L’intérêt marqué et simultané de plusieurs champs de recherche pour le développement des fonctions exécutives (FE) a permis de mettre en lumière le rôle primordial de ces fonctions dans plusieurs sphères du développement de la petite enfance jusqu’à l’âge adulte. Les mécanismes développementaux associés aux différences individuelles restent par ailleurs encore peu étudiés. Les deux articles empiriques qui constituent la thèse visent à documenter le rôle des comportements maternels observés en bas âge dans la prédiction des FE mesurées à l’âge préscolaire. Les deux articles s’inscrivent dans la foulée des travaux qui, selon une approche écologique (Bronfenbrenner, 1979), considèrent les effets d’interaction entre différents facteurs explicatifs pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes impliqués dans le développement de l’enfant. En ce sens, le premier article examine les interactions possibles entre le statut socioéconomique (SSE) de la famille et différentes dimensions du concept de sensibilité maternelle, dans la prédiction de deux dimensions des FE, soit les FE-conflit et les FE-inhibition. Dans le cadre de cette étude, 114 dyades mères-enfants ont participé à trois visites à domicile. Le SSE a été mesuré par questionnaire dans le cadre d’une première visite dans la famille lorsque les enfants avaient six mois, la sensibilité maternelle a été évaluée à 12 mois à partir du Tri de cartes de comportements maternels (Pederson & Moran, 1995) et les FE à 36 mois à partir d’une batterie de tâches choisie sur la base des orientations proposées par Carlson (2005). Le deuxième article explore, en se basant sur postulats de la Théorie de la susceptibilité différentielle (TSD), les possibles interactions entre différentes dimensions du concept de sensibilité maternelle et le tempérament de l’enfant, et ce également dans la prédiction des FE. Pour ce faire, 72 dyades ont également participé à trois visites à domicile. La sensibilité maternelle a été évaluée à 12 mois à partir du Tri de cartes de comportements maternels (Pederson & Moran, 1995), le tempérament à 15 mois à l’aide d’un questionnaire rempli par la mère (ICQ; Bates, Freeland, & Lounsbury, 1979) et les FE à 36 mois à partir de la même batterie de tâche (Carlson, 2005). Les résultats du premier article révèlent des interactions significatives entre le statut socioéconomique et certaines dimensions de comportements maternels, de telle sorte que des comportements maternels de meilleure qualité sont prédicteurs d’une meilleure performance aux tâches de FE, mais seulement chez les enfants provenant de familles relativement désavantagées sur le plan socioéconomique et essentiellement en ce qui concerne les FE-inhibition. Quant aux résultats du deuxième article, ils confirment les hypothèses de la Théorie de la susceptibilité différentielle, en révélant que les enfants ayant un tempérament difficile sont plus affectés par des comportements maternels hostiles, de même que par l’absence de comportements positifs et bénéficient davantage de la présence de comportements positifs et de l’absence de comportements négatifs, et ceci également au regard des FE-inhibition. / The simultaneous and marked interest of many fields of research for the notion of executive functioning (EF) has allowed for the primordial role of these functions in many spheres of development to be identified. However, the developmental mechanisms associated with individual differences in EF are still under studied. The two empirical articles constituting this dissertation aim at documenting the role of maternal behaviors in the prediction of EF in the preschool period. Using an ecological approach (Bronfenbrenner, 1979), interaction effects between different explanatory factors are considered, with the goal of reaching a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying early EF development. To do so, the first article examines the interactions between family socioeconomic status (SES) and different dimensions of maternal behavior in the prediction of two specific components of EF, namely, conflict-EF and impulse control. 114 mother-child dyads participated in three home visits. SES was measured by a questionnaire filled by mothers during the first visit when their child was six months old and maternal behavior was observed in a second visit when the child was 12 months old, using the Maternal Behavior Q-Sort (MBQS; Pederson & Moran, 1995). Finally, child EF was assessed at 3 years with a battery of tasks chosen based on Carlson’s (2005) measurement guidelines. The second article explores, based on Differential Susceptibility Theory (DST), the interactions between different dimensions of maternal behavior and child temperament in the prediction of child EF. Seventy-two mother-child dyads participated in three home visits. Maternal sensitivity was observed when children were 12 months old, using the MBQS, child temperament was assessed at 15 months using a maternal report (ICQ; Bates, Freeland, & Lounsbury, 1979), and child EF was assessed with the same battery of tasks as in the first article. The results of the first article showed significant interactions between family SES and the quality of maternal behaviors in the prediction EF, such that maternal behavior was related to EF only for children in the lower end of the SES spectrum and those relations were found especially for impulse control. The results of the second article confirmed the hypothesis put forward by DST, revealing that children with difficult temperaments were more affected by hostile maternal behavior and the absence of positive behavior, and that these same children benefit more than their easier peers from the presence of positive behaviors, but only in the prediction of impulse control.

