Purpose: The primary goal of this research study was to describe the experiences of South African spectators as it pertains to the 2010 FIFA World Cup (WC) South AfricaTM . As this study focused on spectators' experiences before, during and after the 2010 FIFA WC, three secondary goals were identified, namely to describe South African spectators' experiences prior to the 2010 FIFA WC, to describe South African spectators' experiences during the 2010 FIFA WC and to describe South African spectators' experiences after the 2010 FIFA WC. Methodology: The researcher adopted a descriptive phenomenological research position, in particular the Duquesne Phenomenological Research Method (DPRM). With reference to this study, an objective phenomenon (the 2010 FIFA WC) was primarily understood by the researcher through the participants' (South African spectators) subjective descriptions of their first-hand experience of this phenomenon. This objective phenomenon presented itself within the mind of the individual and the researcher had access to this reality through the participants' written accounts and consequent interviews. Therefore two methods of data collection was used. The notions of reduction, bracketing, and free imagination were used in order to keep the researcher's personal biases and prior knowledge from contaminating the knowledge of the objective phenomenon. Findings: From the experiences prior to the 2010 FIFA WC there were four essences that emerged. Firstly, there was a sense of anticipation in SA in the build up towards the tournament. Participants were excited about socialising with foreigners, the performance of the South African national team as well as the opportunity to showcase SA's capabilities to host such an event. The second essence that emerged was the descriptions of the atmosphere in SA. There were some mixed emotions experienced leading up to the tournament with some being excited and others feeling pessimistic about SA's ability to host the tournament successfully. Thirdly, there was a sense of companionship between the participants and their friends as well as within SA as a nation. The final essence focussed on obtaining tickets, where some found it to be a complicating process while others had a surprisingly positive experience. From the experiences during the tournament there were again four essences. Firstly, participants had mostly positive experiences of attending the live matches. Secondly, participants made mention of the impressive organisation of the event. The third essence related to the enjoyable social interactions that they experienced. The final essence was a description of their experiences of the Vuvuzelas that came to be very popular during the tournament. From the experiences after the tournament, there were four essences. The first essence describes how there was a sense of unity among SA as a nation but it seemed to have faded quite quickly after the tournament. Secondly, the participants discovered a lot about themselves during the tournament and the essence of the positive experiences of socialising was once again prevalent. Finally, the participants were impressed with the improvements in infrastructure that left a physical legacy of a “once in a lifetime” event / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Psychology / UPonly

Há mais de um século, a população pobre da cidade de Porto Alegre sofre com remoções. Percebe-se uma continuidade na prática de políticas remocionistas em determinadas localidades da capital gaúcha e, recentemente, milhares de pessoas foram removidas por causa de obras diretamente relacionadas a realização do megaevento Copa do Mundo 2014 na cidade. A forma como se deu esse processo revelou que as remoções e a consequente transformação urbana não ocorrem de forma pacífica. A cidade é uma arena de disputa entre diversos grupos sociais em que se confrontam diferentes discursos sobre a sua construção, ganhando corpo tanto em uma dimensão discursiva quanto material. São objetos de investigação deste trabalho as transformações que motivaram as desapropriações do espaço a partir das intervenções urbanas e as consequentes remoções de comunidades, favelas e vilas para a construção ou remodelação de arquiteturas urbanas, bem como o deslocamento das pessoas para outras áreas da cidade. Para tanto, são analisados três territórios que sofreram remoções: Ilhota, Dique e Tronco. A Ilhota é uma comunidade que sofreu a maior remoção da cidade no final dos anos 1970, devido a um processo de gentrificação do centro da capital Dique e Tronco são comunidades que sofreram remoções depois do anúncio que o megaevento Copa do Mundo seria realizado na cidade. Com a ideia de construir cartografias das remoções, três instrumentos foram utilizados como forma de registro, análise e construção de saberes para detectar pontos de conflitos e injustiças nesses territórios: (i) documentário sobre as violências sofridas e as resistências à remoção para a permanência de suas casas; (ii) mapas que evidenciam a periferização das pessoa que sofreram as remoções; (iii) levantamento dos mecanismos de remoção empregados pelo Estado para pressionar as famílias a saírem de suas casas. As cartografias das remoções buscam tratá-las como um dos eixos de um projeto de transformação profunda na dinâmica urbana, envolvendo de um lado novos processos de elitização e mercantilização da cidade, e de outro, novos padrões de relação entre o Estado e os agentes econômicos e sociais, marcados pela negação das esferas públicas democráticas de tomada de decisões e por intervenções autoritárias. / For more than a century, the poor population of the city of Porto Alegre have suffered with the urban removals. There is a continuity in the practice of removal policies in certain locations in the capital of Rio Grande do Sul, and recently thousands of people have been removed because of works directly related to the 2014 World Cup mega-event in the city. The way in which this process took place has revealed that the removals and the consequent urban transformation do not occur in a peaceful way. The city is an arena of dispute between several social groups in which different discourses about their construction are confronted, taking shapeboth in a discursive and material dimension. This study aims at the transformations that motivated the expropriation of space from the urban interventions and the consequent removals of communities, favelas and villages for the construction or remodeling of urban architectures, as well as the displacement of the people to other areas of the city. For this purpose, three territories that have been removed are analyzed: Ilhota, Dique and Tronco. Ilhota is a community that suffered the largest removal of the city in the late 1970s, due to a process of gentrification of the city center Dique and Tronco are communities that suffered removals after the announcement that the mega-event World Cup would be held in the city. With the idea of constructing cartographies of the removals, three instruments were used to record, analyze and build knowledge in order to detect points of conflict and injustice in these territories: (i) a documentary about the violence suffered and the resistance to removal for the permanence of their homes; (ii) maps showing the peripheralization of the people who suffered the removals; (iii) a survey of the removal mechanisms employed by the State to pressure families to leave their homes. Removal cartography seeks to treat them as one of the axes of a project of deep transformation in urban dynamics, involving on the one hand new processes of elitization and commercialization of the city, and on the other, new patterns of relationship between the State and economic and social agents, marked by the denial of the democratic public spheres of decision-making and by authoritarian interventions.

