Leaf epidermal transmittance of ultraviolet radiation (280-400 nm) was examined in several plant species to determine the capability of the epidermis to attenuate solar ultraviolet radiation. Epidermal samples were mechanically isolated and examined with a spectroradiometer/integrating sphere for transmittance. A survey of 25 species exposed to natural insolation was conducted. Although the species differed in life form, habitat type, and epidermal characteristics, epidermal transmittance was generally less than 10%. Ultraviolet radiation was attenuated 95 to 99% in more than half of the species. In 16 species, flavonoid and related pigments in the epidermis accounted for 20 to 57% of the attenuation. Several species exposed to supplemental ultraviolet irradiation (288-315 run) in a greenhouse exhibited significant (p≤0.05) depressions in epidermal transmittance of 31 to 47%, apparently resulting from an increase in ultraviolet-absorbing pigments.

Distressingly, at the end of the 2008-2009 school year, 53% of fifth-grade students scored the equivalence of a D or lower on Florida's standardized science assessment (NCLB School District and State Public Accountability Report, 2009). One possible way to adapt methods of science education that is becoming more popular is through the use of computer games, as numerous studies have shown positive correlations between the use of computer games and increased learning gains in science. This thesis not only discusses previous researc concerning computer games as tools for science education but it also provides a description and the results of an original study. The purpose of the study found within this thesis was to examine how effectively 40 fourth-grade students could acquire knowledge from a text-free, physics-inspired computer game and then subsequently transfer any acquired knowledge to a text-containing, paper-and-pencil assessment without any scaffolding. Through the analysis of both qualitative and quantitative research data, this study revealed that students' assessment scores increased from pretest to posttest by an average of 12% for all students and by an average of 22.43% for the students who scored in the lowest one-third. Concerning only the assessment questions that were completely text-based, students' scores increased by an average of 14.6% for all students and by an average of 32.73% for the students who scored in the lowest one-third. Thus, in the researcher's opinion, there was enough transference to justify the use of the wordless, physics-based computer game as an effective and engaging educational tool among the 40 fourth-grade students who participated in this study: especially among those students who struggled with science.

No description available.

No description available.

This study has two parts. In the first part we develop a computational approach to the solution of an inverse modelling problem concerning the material properties of electrolytes used in Lithium-ion batteries. The dependence of the diffusion coefficient and the transference number on the concentration of Lithium ions is reconstructed based on the concentration data obtained from an in-situ NMR imaging experiment. This experiment is modelled by a system of 1D time-dependent Partial Differential Equations (PDE) describing the evolution of the concentration of Lithium ions with prescribed initial concentration and fluxes at the boundary. The material properties that appear in this model are reconstructed by solving a variational optimization problem in which the least-square error between the experimental and simulated concentration values is minimized. The uncertainty of the reconstruction is characterized by assuming that the material properties are random variables and their probability distribution estimated using a novel combination of Monte-Carlo approach and Bayesian statistics. In the second part of this study, we carefully analyze a number of secondary effects such as ion pairing and dendrite growth that may influence the estimation of the material properties and develop mathematical models to include these effects. We then use reconstructions of material properties based on inverse modelling along with their uncertainty estimates as a framework to validate or invalidate the models. The significance of certain secondary effects is assessed based on the influence they have on the reconstructed material properties. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Durant el segle XX s'ha anat configurant el concepte d'aliança terapèutica en psicoteràpia com una relació interpersonal existent i necessària entre el client i el terapeuta. Avui dia totes les orientacions teòriques atorguen a l'aliança terapèutica un paper central en la relació terapèutica. A més, des de l’àmbit de la recerca empírica, la relació entre l'aliança terapèutica i l’eficàcia del tractament en psicoteràpia ha estat constatada en nombrosos estudis. Tot i que l'origen d'aquest concepte es troba en la corrent psicoanalítica, la rellevància de l'aliança terapèutica és molt diferent segons l'opinió de diversos autors d'aquesta orientació. Per a alguns autors l'aliança terapèutica no és rellevant i pot arribar a ser interferidora del tractament, ja que la transferència és la peça clau. En canvi, per a altres autors psicoanalítics l'aliança