Certains chercheurs veulent que les gouvernements modifient les déterminants de l’environnement urbain du transport actif dans des régions à bas statut socioéconomique pour réduire les inégalités en activité physique et santé. Mais, des individus de différents sousgroupes de la population pourraient réagir différemment à l’environnement urbain. Plusieurs chercheurs ont examiné si l’influence d’un environnement urbain propice aux piétons sur le transport actif diffère entre les personnes ayant un statut socioéconomique de quartier différent et ont obtenu des résultats mixtes. Ces résultats équivoques pourraient être dus à la façon dont les mesures de l’environnement urbain étaient déterminées. Plus spécifiquement, la plupart des études ont examiné l’effet de la propicité à la marche des lieux résidentiels et n’ont pas pris en compte les destinations non-résidentielles dans leurs mesures. Cette étude a examiné le statut socioéconomique du quartier comme modérateur de la relation entre l’environnement urbain et le transport actif en utilisant des mesures d’environnement urbain qui proviennent de toute la trajectoire spatiale estimé des individus. Les trois variables de l’environnement urbain, la connectivité, la densité des commerces et services et la diversité du territoire avaient une plus grande influence sur le transport actif de ceux avec un haut statut socioéconomique. Nos résultats suggèrent que même quand la configuration de l’environnement urbain est favorable pour le transport actif, il peut y avoir des barrières sociales ou physiques qui empêchent les gens qui habitent dans un quartier à bas statut socioéconomique de bénéficier d’un environnement urbain favorable au transport actif. / Researchers have called for policymakers to modify the built environment determinants of active travel in low SES areas in the hopes of reducing disparities in physical activity and health. However, different population sub-groups may be differently responsive to the built environment. Researchers have examined whether the influence of walkable built environments on active transportation differs for those of different socio-economic status and have obtained mixed results. These equivocal findings could be due to the way the built environment measures were determined. More specifically, most studies have examined walkability in residential settings ignoring non-residential destinations. This study examined socio-economic status as a moderator of the relationship between the built environment and active transportation using a trip level analyses with measures of built environment exposure derived from the estimated spatial trajectory of transport trips. All three of the environmental variables, connectivity, density of business and services, and land-use mix, were found to have a greater association with AT if the individual undergoing the trip was from a high socioeconomic status neighbourhood. Our findings suggest that even when the built environment is favourable for AT there may be social or physical barriers that prevent those from low socio-economic status neighbourhoods from benefitting from built environments that are conducive to active transportation.

