Although anatomical terminology is in use for more than 2000 years, its first official publication achieved in 1895. The need for development of cogent nomenclature arose due to the high level of synonyms labeling individual anatomical structures. Thus towards the end of the 19th century existed more then 50 000 terms describing approximately 5 000 known structures at that time. Such synonymity caused and still causes chaos, especially in the research activities field. The reason for this is fact that most of the research performed not directly by medical field specialists but also information field specialists does not respect the historical evolution of terms. More, it mixes them according to different issues of the official terminologies. Also, further making the research activity complicated is wrong use of anatomical terms, lack of knowledge and misuse of latine grammary and last but not least americanization of the latine terms. Another hot topic is non existence of the official Czech anatomical terminology. This leads to increased tendency of neologisms formation which in turn causes increase of synonymities. Our study demonstrates above mentioned problems on examples from selected human body structures like locomotory and circulatory systems: bursas, 33 selected skeletal muscles, VIIIth cranial...

Communicating the concepts and practices of development by way of translation across languages and cultures is always intertwined with linguistic and conceptual tensions which blur meaning, distort communicative intention and nurture conceptual ambiguity in target paradigms. In order to create linguistically viable and functional cross-cultural communication, translation has to rely on myriad strategies entailing mediating meaning, that is, rendering cross-cultural communications in ways that make intended meaning accessible and usable. Meanings of concepts and their practices are subtly nuanced and understood in different languages and cultures. Meaning nuances as such denote tensions between incongruent linguistic and cultural interests and in situations of such tensions, translation provides a forte for mediating both linguistic and cultural differences of the interacting languages. This paper seeks to argue that translations of specialized terminologies in any field of human activity do not always result in explicit meaning equivalences, but rather in meanings that are contextually situated and culturally nuanced. Translating in such situations requires that we identify and account for how people and language communities make meaning of concepts on the basis of their own circumstances, worldviews and in their local languages. Thus, lack of linguistic equivalencies and the presence of meaning indeterminacy in translation is not a reflection of translational failure but rather, a calling to attention of the differences in the perceptions and interpretations of concepts across languages, which in subtle ways represent modes of thinking and communicating (Hoppers 2002). Successful and functional translation of specialized terminologies must be underpinned by the realization that conceptual meanings are always situated in cultural, contextual and temporal terms. Their transmission through translation into ‘new’ contexts can never be straightforward but rather mediated.

Kiswahili, one among the Bantu languages, was formerly called Kingozi, the Waswahili (as they were called by the visiting Arabs) were originally known as Wangozi. Although Western researchers have manifested great interest in Swahili language and culture, they refuse to consider the arguments of their Swahili counterparts, they do accept but their own evidence and analysis. As far as the development of vocabulary and terminologies are concerned, this should be the work of Waswahili per se, scholars and lovers of the language. The author argues that the coining of word had always been in connection with (1) the function, (2) the sound, and (3) the structure of the item to be named. He shows that the lexical and structural richness of Kiswahili in fact can lead to meaningful and reasonable coining of any words necessary. He proposes to continue the work started after the 1975-meeting in Dar-es-Salaam, i. e. to compile vocabularies of the different dialects of Kiswahili which could form a pool from which material can be drawn for coining new words. There is need for all experts to organize their forces. Tanzanian experts should stop doing the whole work alone. They should incorporate their Kenyan counterparts as well. But this is not enough. There is a call for a joint Panel or Committee which shall coordinate all efforts of developing Kiswahili.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de lever les verrous que constituent le manque de disponibilité de ressources ou d'outils TAL pour la langue arabe dans les domaines de spécialité en proposant des méthodes permettant l'extraction de termes à partir de textes en arabe standard moderne. Dans ce contexte, nous avons d'abord construit un corpus parallèle anglais-arabe dans un domaine de spécialité. Il s'agit d'un ensemble de textes médicaux produits par la bibliothèque nationale de médecine américaine (NLM). Par la suite, nous avons proposé des méthodes d'acquisition terminologique, permettant d'extraire des termes ou d'acquérir des relations entre ces termes, pour la langue arabe en se basant sur: i)adaptation d'un extracteur terminologique existant pour la languefrançaise ou anglaise, ii) l'exploitation de la translittération des termes anglais en caractères arabes et iii) l'application de la la notion de transfert translingue. Appliqué au niveau terminologique, le transfert consiste à mettre en œuvre un processus d'extraction de termes ou d'acquisition de relations entre termes sur des textes d'une langue source (ici, le français ou l'anglais) puis à transférer les informations extraites sur des textes d'une langue cible (ici, l’arabe standard moderne) pour ainsi identifier le même type d'informations terminologiques. Nous avons évalué les listes de termes monolingues et bilingues obtenues lors des différentes expériences que nous avons réalisées, suivant une méthode transparente, directe et semi-automatique: les termes candidats extraits sont confrontés à une terminologie de référence avant d'être vérifiés manuellement. Cette évaluation suit un protocole que nous avons proposé. / The goal of this thesis is to reduce the lack of available resources and NLP tools for Arabic language in specialised domains by proposing methods allowing the extraction of terms from texts in Modern Standard Arabic. In this context, we first constructed an English-Arabic parallel corous in a specific domain.It is a set of medical texts produced by the US National Library of Medicine (NLM). Thereafter, we have proposed terminological acquisition methods, toextract terms or acquire relations between these terms, for Arabic based on: i) the adaptation of an existing terminology extractor for French or English, ii) the transliteration of English terms in Arabic characters and iii) cross-lingual transfer. Applied at the terminological level, transfer aims to implement a process of term extraction or relationship acquisition between terms in the texts of a source language (here, French or English) and then to transfer the extracted information to target language texts (in this case, Modern Standard Arabic), thereby identifying the same type of terminologicalinformation. We have evaluated the monolingual and bilingual term lists that we have obtained by the experiments we carried out, according to a transparent, direct and semi-automatic method: the extracted term candidates are confronted with a reference terminology before being validated manually. This evaluation follows a protocol that we proposed.

