Les différences hommes/femmes sont un présupposé que nous considérons souvent comme une évidence. Les similitudes, en revanche, sont présentées comme des particularités propres à certains individus. Elles ne sont souvent pas perçues comme une caractéristique humaine intrinsèque. Il existe cependant un rapport entre similitude et différence. Ce qui sépare fondamentalement les similitudes des différences c'est le point de vue de l'observateur : celui qui décide ce à quoi il va accorder de l'importance, non pas en fonction de critères scientifiques et objectifs, mais plutôt en fonction de croyances et de présupposés. Les scientifiques, eux-mêmes, ne sont pas à l'abri de ce biais, et ce, en dépit du fait que les différences sont scientifiquement observables et mesurables. L'importance qu'on leur accorde n'est pas plus réelle que les similitudes auxquelles on accorde, en revanche, beaucoup moins de valeur, d'attention et que l'on étudie beaucoup moins, mais qui seraient néanmoins mesurables. / Gender differences are a presupposition that we often take for granted. Similarities, however, are presented as the particular traits of individuals. Often they are not perceived as an inherent human characteristic. But there is a relationship between similarity and difference. What fundamentally separates the similarities from the differences is the viewpoint of the observer: The importance accorded to the one or the other is not based on scientific and objectives criteria, but rather the observer's beliefs and assumptions. Scientists themselves are not immune to this bias, even though the differences are scientifically observable and measurable. The significance of differences is no more real than that of similarities which, nonetheless, are granted much less value, attention, and are less often studied, although they are measurable.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Les bâtiments résidentiels et industriels munis d'un réseau de ventilation constituent des installations complexes, susceptibles d'être le siège de transferts de masse et d'énergie variés, selon les situations de fonctionnement. Afin d'étudier ces transferts de masse, une méthodologie permettant d'établir des expérimentations à échelle réduite pour l'étude des écoulements isothermes, en régime permanent ou transitoire, a été développée. Cette méthodologie a été validée numériquement et expérimentalement sur des configurations simples, puis appliquée à deux configurations de référence, représentatives de celles rencontrées dans le domaine nucléaire.L'influence du vent sur les transferts de masse au sein de ces configurations, en situation de fonctionnement normale, dégradée (arrêt de la ventilation) ou accidentelle (surpression interne), a été étudiée dans la soufflerie climatique Jules Verne du CSTB. Les effets du vent, couplés ou non à une surpression interne, peuvent alors entraîner une perte partielle ou globale du confinement des polluants au sein des installations. De plus, la turbulence du vent peut induire des inversions instantanées des débits de fuite, qui ne sont pas identifiées en régime permanent. Par ailleurs, l'analyse de sollicitations transitoires montre la faible influence de l’inertie des branches sur les écoulements transitoires, pour des grandeurs caractéristiques d'une installation réelle. Enfin, des essais de traçage gazeux ont été réalisés afin d’étudier la dispersion d’un polluant au sein d’une configuration de référence soumise aux effets couplés du vent, de la ventilation mécanique et d'une surpression interne.La robustesse du code à zones SYLVIA, utilisé notamment pour appuyer les évaluations de sûreté des installations nucléaires, a été analysée à partir de ces résultats expérimentaux. La prise en compte des phénomènes physiques observés expérimentalement a été validée, en régimes permanent et transitoire. Toutefois, quelques limitations ont été identifiées pour l'étude de la dispersion d'un scalaire passif, du fait des hypothèses utilisées dans le code SYLVIA, comme dans tout code à zones (concentration homogène dans les locaux, propagation instantanée dans les branches et dans les locaux). / Residential and industrial buildings equipped with a ventilation system are complex facilities, where various heat and mass transfers could occur according to the operating conditions. In order to study these mass transfers, a methodology has been developed so as to carry out reduced-scale experiments for the study of isothermal flows, in steady or transient state. This methodology has been numerically and experimentally validated on simple configurations, and then applied to two standard configurations, representing nuclear facilities.The wind influence on mass transfers inside these configurations, in normal, damaged (stopping ventilation) or accidental (internal overpressure) situations, has been studied in the Jules Verne climatic wind tunnel of the CSTB. The wind effects, coupled or not with an internal overpressure, can lead to a partial or a total loss of the pollutant's containment inside buildings. Moreover, the wind turbulence can bring about instantaneous reversal leakage flowrates, which cannot be identified in steady state. In addition, the study of transient phenomena has highlighted the low influence of the branch inertia on transient flows, for typical values of real facilities. Finally, tracer tests have been carried out in order to study the pollutant dispersion inside a standard configuration subjected to wind, mechanical ventilation and internal overpressure effects.The reliability of the zonal code SYLVIA, used notably to support safety assessment in nuclear buildings, has been analyzed from these experimental results. The modelling of the physical phenomena experimentally observed has been validated, in steady and transient states. However, limitations have been identified for the study of pollutant dispersion, due to hypothesis used in SYLVIA code, as in all zonal codes (homogenous concentration inside rooms, instantaneous propagation inside branches and rooms).