Background: The South African youth is confronted by unemployment. Ironically, even the youth of Soweto Township experience the harsh realities of unemployment, despite them playing a significant role to fight the apartheid regime. Therefore, the study explores the experiences of the youth of Soweto with regards to unemployment. Method: This study adopted a qualitative research approach and case study design. The purposive sampling method was used to select the sample. The sample consisted of ten unemployed youth of Soweto Township. The unstructured interview was utilised to collect data. Results: One of the main findings in this study was the fact that unemployment has impacted negatively on young people in Soweto Township. Unemployment has led to psychological effects and isolation amongst the jobless youth of Soweto. Conclusion: There is a need for great job opportunities for the youth in South Africa to grow the economy. This could also reduce crime among young people since it is well known that some of the young people have engaged in criminal activities due to unemployment. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

Introdução: O envelhecimento populacional, decorrente do aumento da expectativa de vida, foi, sem dúvida, uma importante conquista em nível global. Contudo, discute-se atualmente a necessidade premente de agregar qualidade aos anos de vida ganhos. Objetivo: Identificar fatores associados à Qualidade de Vida Relacionada à Saúde (QVRS) de idosos não institucionalizados do Município de São Paulo, em 2006. Método: Este estudo faz parte do Estudo Longitudinal SABE Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento. Os dados foram coletados em 2006, de uma amostra representativa composta por 1.160 idosos (idade 60 anos) que responderam ao Short-Form 12 (SF-12), questionário genérico que avalia QVRS. As variáveis dependentes foram os Componentes Físico (PCS) e Mental (MCS) do SF-12 e as análises foram conduzidas separadamente segundo sexo. Buscou-se a associação com variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas, estado de saúde, incapacidade funcional, estilo de vida e relacionamento social, utilizando o método de regressão logística múltipla. Resultados: Entre as idosas, estiveram associados a baixos escores no PCS: idade 80 anos, multimorbidade, internação, ter incontinência urinária, ter depressão, ter dificuldades para executar atividades instrumentais e básicas da vida diária (AIVD e ABVD) e não praticar atividades físicas. Baixos escores no PCS dos homens associaram-se a idade 80 anos, renda insuficiente, multimorbidade, tomar dois ou mais medicamentos, ter dificuldades para ABVD e não praticar atividades físicas. Baixos escores no MCS das mulheres estiveram associados a ser fumante, auto-percepção negativa de saúde geral e saúde bucal, ocorrência de queda no último ano e ter depressão. Baixos escores no MCS entre os homens idosos associaram-se à auto-percepção negativa de saúde, ter incontinência urinária e ter depressão. Homens mais velhos (idade 70 anos) apresentaram melhores escores no MCS em relação aos mais jovens (60-69 anos). Discussão: No PCS, as únicas variáveis coincidentes entre homens e mulheres foram idade, prática de atividades físicas, multimorbidade e dificuldade para ABVD; enquanto no MCS foram auto-percepção de saúde e depressão. A análise separada por sexo possibilitou a identificação de modelos distintos de determinantes da QVRS de idosos. Conclusão: Os fatores que se associaram significativamente ao PCS-SF12 de idosos de ambos os sexos foram: auto-percepção de saúde, multimorbidade, dificuldades para desempenhar ABVD e prática de atividades físicas. Enquanto suficiência de renda e número de medicamentos associaram-se apenas para o sexo masculino e internação, incontinência urinária, depressão e dificuldades para desempenhar AIVD, apenas para o sexo feminino. Ao MCS-SF12 de ambos os sexos associaram-se apenas auto-percepção de saúde e depressão; enquanto para o sexo masculino associaram-se também faixa etária e incontinência urinária. Já para as mulheres também apresentaram associação significativa o tabagismo, a auto-percepção de saúde bucal e quedas / Background: The world had experienced a high increased in life expectancy during the last decades, which has been undoubtedly considered as a major achievement. Because the increase of elderly population, that presents highest prevalence of chronic conditions, besides other single characteristics, several researches have been developed due to determine ways to add quality to the gained years of life. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with elderly health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL), in São Paulo. Methods: This study is part of the Longitudinal Study SABE - Health, Welfare and Ageing (from Portuguese: Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento). Data were collected in 2006. The sample consisted of 1,160 elderly (age 60 years) who answered the Short-Form 12 (SF-12), a generic HRQoL questionnaire. Dependent variables were Physical (PCS) and Mental Components (MCS) of SF-12. All analysis were separated by sex and the independent variables approached demographic, socioeconomic, health status, functional disability, lifestyle and social networking conditions, using the multiple logistic regression. Results: Among old women, lower PCS scores were associated with age 80 years, multimorbidity, hospitalization, urinary incontinence, depression, difficulty to perform basic and instrumental activities of daily living (BADL and IADL) and lack of physical activities. Among old men, lower PCS scores were associated with age 80 years, insufficient income, multimorbidity, taking two or more medications, difficulty to perform BADL and the lack of physical activities. Among the women, lower MCS scores were associated with being a smoker, negative self-perception of general health and oral health, occurrence of falls in the last year and depression. Among the men, lower MCS scores were associated with negative self-perception of health, urinary incontinence and depression. Older men ( 70 years) had better MCS scores than younger (60-69 years). Conclusion: Significantly associated factors with the PCS-SF12 for both male and female elderly were: self-perceived health status, multimorbidity, incapacity for BADL and physical activity; while income and number of drugs were associated only for males. Hospitalization, urinary incontinence, depression and incapacity for IADL were associated only for females. To the MCS-SF12 of both sexes were associated only self-perceived health and depression, while age and urinary incontinence were associated for males. Females MCS-SF12 also had significant association with tobacco, self-perception of oral health and falls

Individuelle Unterschiede in der kognitiven Entwicklung von Kindern korrelieren mit ihrem sozioökonomischen Status (engl. socioeconomic status, SES). Allerdings hat die bisherige Forschung längsschnittliche Dynamiken meist ignoriert. Des Weiteren sind die Mechanismen, die zu SES–bedingten Diskrepanzen in der kognitiven Entwicklung führen, weitgehend unbekannt. Gemäß einer Hypothese ist es die Dysregulation der Sekretion des Stresshormons Cortisol die SES Unterschiede vermittelt, da niedriger SES robust mit höherem chronischen Stress assoziiert. Die vorliegende Dissertation weist im Längsschnitt nach, dass Veränderungen im Familieneinkommen die kognitive Entwicklung von armen Kindern im späteren Kindesalter vorhersagen (Studie I). Bemerkenswerterweise wirkt kindliche Kognition auch auf Veränderungen im elterlichen Einkommen, was auf bisher vernachlässigte bidirektionale Familiendynamiken hinweist. Zudem liefert die Dissertation querschnittliche empirische Evidenz für die Hypothese, dass ein stressbezogener Mechanismus in SES–bedingten Unterschieden kognitiver Entwicklung involviert ist. Höherer Stress und ein geringeres Einkommen waren beide mit Anzeichen des Hypocortisolismus in Kindern charakterisiert (Studie II und III). Außerdem gab es Hinweise, dass kognitive Kontrolle vor den Effekten von Stress schützen könnte (Studie II). Schließlich zeigt die Dissertation erstmalig, dass hyporeaktive Cortisolprofile in Reaktion auf akuten Stress in ärmeren Kindern mit deren niedrigerer Gedächtnisleistung assoziiert ist (Studie III). Beachtenswert ist, dass Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation nicht auf Umwelt oder genetisch vermittelte Kausalität schließen lassen. In zukünftigen Interventionsstudien sollte weiter untersucht werden, ob Interventionen die Einkommensgewinne stärken, Stress reduzieren oder die Reaktion von Kindern auf akuten Stress verbessern, kognitive Unterschiede im Zusammenhang mit SES verringern. / Individual differences in cognitive development in childhood vary along gradients of socioeconomic status (SES). Yet, research has largely ignored longitudinal dynamics, despite evidence that SES, especially income, also changes over time. Furthermore, fairly little is known about the mechanisms by which SES explains cognitive disparities. Lower SES environments are marked by high chronic stress exposure, which has led to the hypothesis that dysregulation of the stress response system resulting in altered cortisol secretion mediates disparities in cognition. This dissertation provides longitudinal evidence for the notion that family income gains and losses predict poor children’s cognitive development throughout later childhood (Paper I). Remarkably, children’s cognition also predicts their parents’ earning ability, indicating previously neglected bidirectional family dynamics. Moreover, this dissertation provides cross–sectional evidence for a stress mechanism involved in SES disparities of cognitive functioning. Both higher stress and lower income are associated with patterns of hypocortisolism in middle childhood (Paper II & III). Further, cognitive control skills may buffer against the embedding of stress exposure in diurnal cortisol secretion (Paper II). Lastly, cortisol hyporeactivity to stress found in low–income children is uniquely associated with their lower memory performance. Notably, this dissertation does not warrant environmentally– or genetically–mediated assumptions of causality. Future intervention studies should continue to explore whether facilitating family income gains, reducing stress exposure, normalizing cortisol secretion, or improving children’s stress coping by training cognitive control alleviates SES–related disparities in cognition.