The purpose of this study was to examine how the Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet wrote and constructed their articles about the FIFA World Cup 2018 and the FIFA Women’s World Cup 2019. The other purpose was to see if the Sweden men’s national football team and the Sweden women’s national football team got the same space in the newspaper and to see if the teams are portrayed in different ways. This study is based on both a quantitative content analysis and a critical discourse analysis. To do so we analyzed all of the articles that were published during both of the World Cups group stages. In total, the study examines 291 articles, split between two time periods. For our critical discourse analysis, we used six articles, all written the day after a game in the group stage.   The great conclusion that was made in our study showed that Aftonbladet more often wrote about the Sweden men’s national football team then they did about the Sweden women’s national football team. It was also common that the articles constructed about the men’s team were more likely to be about their achievements and their game on the pitch when the articles about the women’s team were more likely to be about feelings and their personal life. A pattern that we could follow during our study was that it was more often male journalists wrote about the men’s World Cup and that women wrote about the women’s World Cup.

Qatar wants to use the 2022 FIFA World Cup as a soft power mean. They want to remove stains on their reputation via sportswashing. However, there is reason to believe that this effect might not occur in the case of Qatar, or in other words; that the tournament has a soft disempowerment effect on the state of Qatar. By doing a discourse analysis this study exams if the soft power efforts of Qatar have been successful, primarily in the Swedish context by examining how the Swedish media and Swedish FA articulates about Qatar, but also in the context of FIFA. The study also examens whether the articulations can be labeled as cases of Orientalism. The results show that in the Swedish context, both an orientalist and soft disempowerment-discourse are showing, and in the case of FIFA an orientalist discourse and a discourse which suggest that the tournament has been a good soft power resource in the eyes of FIFA occurs.

Cette étude porte sur l’analyse des impacts sociaux de la Coupe du monde de football FIFA 2014 au Brésil, pays émergent, spécifiquement dans quatre villes d’accueil : Manaus, Recife, Rio de Janeiro et Belo Horizonte. La démarche, s’appuyant sur les principes de la recherche qualitative, cherche à comprendre les processus de décision des organisateurs de l’événement – tant au niveau national que local – et la mise en place des politiques publiques liées aux groupes sociaux défavorisés du pays. Il s’agit d’analyser à la fois l’importance donnée par les responsables aux questions socio-économiques et le rôle joué par les habitants dans l’accueil de l’événement.Le corpus rassemble 63 entretiens [50 acteurs interviewés], 48 séquences d’observation, 87 photographies et des documents publiés [dossiers officiels, articles de journaux, sites officiels, rapports administratifs]. La recherche de terrain a été réalisée entre les années 2013 et 2015 de sorte à observer la préparation de l’événement et les impacts à moyen terme.En analysant les politiques publiques adoptées, la recherche a montré un manque de dialogue entre les organisateurs et la population locale, notamment les groupes sociaux défavorisés, en ce qui concerne les processus de décision et les héritages réels à court et à moyen termes. En général, les responsables ont mis en valeur les aspects tangibles – travaux urbains et nouvelles arènes – au détriment des changements socio-sportifs majeurs. En revanche, les habitants locaux ont joué un rôle crucial dans la réussite de la Coupe du monde au travers de leur accueil des visiteurs et de leur manière singulière de fêter le football. En outre, compte tenu des manifestations survenues en 2013 et 2014, un nouveau mouvement d’opposition aux grands événements sportifs a vu le jour mettant à l’épreuve les aspects économiques soulignés par les institutions organisatrices. / This research focuses on the analysis of social impacts related to the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, an emerging country, specifically in four host cities : Manaus, Recife, Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte. This approach, based on the principles of qualitative research, seeks to understand the decision process of event organizers – on local and international levels – and the implementation of public policies targeting disadvantaged social groups in the country. This research aims to analyze both the level of consideration given to social issues by the event’s organizing committee; as well as the role played by the host cities’ residents in the reception of visitors.The corpus brings together 63 interviews [50 actors interviewed], 48 observation grids, 87 photographs and published documents [official records, newspapers articles, official websites, business reports]. Field research was carried out between 2013 and 2015 in order to observe the preparation of the event and the medium-term impacts.By analysing public policies, the research showed a lack of dialogue between the organizers and the local population, especially the deprived social groups, regarding the decision process and the real legacies in the short and medium terms. In general, officials have highlighted the tangibles aspects – urban projects and new arenas – at the expense of major social and sporting changes. Conversely, local residents have played a crucial role in the success of the 2014 World Cup through their visitor reception and unique way of celebrating football. Furthermore, given the events that occurred in 2013 and 2014, a new opposition movement against mega sport events was established - challenging the economic aspects highlighted by the organizing institutions.