Dans le cadre de notre thèse, nous avons proposé une approche générique d’extraction automatique des événements et de leur exploitation. L’approche est organisée en quatre composantes indépendantes et réutilisables. Une première composante de prétraitement, où les textes sont nettoyés et segmentés. Au cours de la seconde étape, les événements sont extraits en sebasant sur notre algorithme AnnotEC qui dispose d’une complexité polynomiale et qui est associé à des cartes sémantiques et des ressources linguistiques dédiées. Nous avons mis en place deux nouvelles mesures de similarité SimCatégoreille et SimEvent pour regrouper les événementssimilaires dans le cadre de la troisième composante de clustering. Les annotations, ajoutées tout au long des trois premières étapes, sont exploitées au niveau de la dernière composante par le bais des fichiers de synthèse paramétrables par l’utilisateur.L’approche a été évaluée sur un corpus issu du Web 2.0. Nous avons comparé les résultats avec des méthodes d’apprentissage automatique et des méthodes linguistiques par compilation et nous avons obtenu de meilleurs résultats. / In the framework of our thesis, we proposed a generic approach for the automatic extraction of events and their exploitation. This approach is divided into four independent and reusable components. The first component of pretreatment, in which texts are cleaned and segmented. During the second stage, events are extracted based on our algorithm AnnotEC which has polynomial complexity. AnnotEC is associated with semantic maps and dedicated linguistic resources. We have proposed two new similarity measures SimCatégoreille and SimEvent to group similar events using clustering algorithms.Annotations, added throughout the first three steps, are used at the last component by summarizing files configurable by users. The approach was evaluated on a corpus of Web 2.0, we compared the obtained results with machine learning methods and linguistic compiling methods and we got good results.

La comparaison a toujours été mal cernée aussi bien du côté de la grammaire que de celui de la rhétorique. Pour cette raison, elle ne trouve pas de place bien précise dans les ouvrages de linguistique ou sinon des analyses hétérogènes succinctes et incomplètes. Cette thèse se propose donc d’uniformiser l’étude de la comparaison en en balayant toutes les formes possibles. Par ailleurs, nous tentons de réhabiliter la distinction relative à la tradition gréco-latine entre la comparatio et la similitudo, qui s’est perdue depuis le XVIIe siècle, période où s’est installée la confusion. A partir d’une méthodologie constructiviste qui va des unités minimales vers le texte, cette étude parcourt tous les niveaux de l’analyse linguistique en partant du niveau grammatical tenu comme niveau de référence jusqu’au niveau rhétorique où sont pris en compte les référents extralinguistiques. Elle aboutit ainsi à des distinctions catégoriques entre comparaison et similitude d’une part et entre celle-ci et la métaphore de l’autre. Ces distinctions sont illustrées par des exemples puisés principalement dans la langue littéraire moderne (XIXe et XXe siècles), lesquels sont accompagnés d’analyses détaillées et de classements mettant en évidence la spécificité de chacune de ces notions qui s’inscrivent dans l’étude de l’analogie et la ressemblance. / Comparison has always been poorly understood whether in grammar or rhetoric. This is why none of the linguistic works or the brief heterogeneous analysis that were made have managed to deal with it in the precise manner they were ought to. Hence comes the objective of my thesis which consists in standardizing the study of Comparison by taking in consideration all of its possible forms. Indeed, I will try to rehabilitate the distinction of the Greco-Roman tradition between Comparatio and Similitudo which was lost since the period of confusion that marked the XVIIth century. Based on a constructive methodology that starts with the smallest units to reach out for the larger text, this study goes through all levels of linguistic analysis, beginning with the grammatical layer, a referential one, to attain the rhetorical layer where extra-linguistic referents are taken into account. It consequently leads to achieve the categorical distinctions between comparison and similitude one the one hand, and between comparison and metaphor on the other. Those distinctions are illustrated by examples drawn basically in modern literature (XIXth and XXth centuries). Interestingly, examples themselves are accompanied with detailed analysis and sundry rankings which are meant to highlight the specificities of every notion in relation to the study of analogy and resemblance.