OBJETIVO: Esse estudo teve como objetivo verificar as associações entre dispêndio energético (Kcal), perfil antropométrico (índice de massa corporal (IMC) e relação cintura/quadril (RCQ)), idade e condição socioeconômica (grau de escolaridade e renda per capita) de mulheres, na faixa etária de 40 a 64 anos, cadastradas no Programa de Saúde da Família. METODOLOGIA: A amostra contituiu-se de 147 mulheres, que responderam a um inquérito domiciliar, com intuito de avaliar o dispêndio energético e as condições socioeconômicas e em seguida foram realizadas as medidas antropométricas. Com exceção do dispêndio energético, as demais variáveis foram categorizadas para processar o teste de Kruskal-Wallis, adotando um nível de significância de 5% (α=0,05) para as tomadas de decisão. RESULTADOS: O dispêndio energético apresentou relação direta ao IMC (p=0,0001) e inversa aos graus de escolaridade (p=0,0407) e idade (p=0,0417), mas não se verificou associação em relação à RCQ (p=0,1288) e renda per capita (p=0,1984). Também não foram encontradas associações para as análises entre IMC e renda per capita (p=0,8263), grau de escolaridade (p=0,1326) e idade (p=0,7423). Na avaliação da RCQ foi observada uma relação inversa à renda per capita (p=0,0163), não se apresentou associação com a idade (p=0,5985) e embora tenha demonstrado diferença estatística (p=0,0126) em relação aos graus de escolaridade, os resultados foram discordantes da literatura. CONCLUSÃO: As mulheres estudadas apresentaram alta prevalência de sedentarismo (57,8%), sobrepeso (31,3%) e obesidade (36,0%). Possuem RCQ inadequada e baixo nível socioeconômico. Propõe-se que os resultados sejam discutidos no Programa de Saúde da Família, com o intuito de promover políticas públicas de saúde para reverter esse quadro. / OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to verify the associations between energy expenditure (Kcal), anthropometric profile (body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR), socioeconomic status (education degrees and income per capita) and age of women (aged 40-64 years) registered in the Family Health Program. METHODS: A sample of 147 women answered a domiciliary inquiry, with the aim of evaluating the energy expenditure and the socioeconomic status. After that they were submitted to the anthropometric measures. Except for the energy expenditure, the other variables were categorized to process the test of Kruskal-Wallis, adopting a level of significance of 5% (α=0.05) to take the decision. RESULTS: The energy expenditure presented direct relation to BMI (p=0.0001) and inverse to the education degrees (p=0.0407) and the age (p=0.0417), but no correlation was observed to the WHR (p=0.1288) and per capita income (p=0.1984). Correlations between BMI and income per capita (p=0.8263), education degree (p=0.1326) and age (p=0.7423) were not found. In the evaluation of the WHR, we observed an inverse relation to the income per capita (p=0.0163), and no relation with the age (p=0.5985). Although there is statistic difference (p=0.0126) in relation to the education degrees, the results are in discordance with the literature. CONCLUSION: The women presented high prevalence of sedentarism (57.8%), overweight (31.3%) and obesity (36.0%). They have inadequate WHR and low socioeconomic level. These results should be argued in the Family Health Program with the aim of promoting health public politics to revert this situation.