terapèutica té un paper important en qualsevol tipus de teràpia. Dediquem un ampli apartat del treball a fer una revisió sobre la conceptualització de l'aliança dels autors psicoanalítics més destacats en l’àmbit. Nosaltres considerem que l'aliança terapèutica ha de ser presa en consideració en qualsevol tractament d'orientació psicoanalítica, ja que si no és degudament treballada pot dificultar el treball analític i, per tant, s'han de destinar a la seva formació i manteniment tant tècniques interpretatives com no interpretatives quan es requereixin. L'aliança terapèutica és, des del nostre punt de vista, un element de la relació terapèutica diferent a la transferència (i la seva respectiva contratransferència) i la relació real, que descrivim exhaustivament en el treball. En psicoteràpia psicoanalítica de parella, a causa de la gran diversitat de mecanismes que operen en aquest tipus de teràpia conjunta, la formació i el desenvolupament de l'aliança adquireixen major dificultat. Dediquem una part important del treball a enumerar i descriure aquests factors que influeixen en l'aliança a psicoteràpia de parella, així com les dimensions de l'aliança terapèutica en aquest tipus de tractament seguint el model del Sistema d'Observació de l’Aliança Terapèutica en Intervenció Familiar (SOATIF). Analitzem l'aliança terapèutica que estableix el psicoterapeuta de la sèrie nord-americana In treatment amb la parella que assisteix a la seva consulta durant nou sessions mitjançant la versió observacional del SOATIF (SOATIF-o), així com els altres elements de la relació terapèutica amb els que l'aliança interacciona. Considerem que el material és útil coma eina d'entrenament per fer ús de l'instrument i com a material docent, ja que apareixen reflectits els aspectes més importants de la relació terapèutica entre l'analista i la parella. / Durante el siglo XX se ha ido configurando el concepto de alianza terapéutica en psicoterapia como una relación interpersonal existente y necesaria entre el cliente y el terapeuta. Hoy en día todas las orientaciones teóricas otorgan a la alianza terapéutica un papel central en la relación terapéutica. Además, desde el ámbito de la investigación empírica, la relación entre la a lianza terapéutica y la eficacia del tratamiento en psicoterapia ha sido constatada en numerosos estudios. Pese a que el origen de este concepto se encuentra en la corriente psicoanalítica, la relevancia de la alianza terapéutica es muy diferente según la opinión de diversos autores de esta orientación. Para algunos autores la alianza terapéutica no es relevante y puede llegar a ser interferidora del tratamiento, ya que la transferencia es la pieza clave. En cambio, para otros autores psicoanalíticos la alianza terapéutica tiene un papel importante en cualquier tipo de terapia. Dedicamos un amplio apartado del trabajo a hacer una revisión obre la conceptualización de la a lianza de los autores psicoanalíticos más destacados en el ámbito. Nosotros consideramos que la alianza terapéutica debe ser tomada en consideración en cualquier trata miento de orientación psicoanalítica, ya que si no es debidamente trabajada puede dificultar el trabajo analítico y, por tanto, deben destinarse a su formación y mantenimiento tanto técnicas interpretativas como no interpretativas cuando se requieran. La alianza terapéutica es, desde nuestro punto de vista, un elemento de la relación terapéutica diferente a la transferencia (y su respectiva contratransferencia) y a la relación rea l, que describimos exhaustivamente en el trabajo. En psicoterapia psicoanalítica de pareja, a causa de la gran diversidad de mecanismos que operan en este tipo de terapia conjunta, la formación y el desarrollo de la alianza adquieren mayor dificultad. Dedicamos una parte importante del trabajo a enumerar y describir estos factores que influyen en la alianza en psicoterapia de pareja, así como las dimensiones de la alianza terapéutica en este tipo de tratamiento siguiendo el modelo del Sistema de Observación de la A lianza Terapéutica en Intervención Familiar (SOATIF). Analizamos mediante la versión observacional del SOATIF (SOATIF-o) la alianza terapéutica que establece el psicoterapeuta de la serie norteamericana In treatment con la pareja que acude a su consulta durante nueve sesiones, así como los otros elementos de la relación terapéutica con los que la a lianza interacciona. Consideramos que el material es útil como herramienta de entrenamiento para hacer uso del instrumento y como material docente, ya que a parecen reflejados los aspectos más importantes de la relación terapéutica entre el analista y la pareja. / During the twentieth century the concept of therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy has been shaped as an existing and necessary interpersonal relationship between the client and the therapist. Nowadays, all theoretical orientations have given to the therapeutic alliance a central role in the therapeutic relationship. Furthermore, empirical research has proved the relationship between the therapeutic alliance and the treatment efficacy in psychotherapy in numerous studies. Although the concept of the therapeutic alliance has its origin in the psychoanalytic theory, the relevance of the alliance is very different in the opinion of several authors of this