ática, in Vaga Lume collection. The Literary that make up this collection are present in classrooms and school libraries since the seventies and are part of the repertoire of many students currently reading. Moreover, they are filled with content that permeate many areas of knowledge. One of the procedures used for analysis of the work was the use of semiotics of Greimas (1976) who seeks to establish syntactic relations within a text, and may help in a deeper interpretation work. We also conducted the analysis of discourse based in Maingueneau\'s theory (2006), which sets parameters that allow us to assess the main characteristics and the conditions of success for speech genres, studying the production process of the work, based on the social and culture contexts, showing elements to be considered in the process of teaching and learning related to the structure of the work and to the context in which it is embedded. With those analyses, we note that the work has a focus on to the search for knowledge through research, allowing the preparation of didactic proposals for the Scientific Research teaching. Thus, we elaborate didactic proposals using the book to approach scientific research in science teaching aimed at the elementary school. These proposals have been implemented in a school in the city of São Paulo in order to reshape and refine the proposals, enabling its use in different school contexts in an interdisciplinary way.

A presente tese tem como objetivo construir princípios que possam auxiliar a desenvolver a pesquisa científica para investigar Ambientes Virtuais de Aprendizagem (AVAs), sob o ponto de vista do pensamento complexo. Para tanto, o estudo é desenvolvido numa abordagem qualitativa de cunho dialógico, com base no Paradigma do Pensamento Complexo proposto por Edgar Morin. Este estudo indica princípios da pesquisa científica em ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem, fundamentado na compreensão dos desafios que a cibercultura impõe para a realização de pesquisas científicas em AVAs e na análise da dinâmica dos mesmos. Estes princípios são divididos em ontológicos, epistemológicos e metodológicos, e formam o quadro de referência para o desenvolvimento de um tipo de pesquisa que denominamos de PesquisAVA. Esta tem como objeto de estudo os ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem, sendo uma pesquisa que se caracteriza por se realizar no espaço virtual, fazendo uso da tecnologia digital. Através de uma aplicação prática dos princípios, utilizando o AVA ROODA, foi possível identificar as possibilidades e os limites da PesquisAVA. Os limites, de uma maneira geral, dizem respeito às dificuldades da pesquisa fundamentada no paradigma da complexidade de expressar, com as limitações que temos, a multiplicidade dos caminhos, dos olhares, dos contextos. Ainda, incluem as dificuldades de organizar uma quantidade muito grande de dados que normalmente são produzidos nos AVAs. Como possibilidades, a PesquisAVA permite desenvolver a investigação respeitando as especificidades do AVA e explorando as mesmas em proveito da pesquisa. Com esse tipo de pesquisa mostramos que, não só é preciso, mas é possível embasar a investigação em ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem sob um novo paradigma. A PesquisAVA proporciona, também, novas compreensões/ explicações sobre o funcionamento do AVA; o processo de ensino e de aprendizagem nesse ambiente; as relações professor-aluno e aluno-aluno nesse novo espaço/tempo virtual; as novas linguagens; os processos de construção do conhecimento; enfim o complexo contexto que o AVA representa. Diante disso, esse tipo de pesquisa pode contribuir para descobertas sobre processos investigativos no AVA que permitam qualificar, cada vez mais, o uso dos mesmos na educação. / The present thesis has the objective of building principles that can help developing the scientific research to investigate Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs) under the complex thinking point of view. For that, the study is developed in a qualitative approach with dialogical characteristics, based on the Complex Thinking Paradigm proposed by Edgar Morin. This study indicates principles of scientific research in virtual learning environments, founded on the comprehension of the challenges imposed by cyberculture to the development of scientific researches in VLEs, and on the analysis of their dynamics. These principles are divided in ontological, epistemological and methodological, and form a reference framework to the development of a kind of research that we call VLE-Research. This research has the virtual learning environments as its object of study, and it is characterized by being developed in virtual spaces, using digital technology. Throughout a practical application of the principles, using the VLE ROODA, it was possible to identify the VLE-Research’s possibilities and limits. The limits, in general, are about the difficulties of the research based on the complexity paradigm to express the multiplicity of ways, of insights, of contexts, taking into consideration the limitations we have. Moreover, they include the difficulties of organizing a huge amount of data that are normally produced in VLEs. As possibilities the VLE-Research permits develop the investigation respecting the specificities of VLE and exploring them in the research’s benefit. With this kind of research we show that not only it is necessary, but also possible to build the investigation in virtual learning environments under a new paradigm. The VLE-Research also provides new comprehensions/explanations about the VLE’s functioning; the teaching and learning processes in this environment; the relations teacher-student and student-student in this new virtual space/time; the new languages; the knowledge construction processes; finally the complex context that the VLE represents. Therefore, this kind of research can contribute for discoveries about investigative processes in VLEs that allow qualifying, more and more, their use in education.

