This research comprises a comparative examination of the transformation of Afrikaans and Dutch youth narratives into drama texts. Attention has been paid to the story elements embodied in various narratives and dramas, and, in addition, to aspects related to narrative and drama. By means of the comparison of the constants and variants with regard to the four texts, the possibility of creating a transformation model has been examined. The transformation model derived from the research, is applicable, firstly, to the narratives and drama texts upon which this study has been based. It is therefore presented as a conception for the conversion of a narrative text into a drama text, but the uniqueness of each separate narrative is taken into consideration; hence the model is not prescriptive, and it is assumed that the model may be adjusted in line with each adaptation. The comparison is effected between Afrikaans and Dutch texts, in view of the existence in the Low Countries of an established culture of bookshops, publishers and theatrical companies, focused on youth literature and theatre. Some publishers and bookshops, moreover, exclusively publish and sell youth narratives and dramas. Theatre productions aimed at children and young adults are plentiful, and attract a large percentage of young people. Should the fact that some theatres specialise in youth theatre productions be taken into account, also, the contrast and the gaps pertaining to the Afrikaans literary system are marked. The research in respect of the transformation of prose texts into drama texts has identified those procedures employed to adapt the narrative aspects (narrator, focalization, character, event, time and space) in such a way that it is reconcilable with the unique nature of the dramatic aspects (didascalia, dialogue, character, action, time and space). By virtue of the transformation of youth narratives into drama texts (with the purpose of the eventual performance thereof), the adolescent reader is made aware in a different manner of the value of narrative. / Thesis (M.A. (Afrikaans and Dutch))--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2003

The Funk–Radon transform assigns to a function on the two-sphere its mean values along all great circles. We consider the following generalization: we replace the great circles by the small circles being the intersection of the sphere with planes containing a common point ζ inside the sphere. If ζ is the origin, this is just the classical Funk–Radon transform. We find two mappings from the sphere to itself that enable us to represent the generalized Radon transform in terms of the Funk–Radon transform. This representation is utilized to characterize the nullspace and range as well as to prove an inversion formula of the generalized Radon transform.

The purpose of this investigation was to find out more about students’ spontaneous ideas about properties and transformations of matter. Examples of matter chosen are such which students know about from everyday life and focus is mainly on the questions if students know that all matter has weight and that matter is preserved in transformations. The method used is semi structured qualitative interviews with individual students. Different experiments were carried out together with the students who afterwards were interviewed. However, the students show varying answers and no generalizations can be done. However, when their conclusions from observations differ from their earlier experiences they trust their eyes. All students know that a human body has weight as well as a grain of dust. They also know that with addition of a colored substance in the water, the mass increases, but more hesitation exists when the additive is sugar. A couple of students are capable of discussing logically sometimes but not at all events. / Undersökningens syfte var att undersöka vad elever i årskurs tre har för spontana uppfattningar om materiens egenskaper och dess transformationer. Exempel på materia som valts är det eleverna känner till i vardagen och undersökningen har främst fokuserat på om eleverna dels vet att all materia väger något samt dels att materia är beständig och inte försvinner vid transformationer. Metoden som använts är semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer med enskilda elever. Olika försök genomfördes tillsammans med eleverna som sedan intervjuades. Resultatet visar att eleverna varierar sina svar. Inga generella slutsatser kan dras. Dock kan man se att de grundar sina svar på det de ser och knyter sina föreställningar till sin vardag. När ögats uppfattning inte överensstämmer med erfarenheter litar flertalet elever på ögats observation. Alla elever vet att en människa väger liksom dammkorn. De vet också att vid tillsats av en färgad substans i vatten så ökar massan men fler oklarheter råder vid tillsats av socker. Ett par elever förmår resonera logiskt vid ett tillfälle men inte vid ett annat.