OBJETIVO: Esse estudo teve como objetivo verificar as associações entre dispêndio energético (Kcal), perfil antropométrico (índice de massa corporal (IMC) e relação cintura/quadril (RCQ)), idade e condição socioeconômica (grau de escolaridade e renda per capita) de mulheres, na faixa etária de 40 a 64 anos, cadastradas no Programa de Saúde da Família. METODOLOGIA: A amostra contituiu-se de 147 mulheres, que responderam a um inquérito domiciliar, com intuito de avaliar o dispêndio energético e as condições socioeconômicas e em seguida foram realizadas as medidas antropométricas. Com exceção do dispêndio energético, as demais variáveis foram categorizadas para processar o teste de Kruskal-Wallis, adotando um nível de significância de 5% (α=0,05) para as tomadas de decisão. RESULTADOS: O dispêndio energético apresentou relação direta ao IMC (p=0,0001) e inversa aos graus de escolaridade (p=0,0407) e idade (p=0,0417), mas não se verificou associação em relação à RCQ (p=0,1288) e renda per capita (p=0,1984). Também não foram encontradas associações para as análises entre IMC e renda per capita (p=0,8263), grau de escolaridade (p=0,1326) e idade (p=0,7423). Na avaliação da RCQ foi observada uma relação inversa à renda per capita (p=0,0163), não se apresentou associação com a idade (p=0,5985) e embora tenha demonstrado diferença estatística (p=0,0126) em relação aos graus de escolaridade, os resultados foram discordantes da literatura. CONCLUSÃO: As mulheres estudadas apresentaram alta prevalência de sedentarismo (57,8%), sobrepeso (31,3%) e obesidade (36,0%). Possuem RCQ inadequada e baixo nível socioeconômico. Propõe-se que os resultados sejam discutidos no Programa de Saúde da Família, com o intuito de promover políticas públicas de saúde para reverter esse quadro. / OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to verify the associations between energy expenditure (Kcal), anthropometric profile (body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR), socioeconomic status (education degrees and income per capita) and age of women (aged 40-64 years) registered in the Family Health Program. METHODS: A sample of 147 women answered a domiciliary inquiry, with the aim of evaluating the energy expenditure and the socioeconomic status. After that they were submitted to the anthropometric measures. Except for the energy expenditure, the other variables were categorized to process the test of Kruskal-Wallis, adopting a level of significance of 5% (α=0.05) to take the decision. RESULTS: The energy expenditure presented direct relation to BMI (p=0.0001) and inverse to the education degrees (p=0.0407) and the age (p=0.0417), but no correlation was observed to the WHR (p=0.1288) and per capita income (p=0.1984). Correlations between BMI and income per capita (p=0.8263), education degree (p=0.1326) and age (p=0.7423) were not found. In the evaluation of the WHR, we observed an inverse relation to the income per capita (p=0.0163), and no relation with the age (p=0.5985). Although there is statistic difference (p=0.0126) in relation to the education degrees, the results are in discordance with the literature. CONCLUSION: The women presented high prevalence of sedentarism (57.8%), overweight (31.3%) and obesity (36.0%). They have inadequate WHR and low socioeconomic level. These results should be argued in the Family Health Program with the aim of promoting health public politics to revert this situation.

While there is evidence about the relationship between career development and psychological outcomes, more work is needed to understand how career development is related to personal mental health outcomes in college students. Studying some of the social and cognitive predictors of self-efficacy, this study espouses a holistic perspective to career development and aims to better understand its impact on well-being. Using social cognitive career theory (SCCT) and Super's life-span, life-space theory, this study examines how social (e.g., parental support) and cognitive (e.g., career values awareness) factors influence career decision-making self-efficacy, and furthermore, how this impacts well-being in undergraduate students. Specific mediation hypotheses were assessed, including the mediating role of career values awareness in the relationship between parental support and career decision-making self-efficacy, and the mediating effect of career-decision-making self-efficacy on well-being. Data were collected from 1446 undergraduate students at a large Midwestern public land-grant university through an online survey. Using structural equation modeling to analyze the data, results indicated that: (a) career values awareness mediated the relationship between parental behaviors and CDMSE; (b) CDMSE mediated the relationship between parental behaviors and well-being; and (c) CDMSE mediated the relationship between career values awareness and well-being. In an alternative model, parental support and socioeconomic status (SES) were also found to be significant positive predictors of well-being. Post hoc analysis revealed that academic standing (i.e., year in school) did not moderate the relationship between CDMSE and well-being. Limitations of the study and recommendations for future research are suggested along with implications for clinical practice.