Cette thèse porte sur l'influence d'un jet plan pariétal sur une nappe de retour (backlayering). Cette étude peut être divisée en deux parties : une étude expérimentale et une étude numérique. Les expériences ont permis d'identifier le comportement de la nappe de retour en présence du jet. L'étude numérique débute par une validation du modèle numérique à partir des résultats de l'étude expérimentale. Une étude paramétrique est réalisée afin de déterminer l'influence du jet sur les caractéristiques et la stratification de la nappe de retour. La présence du jet plan pariétal induit une diminution de la longueur de la nappe de retour et une variation de l'épaisseur de la nappe de retour du fait de l'introduction du jet :pour une vitesse débitante fixée, l'augmentation du rapport entre la vitesse d'éjection, du jet et la vitesse débitante induit une augmentation de l'épaisseur de la nappe de retour ; pour un rapport entre la vitesse d'éjection du jet et la vitesse débitante constant, l'augmentation de la vitesse débitante conduit à un affinement de la nappe de retour. La stratification de la nappe de retour est conservée en présence du jet plan pariétal / The aim of this study is to determine the influence of a wall attached plane jet on the backlayering. This study is composed of two parts. The experimental part consists in identifying the behaviour of the backlayering in presence of the jet. The numerical part started with a validation of the numerical model using experimental study results. Then, a parametric study enables to determine the influence of the jet on the backlayering. The presence of the parietal plan jet induces a decrease of the backlayering length. Two main conclusions are achieved for the backlayering thickness change due to the jet : for a constant air flow velocity, the increase of the ratio between jet velocity and air flow velocity induces an increase of the backlayering thickness ; for a constant ratio between jet velocity and air flow velocity, the increase of the air flow velocity leads to an increase of the backlayering thickness. Finally, the backlayering stratification is maintained on the presence of the jet

One of the worst wildfires in Portugal in 2017 on June17- 21 started at the central part of Pedrógão Grande and spread fast to the surrounding areas Góis, Pampilhosa da Serra and Arganil. The wildfire took 64 lives and a large smoke plume was observed. The interest in smoke plumes from wildfires is partly due to their emitting of greenhouse gases (CO2), a large source of aerosols, CO, oxides of nitrogen and other trace gases that can affect the air quality at local and regional scale. The regional scale can be affected because the smoke from wildfires can get elevated and be transported into the free troposphere and the lower stratosphere by either pyro convection or radiative driven convection and can be transported long distances, for example from Canada to Germany. This thesis investigates how the emission source height in a model affects the transport of the smoke plume and compares the simulations with observations. Observations of transport of emissions from wildfires are often done with satellites and in this thesis data from the second modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications (MERRA2) is used as the observations. In this thesis the numerical model FLEXPART 10.02 is used to calculate the transportation of CO from the wildfire in Pedrógão Grande. The altitude of the emission source top height and bottom height in FLEXPART was changed to see how it affected the smoke plume in the simulation. The agreement between plumes from the observations and the simulation plumes were calculated with the structural similarity (SSIM) index and the change of SSIM index was investigated. The results were that the best similarity for horizontal images was with an emission source height of 100- 300 m, for vertical images at 40°N with an emission source height 0- 1500 m and for vertical images at 41°N with an emission source height 100- 1200. The overall best simulation was the simulation with emission source height 100- 1200 m (average of the three similarity calculations). Some uncertainty occurs in the results due to for example differences in resolutions between MERRA2 and FLEXPART and the weather condition may have contributed. To improve the results there is a need to compare simulations with more wildfires to see that the SSIM index behaves the same. / En av de värsta skogsbränderna i Portugal 2017 var den 17–21 juni och började i centrala Pedrógão Grande och spred sig snabbt till de omgivande områdena Góis, Pampilhosa da Serra och Arganil. Skogsbranden tog 64 liv och stora rökplymer observerades. Rökplymer från skogsbränder är intressanta därför att de bland annat är en källa av växthusgaser till exempel koldioxid (CO2), aerosoler, kolmonoxid (CO) och andra spårgaser som kan påverka luftkvaliteten på lokal och regional skala. Den regionala skalan kan påverkas eftersom rök från skogsbränder kan sprida sig upp till den fria troposfären och den nedre stratosfären med konvektion. Konvektion är när luften blir varm av olika skäl och