orientation. For some authors, the therapeutic alliance is not relevant and can interfere in the psychoanalytic treatment, since the transference is the key element. On the other side, for other psychoanalytic authors the therapeutic alliance plays an important role in any kind of therapy. A large section of our work is devoted to do a review on the conceptualization of the alliance of the most prominent authors in the psychoanalytic field. We believe that the therapeutic alliance should be taken into consideration in any psychoanalytically oriented treatment, because if it is not properly treated, it can jeopardize the analytic work and, therefore, interpretive and non- interpretive interventions must be used when required. The therapeutic alliance is, from our point of view, an element of the therapeutic relationship different from the transference (and its respective counter-transference) and the real relationship, described both in detail in our work. In couple psychoanalytic psychotherapy, because of the great diversity of mechanism s that operate in this type of conjoint treatment, the formation and the development of the alliance become more difficult. A significant part of this work is devoted to list and describe the factors that influence the alliance as well as the dimensions of the therapeutic alliance in this type of treatment based on the System for Observing Family Therapy Alliances (SOFTA). The therapeutic alliance established by the psychotherapist and a couple who undergoes a treatment for nine sessions in the North American TV series In Treatment i s analyzed with the observational version of the SOFTA (SOFTA-o), as well as the other elements of the therapeutic relationship that interact with the alliance. We believe that the material is useful as a training tool for using the instrument and as teaching material, since the most important aspects of the therapeutic relationship between the analyst and the couple are represented.

Quand la fonction interprétante instituante de l’équipe est opérante, l’attaque du cadre en institution, devient une tentative pour intérioriser, à partir de l’expérience de confrontation au dispositif institutionnel, le cadre compris comme une préconception non saturée au sens où l’entend Bion. En reprenant les élaborations relatives au rôle du contre-transfert dans la cure individuelle et en établissant une analogie de structure entre le couple transfert –contre-transfert, une dialectique entre asymétrie et solidarité caractérise le dispositif psychanalytique. Un lien étroit s’établit entre l’investissement par l’analyste de cette dialectique et la part du contre-transfert s’exprimant dans le rapport de l’analyste au cadre psychanalytique. Après avoir vérifié la possibilité d’étendre ces élaborations issues de la pratique de la cure-type à la relation formative, au groupe et à l’institution, une analogie a été postulée entre inter-transfert et contre-transfert relativement à l’investissement de cette dialectique entre asymétrie et solidarité. Une défaillance de l’analyse inter-transférentielle induite par un blocage de la dialectique asymétrie – solidarité sera à l’origine de contre-agirs de la part de l’équipe. Ce blocage amène à investir la dimension d’asymétrie aux dépens de la dimension de solidarité. Cette dimension de solidarité permet en effet d’accueillir ce qui vient de l’autre en tant qu’il est autre et d’assumer les relations complexes d’emboitement sous-jacents au lien intersubjectif. Ces hypothèses théoriques ont été élaborées dans le cadre d’une recherche action auprès d’une équipe de formateurs aux métiers de l’animation professionnelle. / When the interpreting function instituting of the team is operative, the attack on the framework in institution, seems an attempt to interiorize, starting from the experiment of confrontation to the institutional device, the framework understood a preconception unsaturated with the direction as Bion has it. By taking again the developments relating to the role of the counter-transference in the individual cure and by establishing an analogy between the couple transference - counter-transference, dialectical between asymmetry and solidarity characterizes the psychoanalytical device. A close link is established between the investment by the analyst of this dialectical and the share of the counter-transference expressed in the report of the analyst to the psychoanalytical framework. After having checked the possibility of extending these developments to the formative relation, the group and the institution, an analogy was postulated between inter-transference and counter-transference relative with the investment of this dialectical between asymmetry and solidarity. A failure of the inter-tranferential analysis induced by a blocking of dialectical asymmetry - solidarity will be at the origin of actings on behalf of the team. This blocking appears in the movement inter - tranferential investing the dimension of asymmetry at the expense of the dimension of solidarity. This dimension of solidarity indeed makes it possible to accomodate what comes from the other and to assume the complex relations of fitment subjacent with the intersubjective bond. These theoretical assumptions were put at work within a research action with a team of trainers to professional animation.

