This is a dissertation about Kibera, a large informal settlement on the margins of Nairobi, Kenya. Based on seven years of ethnographic fieldwork and related participant observation, this thesis explores the interactions between young people, grassroots groups, and national and international NGOs in Kibera and how these influence youth journeys to adulthood. International development practitioners working in Kibera have focused their efforts on young people, especially given Kenyan census figures documenting that 78% of Kenya's population is below the age of 35. This demographic trend poses both challenges and opportunities, but Kenya's gerontocratic leadership has, for the most part, failed to find solutions to improve opportunities for young people. Population increases have resulted in increases in crime, income inequality, and un- and underemployment. These changes are exacerbated by protracted liminality, a long period of ambiguous status, experienced by young men and sanctioned by custom as a way to moderate inter-generational tensions. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) fill in the gaps and compensate for the failure of public policy by providing basic social services to improve the systemic political, economic and social issues affecting Kibera’s youth. This study follows a group of young men who have discovered that they can alleviate their liminality by practicing resourcefulness in Nairobi’s vast informal economy, an action colloquially referred to as "hustling." Specifically, these youth hustle the "shadow aid economy" that has emerged as a byproduct of Kibera's saturated NGO environment. The outcome of this is not an upending of the traditions of age and seniority in Kenya—these young men will continue to experience liminality in certain contexts and situations. The ultimate result is that youth create networks of reciprocity and build internal hierarchies in the settlement as they hustle, which leads the most successful NGO hustlers to create alternate means of advancement and shift the criteria of respectability to accelerate their progress towards adulthood.

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue relacionar la motivación y el compromiso organizacional en jóvenes de una organización de voluntarios en Lima. La muestra estuvo conformada por 123 jóvenes voluntarios, de los cuales 57% son mujeres entre 18 a 43 años de edad, con una media de 25 años (DE= 4.32), quienes fueron evaluados mediante la Escala de Motivación en el Trabajo -R- MAWS y The Organizational Commitment Questionnarie. El análisis de datos fue realizado con el programa estadístico Jamovi (Versión 1.0.0). Los resultados arrojaron una relación directa entre motivación y compromiso organizacional (rs = .40), por lo que se concluyó que a mayor percepción en la variable motivación, existiría mayor compromiso organizacional en jóvenes voluntarios. Al realizar el análisis por dimensiones, se halló que la motivación intrínseca se relacionaba directamente con el compromiso organizacional (rs = .46). / The objective of the present investigation was to relate the motivation and organizational commitment in young people of a volunteer institution in Lima. The sample consisted of 123 young volunteers, of which 57% are women between 18 and 43 years old in average 25 years old (SD = 4.32), who were evaluated through the Motivation Scale at Work -R-MAWS and The Organizational Commitment Questionnarie. The analysis of the date was done with the statistical program Jamovi (Version 1.0.0). The results showed a direct relationship between motivation and organizational commitment (rs = .40), so it has been concluded that a greater one in the motivation variable, the greater existence in the variable. When performing the analysis of the dimensions, it has to do with the organizational commitment (rs = .46). / Tesis

This study aims to investigate why young people in Tunisia participate less in formal and informal politics than older people. First, I compare the participatory pattern of young people in six forms of political participation (voting, party membership, organization membership, campaign activity, protesting and attending meetings/signing petitions) to older Tunisians, with merged data from the Arab Barometers five waves (2012-2019). The data shows that young people indeed participate less than the older. To find out why, I rely on socio-economic, political-psychological and socialization theories. I examine the research problem through a logistic regression model with data from the Arab Barometers fourth wave (2016-2017), which considers key explanatory variables from the socioeconomic, political-psychological and socialization theories. The results show that the biggest obstacle for young people to participate in politics is their lack of socioeconomic resources. Furthermore, access to information through education, political news and social media seem to be the most substantial variables to stimulate political participation among young people in Tunisia.

Master of Public Health - MPH / Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prevalence and new infections rate among young people in Southern Africa is high despite various programmes implemented to address general population prevention and treatment. The youth has a low HIV testing uptake even though there seems to be high HIV prevalence among this age population group. Youth focused interventions have proven to be a success in encouraging young people to have an HIV test done as part of improved health-seeking behaviours. In South Africa, such an intervention was initially implemented by LoveLife and later adopted in 2006 by the government as Adolescent and Youth Friendly Services (AYFS) for a larger-scale implementation in Primary Health Care facilities as a strategy to improve youth Sexual and Reproductive Health.