stiger, luften kyls av när den stiger och blir då tyngre och till slut sjunker luften. Det som kan driva konvektion vid en brand är branden själv och strålning och kan transportera röken från branden långa avstånd, till exempel från Kanada till Tyskland. Den här uppsatsen undersöker hur utsläppshöjden (mellan vilka höjder röken släpps ut från) påverkar transporten av rök och jämför beräkningarna med observationer. Observationer av transport av utsläpp från bränder sker ofta med satelliter och i denna uppsats används data från en återanalys av en samling observationer från MERRA2 (the second modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications) som observationer. En återanalys är ett dataset som räknas med en modell från i tid och rum oregelbundna observationer från historiska och nutida data. I denna uppsats används den numeriska transportmodellen FLEXPART 10.02 för att beräkna transport av kolmonoxid från skogsbranden i Pedrógão Grande. Höjden av utsläppskällans topphöjd och bottenhöjd i FLEXPART ändrades för att se hur det påverkat rökplymen i simuleringen. Likheten mellan rökplymen från observationerna och simuleringarna beräknades sedan med ett test kallat SSIM och förändringen av SSIM indexet undersöktes. Resultaten var att den bästa simuleringen för de horisontella bilderna med en utsläppshöjd på 100– 300 m, för de vertikala bilderna på 40°N en utsläppshöjd på 0– 1500 m och för de vertikala bilderna på 41°N en utsläppshöjd på 100– 1200 m. Totalt sett (medelvärde från de tre simuleringarna) hade emissions höjden 100- 1200 m den bästa likheten med observationerna. Det finns en osäkerhet i resultaten på grund av tillexempel att det är olika upplösning i MERRA2 och FLEXPART och att väderförhållanden kan ha påverkat beräkningarna. För att förbättra resultatet så kan man göra simuleringar av fler skogsbränder för att se om SSIM indexet uppför sig densamma.

Resumo: A interferência das plantas daninhas em agroecossistemas olerícolas é muito intensa em função do sistema de produção das culturas nesse tipo de ambiente. Para o desenvolvimento de programas de manejo das plantas daninhas, estudos ecológicos das comunidades infestantes são de suma importância em razão da vegetação daninha ser conseqüência das condições ecológicas criadas artificialmente pelo homem nos agroecossistemas. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com objetivo de realizar estudos fitossociológicos na comunidade infestante da cultura da beterraba de mesa e determinar os períodos críticos de interferência dessa comunidade sobre a cultura quando estabelecida por meio de semeadura direta. Os tratamentos consistiram em períodos semanais crescentes de convivência e controle das plantas daninhas, a partir de 14 dias após a semeadura. A comunidade infestante foi avaliada por meio do número de indivíduos e da matéria seca acumulada correspondente, para cada população de planta daninha e época avaliada. Na comunidade infestante estudou-se a composição específica, a densidade populacional, o acúmulo de matéria seca, os índices fitossociológicos, a diversidade e a similaridade. A cultura foi colhida 91 dias após a semeadura, quando se avaliou o diâmetro transversal e a produção de raízes. Na cultura estudou-se o efeito da interferência das plantas daninhas na produção total de raízes e os períodos críticos de interferência das plantas daninhas sobre a produtividade comercial de raízes. Nos períodos de convivência, Coronopus didymus foi importante pela densidade e acúmulo de matéria seca, no período de crescimento da beterraba, enquanto, no terço final do ciclo, Nicandra physalodes foi importante devido ao acúmulo de matéria seca. Nos períodos de controle, Amaranthus viridis, Galinsoga parviflora e N. physalodes foram importantes pelo ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Weed interference is very strong in olericultural agroecosystems due to the established crop production system in these environments. Ecological studies of weed communities are extremely important for development of weed management programs because of weeds are a consequency of the ecological conditions unnaturally created by humans in agroecosystems. The objective of this research was to realize phytossociological studies on the weed community of the table beet and to determine the critical periods of interference of this community on the crop when the beet was established by direct sowing. The treatments were weedy and weed-free increased weekly periods, starting 14 days after sowing. The weed community was evaluated based on the number of individuals and their correspondent dry matter accumulation for each weed population and interference time. The weed community was studied based on species composition, population density, dry matter accumulation, phytossociological indexes, diversity and similarity. The beet was gathered 91 days after sowing, evaluating the root transversal diameter and the root production. About the beet crop, it was studied the effects of weed interference on the total root production and the critical periods of weed interference affecting marketable beet yield. Coronopus didymus was important due to density and dry matter accumulation on beet growing period, in weedy periods, while Nicandra physalodes was important due to dry matter accumulation on the thirty part of the crop cycle. Amaranthus viridis, Galinsoga parviflora and N. physalodes was important due to dry matter accumulation, in weed-free periods. The diversity and evenness indexes were characteristic of weed communities of agroecosystems, with more evenness values at the beginning and at the middle of the cycle, and less evenness at the final, when mortality and dry matter accumulation for some species ...