A majority of students at the local University College of Science and Education (UCSE, pseudonym) in Jamaica do not have the conceptual understanding of mathematical principles to function in a competitive and highly globalized marketplace. In 2013 and 2014, 88% and 92% of freshmen education students scored at the lowest 2 levels on the Mathematics Diagnostic Test (MDT). The instructional language at UCSE is Standard English (SE) whereas most students speak Jamaican dialect (JD). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect that the language of instruction has on student achievement in math as measured by the MDT. Guided by Vygotsky's social development theory, the research questions focused on comparing MDT change scores between students who were taught using JD and those using SE as the instructional language. The quasi-experimental design used ex post facto data including pretest and posttest MDT scores from 40 freshmen of whom 20 were instructed in JD and 20 in SE. The results of an independent sample t test showed that the difference in the MDT change score was significant. The JD students had a higher improvement score. Consequently, it is recommended that math instructors use JD to instruct freshmen education students whose native language is JD. A professional development session for math teachers was created that demonstrates how to teach in JD while simultaneously scaffolding the instruction in a way that students can learn SE and be prepared for the following year at UCSE. If students understand the math concepts in their freshman year, they are more likely to continue their college education and to become productive members of Jamaica's economy which is dependent on employees that are proficient in math.

[pt] Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar uma terminologia e expressões relevantes do domínio de óleo e gás (OeG) e estruturá-la como uma taxonomia, tendo em vista o levantamento de itens para a anotação de entidades dentro do domínio. Para tanto, foi construída uma lista de termos relevantes da área, com base em diversas fontes, e, em seguida, a lista foi estruturada hierarquicamente por meio de regras. O processo de elaboração da taxonomia seguiu aspectos teóricometodológicos utilizados por diversos trabalhos semelhantes dentro da área. O trabalho procura evidenciar que a identificação de uma terminologia de um domínio técnico e a sua estruturação como taxonomia podem servir como a primeira etapa do levantamento de entidades de um domínio. Por conta disso, o trabalho também se propõe a discutir estratégias para identificação de entidade mencionada (EM) e possibilitar um diálogo entre duas áreas: Processamento de Linguagem Natural (PLN) e Linguística. De maneira geral, espera-se que a taxonomia ajudar a suprir, mesmo que de forma modesta, a escassez de recursos linguísticos para as técnicas do Processamento de Linguagem Natural (PLN) e da Extração de Informação (EI), dentro da área de óleo e gás. / [en] This work aims to identify a terminology and relevant expressions of the oil and gas domain and structure it as a taxonomy. To this end, a list of relevant terms in the area was built, based on various sources, and then the list was structured hierarchically by rules. The taxonomy elaboration process followed theoretical and methodological aspects used by several similar works within the area. The work tries to show that the identification of a technical domain terminology and its structuring as a taxonomy can serve as the first stage of the identification of entities in a domain. Because of this, the work also proposes to discuss strategies for identifying named entity and to enable a dialogue between two areas: Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Linguistics. In general, the taxonomy presented is expected to supply, at least in a modest way, the lack of linguistic resources for techniques of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Information Extraction (EI), within the area of oil and gas.