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-13T20:55:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marcos Paulo Mendes Araújo.pdf: 902913 bytes, checksum: 8cb53fb2eb44649a8f571f643c310239 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-11-27T19:51:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marcos Paulo Mendes Araújo.pdf: 902913 bytes, checksum: 8cb53fb2eb44649a8f571f643c310239 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-11-27T19:55:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marcos Paulo Mendes Araújo.pdf: 902913 bytes, checksum: 8cb53fb2eb44649a8f571f643c310239 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-27T19:55:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marcos Paulo Mendes Araújo.pdf: 902913 bytes, checksum: 8cb53fb2eb44649a8f571f643c310239 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-05 / FAPEAM - Fapeam - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / In the late nineteenth century, a significant number of foreign researchers visited Brazil in order to conduct exploratory trips. One of these explorers was Karl von den Steinen who was in Brazil on two occasions, the first being in 1884 when he visited the Xingu region in the company of two other Germans, several Brazilian military and hired guides. This research presents the results of reading and analyzing the travel report produced by the Brazilian Army Infantry Captain Francisco de Paula Castro in 1884, during the voyage of exploration of the Xingu River. The work rescues information about the assembly, as well as the scientific expedition led by the German doctor and ethnologist Karl von den Steinen from the official records for almost six months away. The research sought to explore the details presented by the official on the contact of the exploiters with the Indians found along the way. The study also sought to examine the role played by Francisco de Paula Castro during the expedition jobs from the report of the confrontation with texts written by Karl von den Steinen on the scientific expedition. The work brings results in the recovery of important issues and events occurred during the exploratory trip of 1884. / No final do século XIX, um significativo número de pesquisadores estrangeiros esteve no Brasil a fim de realizar viagens exploratórias. Um desses exploradores foi Karl von den Steinen que esteve no Brasil em duas oportunidades, sendo a primeira em 1884 quando visitou a região do Xingu na companhia de outros dois alemães, vários militares brasileiros e guias contratados. Esta pesquisa apresenta o resultado da leitura e análise do relatório de viagem produzido pelo capitão de infantaria do Exército Brasileiro Francisco de Paula Castro em 1884, durante a viagem de exploração do rio Xingu. O trabalho resgata informações sobre a montagem, bem como, a expedição científica liderada pelo médico e etnólogo alemão Karl von den Steinen a partir dos registros do oficial durante quase seis meses de viagem. A pesquisa buscou explorar o detalhamento apresentado pelo oficial sobre o contato dos exploradores com os indígenas encontrados ao longo da viagem. O estudo também procurou examinar o papel desempenhado por Francisco de Paula Castro durante os trabalhos da expedição a partir do confronto do relatório com os textos produzidos por Karl von den Steinen sobre a expedição científica. O trabalho traz como resultado a recuperação de importantes aspectos e acontecimentos ocorridos durante a viagem exploratória de 1884.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:00:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Alves da Cunha.pdf: 1338248 bytes, checksum: 3c0a0afbc1261b492ec0b2813288fea5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-07 / CAPES / O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar as contribuições de Akerlof, Spence e Stiglitz, discutindo como os elementos fornecidos por estas contribuições permitem a definição de programa de pesquisa, no sentido proposto por Lakatos (1980). Buscou-se demonstrar que as pesquisas desses autores são incompatíveis com as análises padrão da teoria econômica, identificadas neste trabalho como aquelas pertencentes ao programa de pesquisa Neoclássico. Na primeira parte do trabalho é apresentada a Metodologia do Programa de Pesquisa Científico de Imre Lakatos, situando-a em relação aos trabalhos de Karl Popper e Thomas Kuhn. Na segunda parte, é proposta uma definição do Programa de Pesquisa Neoclássico, utilizando-se como ponto de partida a definição proposta por Weintraub (1985). Por último, são apresentados os principais trabalhos de Akerlof, Spence e Stiglitz, identificando-se como estes são incompatíveis com o programa de pesquisa Neoclássico, e permitem a definição do programa de pesquisa da Nova Economia da Informação / This work presents the contributions of Akerlof, Spence and Stiglitz, discussing how the elements provided allows a research programme to be defined, in the sense of Lakatos (1980). The research aims to demonstrate how the work of those authors were incompatible with the standard economic analysis, this late identified with those analysis pertaining to the Neoclassical research programme. In the first part, the Methodology of Research Programme is presented, relating it to the works of Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn. In the second part, a definition of the Neoclassical research programme is established, with the definition provided by Weintraub (1985) as a starting point. In the third part, the main works of Akerlof, Spence and Stiglitz were presented, identifying how they were incompatible with the definition of the Neoclassical research programme provided in the second part, and allows the definition of the New Information Economics research programme