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Orientador: Robinson Antonio Pitelli / Coorientador: Arthur Bernardes Cecílio Filho / Banca: Pedro Luis da Costa Aguiar Alves / Banca: Dagoberto Martins / Mestre

This thesis examines how female consumers’ self-esteem may impact an influencer’s ability to create a purchase through suggesting and testing a developed conceptual model. The Source credibility model, Similarity and Tie-strength were utilized as underlying theoretical frameworks. Five different independent variables were identified; Source- Attractiveness, Trustworthiness, Expertise, Similarity, and Tie-strength, which were evaluated in relation to the dependent variable; Purchase intention. Lastly, Self-esteem was introduced as a moderating variable. The goal with the conceptual model was to gain a deeper understanding of how a consumer’s self-esteem may affect their purchasing behavior, as well as which factors that may influence their purchase intention. A quantitative research method was used, and ten hypotheses were developed from the conceptual model.    To test the hypotheses and answer the research questions, a questionnaire was distributed with the use of snowball sampling. Overall, 1029 Swedish females who followed an influencer on a social media participated in the survey. It was stated in the results and the analysis that all five independent variables had a significant positive relation on the consumer’s purchase intention. However, data shows that a consumer’s self-esteem solely had a relation on two of the five independent variables; Trustworthiness & Tie-strength. Trustworthiness was found to have a negative relation to the purchase intention, while Tie-strength was found to have a positive relation. A content analysis was conducted in order to identify other factors that the participants in the survey felt had a significant impact on why they followed their favorite influencer. The result of the content analysis identified two more factors that may impact the ability of an influencer to create a purchase. These were the Entertainment value and the Core values of the influencer.

Pas de résumé / The thesis investigated the development of children’s global/local processing hierarchical patterns introduced by Navon (1977). The objectives were to understand more comprehensively the developmental characteristics of children’s perception through their global and local processing of hierarchical patterns, by considering the effects of age, stimuli properties, duration of exposure to the stimuli and gender in a perceptual task and a drawing task. These effects were tested in 3 different populations: typically developing children, children with mental retardation and early blind children. The results revealed that typically developing children attended to both the local and global level of processing but these modes of spatial information processing operated independently. In a first step, children before 4 years of age showed dominance of local processing and then a more global processing developed at 4 years of age, and at 5 years of age integrated responses began to emerge. Early blind children showed similar developmental characteristics, although there was a protracted period of local processing dominance. Indeed, these children mainly produced local responses at ages of between 6 and 10 years, and then developed more global responses at 11-12 years and continued to integrate the two levels of analysis at later ages. On the other hand, global dominance was shown in children with mental retardation and their development was affected more by mental age than by chronological age. Moreover, their responses were shown to be sensitive to the fact that meaningful object could be located at the local level, enhancing local processing in this case. These results need further confirmations as the studies of global/local processing in atypical children are not numerous. In particular, the effect of duration of exposure to the stimuli should be further analyzed, because this factor did not seem to have a great effect in our experiments while it seemed more powerful in other studies carried out with adults. Replication of the study with children with mental retardation appears also important to plan for future work, because we can have some doubt relatively the absence of modification through ages of the way these children perceive hierarchical patterns. Finally, defining more precisely what may underlie the gender differences seems also worth to explore since gender did not show a major effect in our results.