Kollokationer och idiom är konventionaliserade fraser som andraspråkstalare har större svårighet att förstå och producera än förstaspråkstalare. Studien undersöker bruket av kollokationer och idiom i skriftlig produktion hos elever som läser svenska som andraspråk och elever som läser svenska. Syftet med studien är att se om andraspråkselever använder samma mängd konventionaliserade fraser som förstaspråkselever, huruvida de båda elevgrupperna uppnår stilen för vetenskaplig texttyp samt huruvida de följer normerna för språkriktighet i sina val av kollokationer och idiom. Studien ämnar även redogöra för relationen mellan konventionaliserade fraser och teorin om det mentala konstruktikonet. Analysmetoden bygger på ett antal kriterier som utarbetats med stöd i tidigare forskning. Materialet består av 30 elevtexter som hämtats ur det nationella provet från 2015 i svenska 3 och svenska som andraspråk 3 på gymnasiet. Sammantaget visar resultatet att andraspråkselever behärskar kollokationer och idiom på en lägre nivå än förstaspråkstalare och att andraspråkselever avviker från normerna för språkriktighet i högre grad än förstaspråkseleverna vilket överensstämmer med tidigare forskning, samt att båda elevgrupperna har bristande förståelse för genreanpassning till den vetenskapliga texttypen. Slutsatsen är att språkundervisningen behöver fokusera mer på att lära ut konventionaliserade fraser till språkinlärare och att teorin om det mentala konstruktikonet är en möjlig utgångspunkt för att uppnå detta.

Abel Carlevaro (1916-­-2001), compositor e violonista uruguaio, é reconhecido mundialmente como criador de um método que decodifica a técnica, o mecanismo e o aprendizado do violão. Sua vida profissional foi construída através de intensa atividade como concertista e professor em importantes centros violonísticos, na segunda metade do século XX. Ao longo de sua carreira, deixou uma importante obra de composições para violão. Essa obra, ao lado do intérprete e pedagogo, constitui o terceiro eixo de sua atividade musical e representa uma síntese poética de seu pensamento musical. A Teoria Instrumental de Carlevaro está baseada na análise da postura e dos movimentos do aparato motor necessário para uma consciência da técnica que está delineada no seu livro Escuela de la Guitarra (1979). Uma análise da organização das alturas do Estudio No.2 (1971), considerando os conceitos de centricidade e polaridade, constitue a parte central desse trabalho e demonstra as relações da forma e do equilíbrio estrutural da composição. Os elementos do mecanismo instrumental apresentados nos cadernos da Serie Didactica para Guitarra (1967 a 1974) transformam-­-se em fórmulas embrionárias que conferem uma coerência composicional. . A técnica de composição a partir de elementos do mecanismo instrumental do violão é utilizada por Abel Carlevaro na construção da estrutura harmônica e sonora de sua música. O conceito de idiomatismo instrumental, decorrente de sonoridades particulares do violão, transforma-­-se em técnica de composição na obra de Abel Carlevaro. A análise do mecanismo idiomático do violão e sua coerência composicional é o principal objetivo dessa tese. / Abel Carlevaro (1916-­-2001), the Uruguayan composer and classical guitar player, is known globally as the creator of a method that decodes the technique, the mechanism, and learning of the classical guitar. His professional life was built upon intense activity as concert performer and teacher at important centers for classical guitar in the second half of the 20th century. Throughout his career, he left a legacy of highly influential and important classical guitar composition work. This body of work, alongside his persue as artist and pedagogue, constitutes the third facet of his musical career, that which portrays poetic structure of his musical thoughts. Carlevaro\'s Instrumental Theory is based on the analysis of the posture and the hand movements necessary for the implementation of his technique, seen specifically in his book Escuela de la Guitarra (1979). The main point of this thesis addresses the issue of relationship between form and structure balance of composition process. A pitch-­-class set analysis and pitch afinities of Estudio No.2 (1971) must take together centricity and polarity concepts. Elements of the guitar mechanism undertook in Serie Didactica para Guitarra became in germinal formulas which accord to composition coherency. Therefore, Abel Carlevaro uses a composition technique based on the guitar mechanism in order to build an harmonic structure of his music. The concept of an instrumental idiom, stemming from sounds particular to the classical guitar, evolves into a technique of composition in Abel Carlevaro\'s work. The analysis of the idiomatic mechanism and its compositional coherence is the principal objective of this thesis.