Tese defendida pela pesquisa na Universidad Nacional de Misiones / Submitted by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-10-25T13:44:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 daisy_tese.pdf: 3796196 bytes, checksum: a7267279e77fc9ae844b01b7b4ca4278 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-26T11:03:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 daisy_tese.pdf: 3796196 bytes, checksum: a7267279e77fc9ae844b01b7b4ca4278 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / The main aim of this study is to investigate if the NITs (Technological Innovation Nucleus) as part of a public policy of the national system of technological innovation have a relevant role in the social and economic Brazilian development. Assumes that to incorporate research and development into the innovative goods and services production points out to a growth perspective of the social per capta wealth and work productivity. Argues that in Brazil, developing nation, it represents a path towards the overcomig of social inequalities since, conditioned to the diffusion of a type of management that makes possible to combine the innovation culture to with a culture for the human development, without dissociating it from the "Principle of Responsibility" in accordance with Hans Jonas concerning the "duty" referring to human conduct. In this sense, it explores as theoretical framework, science, technology and innovation in the context of the National Innovation System, the organizational culture and the public policy evaluation. The methodological design, rooted on the identification of organizational cultures typologies and its linkages to the productivities criteria, proposes to add to the traditional administration criteria, efficiency, efficacy, ad a reinterpretation of effectiveness, by adding them to the philosophical criteria of relevance of the humane. Qualitative research is chosen, rooted in the quantitative method (questionnaire) and qualitative (interviews), to identify the cultural typologies that prevail in the public NITs of the Rio de Janeiro State. Supported by the experimental method, it is presented an evaluation and technological innovation management building model, allied to the meaning proposed in this study. Conclusions, recognize that the NITs, mostly, have very capable managers concerning the scientific research techniques althogh they develop a management approach isolated from the research existing environment in the ICTs and, even worse of the market. So it is shown taht the main dificulties were not present in the such management wich a bureaucratic culture brings to the innovation environment, although presents some idiosyncrasies from the bureaucratic culture as the decision making model and the hierarchical structure are present. They are conscious of the need to amplify their management action toward results, but They don’t necessarely consider, yet, the criteria of effectiveness and relevance in the same sense of this study one. / El estudio tiene como objetivo investigar si los NIT, como parte de la política del Sistema Nacional de Innovación Tecnológica, poseen un papel relevante en el desarrollo económico y social brasileño. Asume que incorporar investigación y desarrollo en la producción de bienes y servicios innovadores, apunta hacia una perspectiva de crecimiento de la productividad del trabajo y de la riqueza per cápita en la sociedad. Defiende que en Brasil, nación en desarrollo, representa un camino en el sentido de vencer las desigualdades sociales, dado que, condicionadas a la difusión de un tipo de gestión que permita aliar la cultura de la innovación a la cultura de la formación humana, sin disociarlo del “Principio Responsabilidad” de Jonas en lo que concierne al “deber “referente a la conducta humana. En este sentido explora como marco teórico a la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación en el contexto del Sistema Nacional de Innovación, la cultura organizacional y la evaluación de las políticas públicas. El diseño metodológico, anclado en la identificación de las tipologías de la cultura organizacional y su vinculo con los criterios de productividad, propone agregar a los criterios tradicionales en la administración, eficiencia y eficacia, una relectura de efectividad, sumándolos al criterio filosófico de la relevancia del ser humano. En este sentido se opta por la investigación cualitativa basada en el método cuantitativo (cuestionario) y cualitativo (entrevista) para