Bakgrund: Nätmobbning har länge varit ett omfattande problem bland barn och ungdomar, särskilt i skolverksamheten. I och med den snabba utvecklingen av internet har mobbning börjat uttryckas i en ny domän, nämligen internet. Detta fenomen kallas för cybermobbning. Syfte: Syftet med följande uppsats är att undersöka upplevelsen av nätmobbning samt vilka strategier som finns för att bekämpa nätmobbning. Metod: För att besvara det som efterfrågas i uppsatsen har en litteraturstudie av kvalitativ ansats använts. Resultat: Resultatet visar att barn och ungdomar som utsatts för mobbning kan få bestående problem, både socialt och intellektuellt. Slutsats: Det främjande arbetet bör innehålla information om konsekvenserna av nätmobbning. Vuxna som är uppväxta under andra omständigheter där internet inte varit lika omfattande i vardagen bör även få en vidgad uppfattning av nätmobbning. / Background: Cyberbullying has long been a problem among children and young people and especially in school activities. With the rapid development of the internet, bullying has begun to be expressed in a new arena, namely the internet. This is often called cyberbullying. Purpose: The purpose of the following paper is to investigate the experience of cyberbullying and what possible strategies exist to combat cyberbullying. Method: To answer the purpose, a literature review with qualitative approach has been used. Results: The results show that children and young people who have been bullied can have lasting problems, both socially and intellectually. Conclusion: The conclusion that can be drawn from the following study is that the promotion work should include information on the consequences of cyberbullying. Adults who grew up in other circumstances where the internet has not been as extensive in everyday life should also have a broader perception of cyberbullying.

La problématique de l’insertion socio-économique a pris de l’ampleur ces dernières années. En effet, au Mali comme dans tous les pays en voie de développement, l’insertion socio- économique est un problème récurrent, s’insérer devient un véritable parcours de combattant. Au Mali, ce problème touche majoritairement la jeunesse qui reste la couche la plus vulnérable. Notre recherche s’intéresse aux jeunes dans leur parcours d’insertion, mais elle a particulièrement ciblé les jeunes de l’APEJ, ce choix n’est pas anodin car l’APEJ est une structure d’insertion bien représentée sur l’ensemble du pays. Donc notre travail de thèse consiste à analyser les difficultés rencontrées par les jeunes dans leurs parcours d’insertion socio- économique à travers l’étude de leurs trajectoires. Pour cerner notre objet d’étude, nous avons émis l’hypothèse suivante : les difficultés rencontrées par les jeunes dans leur processus d’insertion socio-économique seraient dû à l’inadéquation entre la formation et l’emploi d’une part et d’autre part la non maîtrise de l’esprit d’entrepreneuriat. Du point de vue méthodologique, nous avons nourri notre recherche en nous référent sur des auteurs qui ont travaillé sur l’insertion, la jeunesse ; mais aussi des rapports, des comptes rendus, des données statistiques. Pour recueillir les données, nous avons utilisés une méthode mixte (qualitative et quantitative) à travers l’entretien semi-directif et le questionnaire, administré un échantillon de 460 personnes. A la suite de nos enquêtes, nous avons décelé cinq (5) trajectoires d’insertion socio- économique des jeunes qui sont : stage-chômage, stage-emploi, concours-examen, formation- création d’AGR, relations sociales-emploi. L’analyse de ces trajectoires ont permis de ressortir les difficultés suivantes : difficulté liée à la qualité de la formation reçue (niveau des jeunes par rapport à l’emploi), difficulté liée aux profils de formation et du problème de reconversion/adaptation (au niveau de l’APEJ), difficulté liée au financement et à la gestion des fonds. Enfin, pour résoudre ces difficultés, nous préconisons : la formation et le renforcement des capacités des jeunes comme stratégie d’insertion socio-économique ; la promotion de l’entrepreneuriat jeune comme alternative à l’insertion socio-économique des jeunes au Mali / Sociological analysis of trajectories and socio économic integration of young people in Malia : example of APEJ Integration in the professionnal world has become an expanding issue these last years in particularly in Mali, as in other developing nations, where integration can turn into the longest journey. In Mali, this issue concerns first of all the youth, which is the most vulnerable social group. Our research targets the young adults and aims to understand their integration process. We have been investigation mostly with youngsters supported by the « APEJ » which stands for « Agence pour la promotion de l'emploi des jeunes » (agency for the promotion of youth employement), a widespread agency in Mali. Our research involves analysing their integration process to identify potential challenges. To conduct this research, we hypothesized that the challenges that these people come across in their integration process are due to an inadequacy between their training and job requirements on the one hand, and low awareness the culture of entrepreneurship on the other hand. As regards to methods, we have referred to authors who have studied integration and youth, and also reports and statistics. To collect data, we have used both qualitative and quantitative methods with semi-structured interviews and a survey of 460 people. As a result, we have identified 5 different types of social and economical integration process which are: internship-unemployement, internish-employement, contests and examinations, training course – business creation, social network – employement. These different integration processes show the challenges young people have to face: problems due to the quality of education (with inadequacy between these young people experiences and requierments in the worksplace), problems linked to their training profiles and the issue of reconversion, lack of funding and fund management. Lastly, to adress these issues, we suggest to promote training of young people and reinforcement of their squills as an integration strategy, and to promote entrepreneurship as an alternative to integration.