The theoretical part of this diploma thesis shows the content of phraseology and the meaning of the word idiom. It widely defines the word phraseology and idiom from the point of view of books and authors specialized on phraseology. This work deals with the constituents of phraseology and gives illustrative examples. It outlines other theoretical opinions connected to the Czech phraseology, needed for the researching part. Next part describes the basis of folk art, folklore and its constituents that make our mother-toque richer and we can find them as a part of the education at secondary schools. This work will also describe the way phraseology is taught in language books and methods used in these books. In the researching part it shows different methods of work with phrasemes and offers couple of lesson plans. The aim is to bring some new materials and worksheets working with phrasemes usable in lessons.

The dissertation is be concerned with the comparison of two Czech translations of novel "The Castle" by Franz Kafka from the linguistic viewpoint. The dissertation compares text translation by Vladimír Kafka of 1969 and Jana Zoubková of 2014. The dissertation focuses on the methodes of translation, demands, that are placed on a literary translations. The dissertation focuses on a lifetime period of translations and their critism and last but not least, some problems of modern text translation. After closer exploration and analyses of problems of translation our dissertation will evaluate the strengths and weakness of both our translations. Key words: Translation, language, interpretation, mistake, method, critism, equivalent, idiom

and key words The aim of this final thesis is to compare the Czech and Swedish idiomatic expressions, which include words related to the human body. Using the list of idiomatic expressions generated from the available phraseological dictionaries and other literature and subsequently tracing Czech equivalents, it is mainly focused on the degree of equivalence of somatic idioms in these two languages. The theoretical part is devoted to phraseology as a linguistic discipline, differences in the conception and definition of the idiom in Czech and Swedish and it also defines the types of equivalence used in the practical part. The practical part is in addition to the above mentioned equivalence focused on the frequency of use of the individual parts of a human body contained in the collected sample of idioms, their classification and equivalence. It also deals with several groups of idioms and demonstrates the differences in their perceptions. Marginally it devotes to the etymology of some selected terms. Key words: Czech, Swedish, human body, phraseology, idiom, equivalence, etymology