Název diplomové práce: Mysl a vědomí u zvířat Vedoucí práce: prof. Karel Thein, Ph.D. Vypracovala: Bc. Klaudie Richterová Abstrakt v anglickém jazyce This thesis examines the issue of cognition, mind, and consciousness of living beings other than humans. What complicates the whole issue is the essential inwardness of the conscious experience. We objectivize this inwardness per our aim to know, and thus deprive it of its essence. Thereby, very often, we lose sight of what we want to examine. This problem is related to the theme of speech as a form of communication that plays an ambivalent role here. Speech in the sense of articulated form of communication can easily become a barrier that separates human beings from other living creatures; the so-called less articulated forms of communication may, on the other hand, be an opportunity to overcome this barrier. Part of the thesis thus offers a critical reflection on the scientific research whose focus is on animal abilities, but which forgets to take into account the human element contained in the apparently scientific method. The final part of the thesis deals with modern research of a canine abilities and offers a reflection on the influence of the domestication process on what we call intelligence.

La place des activités de recherche scientifique dans les dynamiques économiques, et en particulier leurs liens avec les entreprises et les territoires, ont fait l’objet de nombreuses études depuis les années 1990, et ont donné lieu à une littérature abondante. Après un travail de synthèse et de mise en perspective de l’ensemble de ces travaux, cette thèse se propose de contribuer à l’analyse du rôle de la recherche dans le développement économique des territoires, en se focalisant sur le territoire local. Notre réflexion se fonde sur un double cas d’étude, à la fois thématique et géographique : le cas des sciences de la mer, avec comme support les territoires de Brest et de la Bretagne occidentale (France). Trois types de méthodes sont mis en oeuvre. Tout d’abord, afin de caractériser le champ de la recherche marine, la production scientifique dans ce domaine est analysée à l’échelle mondiale. Cette étape met en évidence l’inscription de ce champ dans des réalités institutionnelles et territoriales : celles d’ensembles scientifiques localisés, voire dans certains cas de systèmes locaux de recherche. Ensuite, les retombées économiques liées à la dépense localisée de l’activité de recherche sont estimées, à l’aide principalement d’une modélisation entrées-sorties adaptée aux échelles régionales et locales. Si les résultats révèlent le caractère relativement limité de ces retombées dans notre cas d’étude, ils font aussi apparaître le potentiel significatif de l’activité de recherche en termes de multiplicateurs de production, de valeur ajoutée et d’emploi. Enfin, sont appréhendés les effets de la recherche sur les acteurs de l’offre, soit des effets de type « transferts de connaissance ». Une enquête comparative est menée sur deux territoires : Brest et Bergen (Norvège). Plusieurs facteurs, à la fois endogènes et exogènes aux institutions scientifiques, apparaissent déterminants dans le niveau et la qualité de ces transferts au sens large : en particulier le degré d’adéquation entre les recherches menées et les activités économiques présentes localement. Une forte hétérogénéité dans la diffusion de ces effets, à la fois disciplinaire, sectorielle et spatiale est également observée. L’ensemble des résultats apporte un éclairage singulier et novateur sur l’intégration potentielle de l’activité de recherche dans une stratégie de développement territorial. / The place of scientific research activities in the economic dynamics, especially their links with enterprises and territories have been studied largely since the 1990s, and have produced extensive literature. After first synthesizing and putting those studies into perspective, this thesis intends to contribute to the analysis of the role of this research in the economic development of territories, focusing on the local territory. Our reflexion is based on a double case study, both thematic and geographical: the field of marine sciences, with the territories of Brest and Western Brittany (France) as a baseline case. Three types of methods are implemented. First, to characterize the field of marine research, scientific production in that field is analyzed on a global scale. This step highlights the inclusion of this field in the institutional and territorial realities: locally based scientific entities, and even in some cases whole local research systems. Then, the economic benefits related to the localized spending of the research activity are estimated, mainly using an input-output modeling adapted to the regional and local scales. If the results do reveal the relatively limited nature of these benefits in our case study, they also reveal the good potential of the research activity in terms of outputs multipliers, added value and employment. Finally, the impacts of research on supply actors are grasped, namely "knowledge transfer" types of effects. A comparative survey is conducted on two territories: Brest and Bergen (Norway). Several factors, both internal and external to scientific institutions, appear to be decisive in the level and quality of such transfers at large: more specifically, the extent to which the research conducted locally and the locally existing economic activities match. A strong heterogeneity in the distribution of those effects – disciplinary, sectorial and spatial – can also be observed. Overall, the results shed singular and innovative light on the potential integration of the research activity in a territorial development strategy.