Socialarbetares bemötande av personer de möter är av yttersta vikt i förändringsprocessen. Syftet med denna studie var att belysa de olika faktorer som ligger till grund för ett bra bemötande med ungdomar som har psykisk ohälsa utifrån de professionellas perspektiv samt undersöka vilka utmaningar som kan upplevas i sådana möten. Datainsamlingen skedde genom kvalitativa intervjuer med sex socialarbetare. Materialet analyserades genom tematisk-analys. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna som tillämpades i denna studie var lösningsfokuserad teori och Goffmans teori om stigma. Resultatet visar att ett bra bemötande grundar sig i ömsesidig respekt, förståelse och trygghet mellan socialarbetaren och ungdomen. Dessutom bör socialarbetaren inneha kunskap, erfarenhet, lyhördhet, empati, tålamod och accepterande för att ha ett bra bemötande. Det framkom även att socialarbetare kan uppleva utmaningar i möten med ungdomar, såsom att ungdomarna är motstridiga inför att söka hjälp, brister i deras motivation eller att ungdomarna mår så dåligt att de inte orkar söka hjälp. / Social workers encounter with individuals is important to support individuals to reach a positive change in their lives. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the various factors that form the basis for a good encounter with young people who have mental illness from the perspective of the professionals, as well as what challenges can be experienced in such meetings. Data collection was done through qualitative interviews with six social workers. The material was analyzed by a thematic analysis. The theoretical starting points used in this study were solution focused theory and Goffman's theory of stigma. The result of the study shows that a good encounter is based on mutual respect, understanding and security between the social worker and the youth. In addition, the social worker should possess knowledge and experience, be responsive, empathetic, patient and show acceptance in order to have a good approach. It also emerged that social workers may experience challenges in encounters with young people, such as that young people are contradictory to seek help, lack of motivation, or that young people’s mental illness is so bad that they are unable to seek help.

The diploma thesis examines the attitudes of Czech university students towards information about politics. The subject of interest also lays in news sources which students use to get information from and in focus on the differences in students' attitudes related to their fields of study. The thesis is divided into two parts. The theoretical one introduces Czech media landscape and its characteristics, describes Czech university students and shows some international comparison. Related literature review follows. The base of this thesis is its practical part. It introduces the conducted research into detail. It describes its goals, methods and analysis used and, in the end, it shows the findings.

The purpose of this bachelor's thesis in sociology is to understand and reflect on how blue-light professions such as police, ambulance, emergency services and other professions such as social services and leisure leaders work with young people based on the project the Man behind the uniform. The sociological problem being studied is the disbelief young people can create towards the blue light professions as well as professions such as social services and leisure leaders. The study is based on the theories of social ties, organizational culture, shame and pride, over-, under- and optimal differentiation, habitus and segregation. Through a qualitative method in the form of eight interviews, the purpose has been to answer our question: In what ways can the project The Man Behind the Uniform strengthen the relationship and mutual trust between young people and those who work in the blue light profession? The result indicates that the attitude towards uniformed officials as well as professions such as social services and leisure leaders may be disturbed by many young people and that this is due to the ongoing negative effect of society on, among other things, vulnerable areas. The segregation that exists in the vulnerable areas is also a factor of the prevailing circumstances against officials.

In my master thesis I consider the individual planning agenda within low-threshold clubs for children and young people. Within my thesis I focus on determination of the terms "individual planning" and "low-threshold club for children and young people" especially I am focused on "Nízkoprahový klub Husita" low-threshold club. The nature of my thesis is theoretical - researching and its main goal is to increase the quality of individual planning agenda in NPK Husita. The practical part of my work is focused on analysing individual plans made in 2019, pointing out the difference between them according to the age of the person making the plan, their topics, style and setting the targets of the plans according to the individual planning agenda.