identificar las tipologías culturales que prevalecen en los NIT públicos del estado de Rio de Janeiro. Amparado en el método experimental, se presenta un modelo de evaluación y de construcción de la gestión de la innovación tecnológica, aliado al sentido defendido en este estudio. Se concluye, reconociendo que los NIT, en su mayoría, poseen gestores muy capacitados en relación a las técnicas involucradas en los asuntos de investigación, pero desarrollan una gestión de manera aislada de lo cotidiano del entrono de la investigación en las ICT e, inclusive, del mercado. Asimismo se constata que no se muestran presentes en la gestión las principales dificultades que una cultura burocrática proporciona al entorno de la innovación, aunque presenta algunas idiosincrasias provenientes de la cultura burocrática como modelo del proceso decisorio y la estructura jerarquizada. Son conscientes de la necesidad de DIRECIONAR el foco de acción gerencial para los resultados, pero no consideran, necesariamente, los criterios de efectividad y DA relevancia en el sentido PARA O QUAL se orienta este estudio.

There are differences today amongst psychoanalysts regarding if psychoanalysis should limit itself to being exclusively a hermeneutic discipline or if psychoanalysis should find points of contact with neurobiology. The purpose of this essay is to touch upon the larger issue that creates the different points of view: Can psychoanalysis become enriched by finding points of contact with neurobiology, and should psychoanalysis be regarded as belonging to a broader scientific field than being exclusively a human science? The question at issue is: Can modern neurobiology contribute to a development of the psychoanalytic concepts; compulsion to repeat, transference/countertransference and talking cure? The method used is a literature study. The result shows that: Freud’s theories regarding traumatic compulsion to repeat can be linked with LeDoux’s theory of "emotional memory". Freud’s theory of the death instinct as an explanation to the compulsion to repeat can be replaced by a modern neurobiological theory of "emotional memory". The part of the countertransference that is an emotion transferred from the patient to the analyst can happen with the assistance of mirror neurons through "embodied simulation". This suggests that the phenomenon of the analyst being able to experience the patients emotion in himself does not have to imply that projection or intersubjective pressure have played a part in it. To be able to include this phenomenon in the concepts of transference and countertransference these need to be broadened or revised. It is possible to link and develop Freud’s theory of the talking cure with Deacon’s theory about symbolic communication. The results clinical implications are: Understanding of the traumatic compulsion to repeat as an expression of "emotional memory" demands work with this as an expression of memory processes. Understanding of the transference of emotion in transference/countertransference as possible through reflexive simulation processes, implies that projection or interpersonal pressure should not be preconceived in an emotion transference situation. It also implies that the emotional activation in the analyst should not by necessity be seen as an activation of the analyst’s internal objects together with emotions towards these. Deacon’s theory of symbolic communication implies that the talking cure should be used with awareness of its negative tendencies, visual thinking should not necessarily be considered non-symbolic and focus should be put on multiple ways of communication in the clinical situation.

Estudamos o problema de famílias intersectantes extremais em um subconjunto aleatório da família dos subconjuntos com exatamente k elementos de um conjunto dado. Obtivemos uma descrição quase completa da evolução do tamanho de tais famílias. Versões semelhantes do problema foram estudadas por Balogh, Bohman e Mubayi em 2009, e por Hamm e Kahn, e Balogh, Das, Delcourt, Liu e Sharifzadeh de maneira concorrente a este trabalho. / We studied the problem of maximal intersecting families in a random subset of the family of subsets with exactly k elements from a given set. We obtained a nearly complete description of the evolution of the size of such families. Similar versions of this problem have been studied by Balogh, Bohman and Mubayi in 2009, and by Hamm and Kahn, and Balogh, Das, Delcourt, Liu and Sharifzadeh concurrently with this work.