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The present exploratory study, framed in agenda-setting theory, analyzes the way European and US newspapers frame racism and ethnocentrism issues, on the background of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. By combining quantitative and qualitative methods, 2 research hypotheses and 9 research questions were explored. The results showed the distribution of articles that used a positive frame and the ones that used a negative frame was relatively equal across geographical regions. The US media have shown as the most ethnocentric nationality the Spanish, while the European media, the Scottish. There is an agreement across different geographical regions that the French and the German have the most tolerant or anti-discriminatory actions or attitudes. The most prominent theme to describe nationalities’ tolerant attitudes was the power of football to unify peoples and to enhance global understanding. Both the American and the European media described the Argentinean team mostly in terms of athletic skill.

The purpose of this study is to examine how FIFA and Amnesty portray the football World Cup in Qatar 2022 differently on their respective Twitter accounts. For context, the topic regarding Qatar being granted to host the World Cup has been a heated discussion ever since its inception in 2010 when FIFA officially announced it for the first time. Common arguments against the decision were usually about Qatar not having any prior record of a “football culture” as well as there being accusations of them buying their way into becoming a host nation. Qatar later also came under fire after sources showed evidence that the country imposed “slave-like” conditions on migrant workers building their cities and football arenas, with reports estimating 6,500 migrant worker deaths in the country since 2010. Knowing this information surrounding the World Cup 2022, this study aims to quantitatively analyse the differences in content and framings published on Twitter by FIFA, the organization running the event, and Amnesty, a non-governmental organization focused on human rights. Framing theory and agenda-setting theory were used as tools to examine 150 tweets under the time period spanning from December 2, 2010 to November 20, 2022. The findings of the analysis show dominatingly negative tweets from Amnesty regarding the World Cup, whereas FIFA have remained neutral but mostly positive. The results of the analysis also show signs of sportswashing being a contributing factor in the different framings of the World Cup between the accounts.

The 2022 FIFA World Cup for men's football has received massive criticism since it was announced in December 2010 that Qatar would host it. With a significant history of human rights violations, many were shocked that Qatar was elected. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and media reported on the ongoing abuses in the country and warned about the consequences of Qatar hosting the World Cup. Therefore, this thesis will examine these consequences and how preparations for the World Cup affect human rights in Qatar – specifically migrant workers' rights. The focus will be on Qatar, companies working with the World Cup, and Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), addressing and analyzing their responsibilities and obligations. The thesis is a descriptive analysis discussing how migrant workers' rights were violated and neglected. It is also a normative analysis that will analyze what should and could have been done to prevent it. Both Qatar's legal system and the regulation of international standards for human rights and business will be analyzed in the text. This thesis will shed light on the football world and its relation to human rights, as well as who bears the primary responsibility to ensure human rights in the preparation and execution of the World Cup. It will discuss how football and human rights affect each other, aiming to show that football organizations influence societies and social structures. Football is not only a sport but a tool that can either improve or worsen people's availability to human rights. This thesis is based on two different theories: A Marxist perspective on conflict theory and Corporate Social responsibility theory. To answer the research questions through these theories, this thesis has used a qualitative data analysis method to analyze different reports and documents from NGOs, Qatar, FIFA, and the United Nations. The thesis concludes with a summary highlighting FIFA as the prime duty bearer during the preparation and delivery of the World Cup, as well as acknowledging that Qatar, FIFA, and companies' lack of improvement and monitoring contributes to the enforcement of modern slavery/forced labor.

Both Qatar and FIFA have been heavily criticised for the bribes and corruption resulting in Qatar obtaining the FIFA World Cup 2022. Over 6500 migrant workers in Qatar are said to have lost their lives during the construction of new arenas, and the media is an essential part for this being acknowledged. This essay examines and identifies the discourses that are dominating the articles written in the awakening of FIFAs World Cup in Qatar 2022. This will be done through studying the portrayal of Qatar in Dagens Nyheter, the Guardian and Gulf Times. The articles are studied through a narrative analysis method with support from agenda setting, framing and gatekeeping theories. The results show that western media portrays Qatar as unworthy of the world cup, while Qatari media ensures that the country will create the greatest world cup in history. The results suggest that Qatar is guilty of sportswashing through their government-controlled media.