Die nachfolgende Länderstudie ist während eines längeren Arbeitsaufenthaltes im Rahmen der internationalen Zusammenarbeit in Kamerun entstanden. Mit ihr versuchen wir, unsere persönlichen Eindrücke und täglichen Beobachtungen in einem Land zu verarbeiten, in dem offenbar alle Hoffnung darauf beruht, dass der alternde Staatspräsident Paul Biya seinen Abschied von der politischen Bühne nimmt und damit ein autokratisches, korruptes Regime sein Ende findet. Diese Hoffnung scheint mit der Erwartung von Francis Fukuyama verbunden zu werden, der 1992 nach dem Zusammenbruch des Sowjet-Imperiums das „Ende der Geschichte“ erklärte, in der Überzeugung, dass das demokratische Gesellschaftsmodell bald überall Einzug halten würde. Bekanntlich hat sich diese Erwartung als zu optimistisch erwiesen. Mit unserer Untersuchung versuchen wir aufzuzeigen, warum sich die Hoffnung auf eine gerechtere Gesellschaft trotz langjähriger Bemühungen westlicher Geber um die Stärkung der Zivilgesellschaft und die Dezentralisierung staatlicher Aufgaben auch in Kamerun kaum erfüllen wird. Ein „Ende der Geschichte“ lässt sich auch für die Zeit nach Paul Biya nicht prognostizieren. / After more the thirty years in office, the political career of the elderly Cameroon President Paul Biya seems to have come to an end. After gaining independence in 1960 Cameroon was quickly turned into a dictatorial police state under Paul Biya’s predecessor, Mr Ahmadou Ahidjo. A forced political liberalisation at the beginning of the 1990’s removed the existing one-party-system. However, in reality, little has changed regarding the country’s political situation as the newly granted democratic rights exist only on paper. Not only is Mr Biya the sole and unchallenged ruler of Cameroon, he is also the “glue” that binds the country together. Despite the country’s wealth of natural resources, government corruption and mismanagement has resulted in an elite with much wealth and a majority of people living in poverty. In spite of this, and even in face of ethnic and religious diversity, Cameroon is one of the most stabile countries in Africa. Civil war did not occur and Christians and Muslims live peacefully side by side. Therefore, the end of the rule of Paul Biya seems to offer both an opportunity as well as a threat to this nation’s future. The opportunity could be realized if democratically minded segments of the society succeed in installing a pluralistic regime that abolishes corruption and nepotism. In order to make this scenario more likely, western donors have begun to support the establishment of a civil society and, through decentralisation programs, strengthened the concept of democratic local self-governance. The treat is that with the disappearance of Paul Biya from the stage a dangerous political vacuum may result. As no successor seems to be in sight who is capable of leading the people and democratizing the country, there is a danger that Cameroon might follow the path of other African nations and fall into a state of turmoil and decay. This book offers an analysis of the mechanisms which have resulted in Cameroon remaining a fragile state even after fifty years of independence. At the same time - on the basis of examining the findings of transformation theories - the book explores the possibility of bringing about democratic changes to the country by critically examining the impact of the activities of the international donor community. Cameroon is often called the „Afrique en miniature“. This is why a great part of the results of this analysis are also useful for judging the political circumstances in other francophone countries in Africa. Therefore the significance of the book goes beyond the context of the situation in Cameroon.

Over the next 40 years industrialised economies will need to change the way in which they use resources by a Factor of 10: this equates to a 90 per cent increase in resource productivity and will require a radical shift in our thinking and practice. This research explores what such change may mean and how it may be facilitated. Such a change resonates with the growing need for industrial systems to operate within the Earth s natural limits and fundamentally challenges business-as-usual responses to sustainability. This research addresses how people can begin to create sustainability. It is qualitative in nature, follows a constructivist grounded theory methodology and is strongly based on dialogues as a process to enable deeper understanding and a creative participatory approach. Dialogues were conducted with ten sustainability experts, three sustainability consultants and six organisations that are already shifting ways of thinking and practice towards creating sustainability. Early dialogues with sustainability experts and organisations were central in understanding mindsets and personal experiences and the research shows that individuals and their values, beliefs and motivations are essential in challenging the business-as-usual paradigm. Dialogues were further cultivated in three workshops conducted with a broad audience to explore the early research findings and to help refine the development of the main output of the research, SuCo. SuCo is a methodology to address innovation for sustainability that addresses both Sustainable Cultural and Operational transformations. In the latter stage of the research two organisations were approached to apply SuCo to better understand its validity and usability. SuCo addresses innovation for sustainability from a radical perspective to promote an approach towards sustainable cultures and outputs. It is a useful beginning to an ongoing and much needed dialogue about sustainable-oriented futures.