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本研究旨在以回溯方式瞭解兒童過去的幼兒園經驗、家庭背景因素與兒童教育成就及其幼兒就學準備度之相關情形，並更進一步探討就學準備度對於目前學童在教育成就表現上的影響 本研究以問卷調查法進行研究，問卷調查樣本以立意取樣的方式選取臺北市文山區、萬華區與信義區之公立小學三年級兒童為研究對象，共387位，樣本回收162份，回收率為42%，可用樣本為133份，可用率為34%。研究工具主要分為三大部分，第一部分為瞭解兒童教育成就現況，分別使用兒童小三上學業成績與生活適應能力表現（自評問卷）做為替代指標；第二部份則以家長問卷的方式瞭解兒童個人與家庭背景現況；第三部份為蒐集兒童過去幼兒就學準備度的表現，使用兒童在小一上學期五個學習領域之成績做為替代指標。本研究所使用的統計方法包含描述性統計分析、交叉表（Crosstabs）與卡方檢定（Chi-square test）、皮爾森積差相關(Pearson’s product -moment correlation)、斯皮爾曼等級相關（Spearman's rank correlation）、t考驗（t- test）與多元階層迴歸分析(Multiple hierarchical regression analysis)方法進行分析。 根據分析結果歸納之結論如下： 一、過去就讀公私立幼兒園的兒童在教育成就表現上無顯著差異；二、就讀幼兒園年數與兒童教育成就無顯著相關；三、家庭社經地位與兒童學業成績有顯著正相關，與兒童生活適應能力則無顯著相關；四、小學時期家長參與與兒童教育無顯著相關情形，幼兒時期家長參與與兒童學業成績有顯著正相關，與兒童生活適應能力則無顯著相關；五、兒童教育成就與幼兒就學準備度有顯著正相關；六、「母親教育程度」、「幼兒就學準備度」與「生活適應能力」對兒童學業成績有顯著預測力，「學業成績」對兒童生活適應能力有顯著預測力；七、過去就讀公、私立幼兒園的兒童在幼兒就學準備度上無顯著差異；八、就讀幼兒園年數與幼兒就學準備度無顯著相關；九、家庭每月總收入與幼兒就學準備度有顯著正相關；十、幼兒時期家長參與與幼兒就學準備度有顯著正相關。 最後，本研究根據分析結果，俾供相關建議給家長、教育工作者、教育單位及未來欲從事相同主題之研究者。 / The main purpose of this study is to investigate children’s experience in kindergarten, their family’s background, educational achievements and school readiness by ex-post-factor research. This study tries to explore the relationship between children’s educational achievements and school readiness. By questionnaires investigation, researcher collects data from the third grade students in Wenshan, Wanhua, and Xinyi district in Taipei City. Out of 387 questionnaires handed out, 162 were returned, of which 29 were invalid or partially answered, resulting in a total of 133 effective surveys. There are three questionnaires in this study, including children’s educational achievements, parents’ socioeconomic background, and school readiness. Data were analyzed by descriptive analysis, Crosstabs, Chi-square test, Pearson’s product -moment correlation, Spearman's rank correlation, t- test, and multiple hierarchical regression analysis. Based on the statistics analysis of the questionnaire, the results of this study are as follow: A. There is no significant difference towards children’s educational achievements between public and private kindergarten. B. There is no significant correlation between children’s school year in kindergarten and children’s educational achievements. C. There is a significant and positive correlation between parent’s socioeconomic status and children’s academic achievement. D. There is a significant and positive correlation between parents’ participation in early childhood and children’s academic achievement. E. There is a significant and positive correlation between children’s educational achievements and school readiness. F. Mother’s education level, school readiness, and the ability of life adaptation are appropriate indicators in predicting children’s academic achievement. G. Children’s academic achievement is an appropriate indicator in predicting children’s ability of life adaptation. H. There is no significant difference towards school readiness between public and private kindergarten. I. There is no significant correlation between children’s school year in kindergarten and school readiness. J. There is a significant and positive correlation between family’s income and school readiness. K. There is a significant and positive correlation between parents’ participation in early childhood and school readiness.