Název diplomové práce: Mysl a vědomí u zvířat Vedoucí práce: prof. Karel Thein, Ph.D. Vypracovala: Bc. Klaudie Richterová Abstract This thesis examines the issue of cognition, mind and consciousness of living beings other than humans. It starts with the attitudes of two contemporary thinkers: Thomas Nagel and Daniel C. Dennett. In connection with their opinions, this thesis examines a certain number of questions: Might there be something like a subjective experience of life or being? How can one know that others have mental states that are like one's own? How important is a fact that nonhuman animals cannot describe their mental states in language? Is it possible to connect the observable characteristics of animals (behavioral or neurological) to consciousness? Nagel assumes that individuals have a proprietary perspective on their own perceptual, cognitive and emotive processes. Dennett argues that consciousness is essentially an illusion created by language, which is why he concludes that consciousness is uniquely human. What complicates the whole issue is the essential inwardness of the conscious experience. We objectivize this inwardness per our aim to know, and thus deprive it of its essence. Thereby, very often, we lose sight of what we want to examine.

El objetivo del estudio fue realizar un análisis bibliométrico de las publicaciones científicas de la base de datos Redalyc-Perú, para establecer información actual sobre los artículos científicos de Psicología sobre satisfacción laboral. Primero, se realizó una búsqueda de la variable satisfacción laboral en la base de datos Redalyc-Perú, encontrándose un total de 20 artículos, de los cuales quedaron 10 artículos relacionados a temas de Psicología, los que conformaron la muestra del estudio. Posteriormente, se realizaron los análisis de datos y metodologías utilizadas, y el desarrollo del análisis de la información obtenida. En los resultados, se destacó la predominancia de artículos cuantitativos, el cien por ciento de las investigaciones presentan resumen, palabras claves e introducción. Se concluye que, ante la creciente demanda de análisis de las investigaciones, el estudio bibliométrico se presenta como una herramienta útil y necesaria para verificar la calidad y comprobar el avance científico que se está desarrollando. / The objective of the study was to perform a bibliometric analysis of the scientific publications in the Redalyc-Peru database, to establish current information on scientific Psychology articles on job satisfaction. First, a search of the job satisfaction variable was carried out in the Redalyc-Peru database, with a total of 20 articles, of which 10 articles related to Psychology topics remained, which formed the study sample. Subsequently, the data analysis and methodologies were developed. The results showed the predominance of quantitative articles, one hundred percent of the investigations present abstract, keywords and introduction. It is concluded that, given the growing demand for research analysis, the bibliometric study is presented as a useful and necessary tool to verify the quality and corroborate the scientific progress that is being developed. / Trabajo de investigación

While it certainly can be argued that translation is a quite demanding discipline in general, some areas within this field are, naturally, more challenging than others. One of these is hedging, which serves a broad variety of purposes both with regard to the author and to the intended readership, and hence must be translated accordingly. This paper investigates hedges in scientific research articles, the types and frequency of hedges in the analysed Swedish sourcetext (ST) compared to the English target text (TT), and the methods used for translating these hedges and their distribution by means of a short study conducted on two Swedish runology articles. The study’s quantitative analysis shows that the Swedish ST has a clear preference for adverbial hedges, and to an extent, also for modal verb hedges, whereas the English TT – while yielding an even higher preference for adverbials and also for lexical verbs – uses modal verbs much less frequently. It becomes evident that adverbials may feature so strongly in translations because they are easier to recall and to use than more complex structures, especially for L2 speakers. This practice does, however, result in a somewhat less flexible translation. The by far most frequently used translation strategy is faithful translation, particularly for content-oriented hedges. However, a fair number of adaptations (both in modal strength and word class change) and omissions – mostly of modal verbs – as well as numerous additions occurred, initiated by influential factors such as cultural differences regarding natural sounding text, L2 speaker perception of equivalence and/or lack of suitable linguistic equivalents. Thereby, the English translation showed a tendency toward adapting weaker modals compared to their Swedish ST equivalents, confirming the greater reader-orientation of English research articles.