Le système de communication SCF/KIT est impliqué dans le développement et l’homéostasie de plusieurs lignages cellulaires. Des dysfonctionnements de la voie sont à l’origine de pathologies affectant ces compartiments. En particulier, des mutations gain-de-fonction, qui entraînent l’activation constitutive du récepteur à activité tyrosine kinase KIT, sont responsables de néoplasies chez l’homme.L’objectif des travaux réalisés durant cette thèse était d’étudier certaines spécificités de la signalisation de formes oncogéniques de KIT, ceci dans le modèle du mastocyte transformé par l’oncogène KIT-D816V. Cette étude a été menée au niveau proximal sur le récepteur lui-même ainsi qu’au niveau distal sur la voie STAT ,une des voies de signalisation spécifiquement activée de manière constitutive par le récepteur mutant.Au niveau proximal, nous avons pu montrer que le motif dityrosine Y568-Y570situé dans le domaine juxtamembranaire de hKIT est une plateforme majeure de recrutement des effecteurs de la signalisation intracellulaire avec au moins 15partenaires différents recrutées. Par ailleurs l’étude de modèles cellulaires dans des analyses liées aux fonctions physiologiques du récepteur réalisés in vitro et in vivo ont révélé que le site est impliqué dans la régulation négative du signal transformant issu de l’oncogène KIT-D816.Au niveau distal, nous avons analysé les mécanismes de phosphorylation des protéines STAT1, -3 et -5 ainsi que l’importance fonctionnelle de leur activation dans la transformation dépendante de KIT-D816. Nous avons ainsi étudié la contribution de différentes kinases dans les phosphorylations activatrices des STATs sur tyrosine et serine. Nos résultats suggèrent que seul STAT5 a une activité transcriptionnelle dans nos modèles suggérant une implication potentielle non canonique des STAT1et -3 dans la transformation dépendante de KIT-D816.L’ensemble de nos travaux contribue à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de l’oncogenèse dépendante de KIT-D816, un point critique dans le développement raisonné de thérapeutiques anticancéreuses ciblées. / The receptor tyrosine kinase KIT and its ligand, the stem cell factor (SCF), are implicated both in the development and the homeostasis of multiple cell lineages. Dysfunctions in the KIT/SCF pathway are involved in several pathologies affecting these compartments. In particular, gain-of-function mutations that lead to constitutive activation of the receptor KIT are found in human neoplasia.The purpose of this thesis project was to investigate some differences between normal and oncogenic signalling of KIT receptor using mast cells transformed by the KIT-D816 oncogene as a model. This question was analysed at aproximal level on the oncogenic receptor itself and at a more distal level on the STAT signal transduction pathway, which is specifically and constitutively activated by theKIT-D816 mutant.At the proximal level, we show that the juxtamembrane dityrosine motif Y568-Y570 of KIT is the major platform of recruitment of intracellular signalling partnerswith more than 15 interactors found in mast cells. Furthermore, the analysis ofcellular models in both in vitro and in vivo assays related to KIT physiological functions has revealed the negative role of the motif in KIT-D816-mediated cell transformation. At the distal level, we have analysed the mechanisms of phosphorylation ofSTAT1, -3 and -5 proteins and the functional relevance of their activation in KITD816-mediated transformation. We describe the contribution of different kinases inthe phosphorylation of STATs on both serine and tyrosine residues. Our results suggest that only STAT5 is transcriptionaly active whereas STAT1 and STAT3 are not, suggesting a non conventional implication of their activation in celltransformation. Our work contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms of KITD816-mediated oncogenesis and could be used to improve the rational developmentof new targeted cancer therapies