Background In July 2014, the Institute of Medicine released a review of the governance of Graduate Medical Education (GME), concluding that changes to GME financing were needed to reward desired performance and to reshape the workforce to meet the nation's needs. In light of the rapid emergence of alternative payment systems, we evaluated the financial value of resident participation in operative surgical care. Methods The Department of Surgery provided Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes for procedures performed by the general surgical service at our institution for the 2011 academic year. For each code, the charge and total instances were provided. CPTs allowing an assistant fee were identified using the Searchable Medicare Physician Fee Schedule. This approach enabled calculation of the potential resident contribution to GME funding. Results A total of 515 unique CPTs were potentially billable for a total of 6,578 procedures, of which 2,552 (39%) were reimbursable. These CPTs would have generated $1,882,854 in assistant charges. The top 50 most frequent CPTs resulted in 4,247 procedures. Within the top 50, 1362 procedures (32% of the top 50, 21% of the total) were reimbursable. Of the total assistant charges, $963,227 (51%) occurred in the top 50 most frequent CPTs. Conclusions Credit for resident participation in operative care as co-surgeon would average $67,244 per resident, compared to our current funding of $142,635 per resident. This type of alternative funding could provide 47% of current educational support. The skew in distribution of procedures also suggests that such a system could provide guidance to a more balanced operative experience. Such performance-based credentialing could be used to ensure appropriate housestaff for a given case; these reimbursements could also be adjusted based on quality metrics to provide for transformational change in patient outcomes.

Den här masteruppsatsen består av en översättning av en Natotext, Wales SummitDeclaration, vilken offentliggjordes som ett resultat av ett Natotoppmöte i Cardiff i Wales iseptember 2014. Arbetet består av en översättning av texten om cirka 13 000 ord, samt av enstudie av utmaningar som uppstod när det gällde att översätta texten till en idiomatisk ochterminologiskt korrekt svenska som anpassats för den definierade läsarens behov.Översättningen har, för många av de officiella termerna, som till exempel avtal ochöverenskommelser, kunnat kvalitetssäkras med hjälp av EU:s termdatabaser, och andraofficiella källor. Terminologin som är specifik för Natokontexten har utgjort den mestintressanta och tidskrävande delen av arbetet. Eftersom Sverige inte är medlem i Nato saknasdet officiella översättningar för många av de termer som finns i källtexten, varvid ett antalolika terminologiska källor har konsulterats under arbetet. En termdatabas skapades som ettresultat av översättningsprocessen. En jämförande studie har gjorts med en artikel inomsamma genre, och skillnader och likheter mellan de båda texterna diskuteras. / This master thesis consists of a translation of a NATO text, the Wales Summit Declaration,which was published as one outcome of a NATO summit held in Cardiff, Wales inSeptember, 2014. The work is comprised of the translation of the declaration ofapproximately 13,000 words, followed by a study of the challenges i translating the text intoan idiomatic and terminologically correct and accepted Swedish, suitable for the definedaudience. The translation of many of the official concepts, such as treaties and agreements,was verified with the help of EU term bases, or other official resources. The terminology andexpressions pertaining to the NATO context have been the most interesting and timeconsuming part of the work. Not a NATO member, Sweden lacks official translations formany of the terms occurring in the source text. A variety of different terminology sourceshave been consulted. As a result of the whole translation process, a term base was created. Acomparative study of an article in the same genre was made, and differences and similaritiesbetween the texts are discussed.

In this work we consider the inference problem of computing (minimal) rewritings of concept descriptions using defined concepts from a terminology. We introduce a general framework for this problem. For the small description logic FL₀, which provides us with conjunction and value restrictions, we show that the decision problem induced by the minimal rewriting problem is NP-complete.

No description available.