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Die Landwirtschaft ist bereits digital – seit vielen Jahren prägen Informatik und Elektronik den landwirtschaftlichen Alltag. Digitale Anwendungen helfen beim Pflanzenschutz und der Wettervorhersage. Für die Präzisionslandwirtschaft sind Landmaschinen mit intelligenten Technologien bestückt. So kommunizieren sie untereinander. Automatisierte Arbeitsprozesse sind auf dem Feld und im Hof angekommen. Wie lässt sich Ökonomie und Ökologie nachhaltig verbinden und gut mit dem Faktor „Mensch“ integrieren? Die Frage, wer über Daten verfügt und sie interpretieren kann, wird zum Wettbewerbsfaktor in der Landwirtschaft – ist aber auch fachlich, juristisch und ethisch von Interesse. Diesen Themen widmet sich unter Schirmherrschaft des Bundeslandwirtschaftsministeriums (BMEL) die erste Konferenz zur Digitalisierung in der Landwirtschaft. Dabei geht es neben Begriffsfindung (z.B. Digitalisierung, Transformation, Big Data, Farming 4.0, Precision Farming), um das Aufzeigen der Potenziale und Risiken sowie den Erfahrungsaustausch über praxisnahe Lösungsansätze für die in der Wertschöpfungskette Beteiligten. Die Veranstaltung wird im Rahmen eines Programmkomitees durch DLG, KTBL, Leibniz Institut für Agrartechnik Potsdam, Bornim, Hochschule Osnabrück, Gesellschaft für Informatik in der Landtechnik und das Institut für Naturstofftechnik der TU Dresden unterstützt. Die Veranstaltung findet parallel zum IEEE 5G Summit statt (https://5glab.de/5gsummit/). Dies erlaubt erste Blicke auf die Anwendungsdemonstrationen der nächsten Mobilfunkgeneration und den direkten Kontakt mit den Teilnehmern des Summits während der Abendveranstaltung.

LA31-NRK and B77-NRK are established cell lines that were normal rat kidney cells transformed with temperature-sensitive mutant (LA31) and wild-type Bratislava 77 (B77) of Rous sarcoma virus. It is recognized that many transformation-induced changes differentiate between normal and transformed cells. Morphology and four parameters of transformed cells such as saturation density, anchorage independence, plasminogen activator, and colony stimulating factor were used as indicators to observe the effect of human alpha interferon on the growth of NRK, LA31-NRK and B77-NRK. The results show that interferon could neither reverse the transformed cells to normal fashion nor change their behaviors or cause release of protease.

Les substances pharmaceutiques sont classées comme contaminants environnementaux émergents et suscitent une attention croissante du fait de leurs effets potentiellement néfastes sur les écosystèmes. Après excrétion ou élimination inappropriée, les médicaments vont se retrouver dans les eaux de surface, souterraines voire de consommation. De nombreuses études écotoxicologiques ont pour objet la mesure de leurs impacts sur les écosystèmes. Pour autant, ces études portent essentiellement sur le médicament lui-même alors que nombre d'entre eux sont susceptibles de se transformer dans l'environnement selon des processus biotiques (microorganismes) et/ou abiotiques (traitements chimiques, photodégradation). Les produits de transformations (PTs) ainsi formés vont d'une part, progressivement remplacer le médicament parent dans l'environnement, et d'autre part y exprimer une écotoxicité potentielle. Face à ce problème, nous nous proposons à partir d'un médicament largement utilisé, de procéder à la synthèse de ses PTs plausibles et à la mise au point de méthode de détection dans des matrices complexes. L'accès aux PTs suivra une approche pluridisciplinaire faisant appel à la bioconversion, l'électro-Fenton et l'oxydation électrochimique. L'analyse comparative des composés obtenus par ces différentes approches permettra de sélectionner les PTs les plus probables / Pharmaceuticals as well as personal care products are classified as emerging pollutants of increasing concern due to possible negative impacts on ecosystems. They are constantly introduced in sewage treatment plants either through excretion, or disposal by flushing of unused or expired medication, or directly within the sewage effluents of plants or hospitals. They end up in surface and ground waters and can even be found in drinking water. Many studies report on adverse effects on terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Pharmaceuticals have complex chemical structures capable of reacting in an aqueous medium under the action of chemical, biological or physical agents. Thus, the transformation products (TPs) gradually replace the parent drug in the environment. In addition these transformation products constitute markers of past or current presence of the drug in the environment. Faced with this problem, we believe it is necessary to synthesize the transformation products of the parent compounds to development their detection. The proposed method consists, firstly, to prepare the largest number of (TPs) of a particular drug using three complementary approaches : bioconversion, electro-Fenton and electrochemical oxidation. A second step is to identify the structures which are the most likely present in the environment. Expected advances are the development of a predictive methodology applicable to the study of any molecule involved in environmental risk