Abel Carlevaro (1916-­-2001), compositor e violonista uruguaio, é reconhecido mundialmente como criador de um método que decodifica a técnica, o mecanismo e o aprendizado do violão. Sua vida profissional foi construída através de intensa atividade como concertista e professor em importantes centros violonísticos, na segunda metade do século XX. Ao longo de sua carreira, deixou uma importante obra de composições para violão. Essa obra, ao lado do intérprete e pedagogo, constitui o terceiro eixo de sua atividade musical e representa uma síntese poética de seu pensamento musical. A Teoria Instrumental de Carlevaro está baseada na análise da postura e dos movimentos do aparato motor necessário para uma consciência da técnica que está delineada no seu livro Escuela de la Guitarra (1979). Uma análise da organização das alturas do Estudio No.2 (1971), considerando os conceitos de centricidade e polaridade, constitue a parte central desse trabalho e demonstra as relações da forma e do equilíbrio estrutural da composição. Os elementos do mecanismo instrumental apresentados nos cadernos da Serie Didactica para Guitarra (1967 a 1974) transformam-­-se em fórmulas embrionárias que conferem uma coerência composicional. . A técnica de composição a partir de elementos do mecanismo instrumental do violão é utilizada por Abel Carlevaro na construção da estrutura harmônica e sonora de sua música. O conceito de idiomatismo instrumental, decorrente de sonoridades particulares do violão, transforma-­-se em técnica de composição na obra de Abel Carlevaro. A análise do mecanismo idiomático do violão e sua coerência composicional é o principal objetivo dessa tese. / Abel Carlevaro (1916-­-2001), the Uruguayan composer and classical guitar player, is known globally as the creator of a method that decodes the technique, the mechanism, and learning of the classical guitar. His professional life was built upon intense activity as concert performer and teacher at important centers for classical guitar in the second half of the 20th century. Throughout his career, he left a legacy of highly influential and important classical guitar composition work. This body of work, alongside his persue as artist and pedagogue, constitutes the third facet of his musical career, that which portrays poetic structure of his musical thoughts. Carlevaro\'s Instrumental Theory is based on the analysis of the posture and the hand movements necessary for the implementation of his technique, seen specifically in his book Escuela de la Guitarra (1979). The main point of this thesis addresses the issue of relationship between form and structure balance of composition process. A pitch-­-class set analysis and pitch afinities of Estudio No.2 (1971) must take together centricity and polarity concepts. Elements of the guitar mechanism undertook in Serie Didactica para Guitarra became in germinal formulas which accord to composition coherency. Therefore, Abel Carlevaro uses a composition technique based on the guitar mechanism in order to build an harmonic structure of his music. The concept of an instrumental idiom, stemming from sounds particular to the classical guitar, evolves into a technique of composition in Abel Carlevaro\'s work. The analysis of the idiomatic mechanism and its compositional coherence is the principal objective of this thesis.

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<p>Den här studien handlar om metaforiska lexikaliserade fraser, alltså idiom. Det primära syftet är att ta reda på huruvida elever i grundskolans senare år förstår idiom. Ett sekundärt syfte är att se om det finns idiomförståelseskillnader mellan elever som lever i olika delar av samhället. I den här studien undersöks skillnaden mellan stad och landsbygd. Studien har genomförts via en enkätundersökning med flervalsfrågor, som delats ut i några grundskolor. I varje enkät finns 24 av svenskans kroppsdelsidiom. Varje idiom är försett med fyra olika svarsalternativ. Resultaten visar att informanterna inte har tillägnat sig betydelsen av en rad idiom som är relativt vanliga i talspråk, men också i skrivet språk, framför allt i tidningstexter. Resultaten visar också att det finns skillnader mellan de två informantgrupperna, framförallt gällande förståelsen av enskilda idiom. Till exempel så förstår eleverna på landsbygden idiomet <em>gå på knäna</em> i större utsträckning än de i staden, medan de i staden i förstår <em>vara en nagel i ögat </em>bättre än de på landsbygden.<strong></strong></p>

Die Dissertation geht am Beispiel der Übersetzung arabischer Redensarten und Redewendungen ins Deutsche der Frage nach, auf welche Weise die hinter dem Text stehenden kulturellen Bezüge und Deutungsmuster beim Übersetzen berücksichtigt werden können. Es soll gezeigt werden, wie also Kulturtransfer beim Übersetzen möglich ist und welche Schwierigkeiten dabei entstehen, und in welcher Art und Weise diese übertragenen Redensarten auf Kulturtransfer und Vermittlung fremdsprachiger Literatur wirken bzw. welchen Einfluss sie ausüben.

The object of the study is the structure and semantics of fixed collocations and idioms in the English language and their Lithuanian equivalents. The aim of the work is to research how English fixed collocations and idioms are translated into Lithuanian and what stylistic and semantic changes they undergo. The main research methods applied in the research are descriptive theoretical literary analysis, contrastive method and statistical method.In theoretical part the concepts of fixed collocation and idiom are discussed. Further consideration is focused on the classification of previously mentioned idiomatic expressions. Fixed collocations and idioms are classified regarding to what they mean and what they refer to. Translation strategies and the difficulties when translating the idiomatic expressions are discussed. The practical part is divided into three parts which examine fully equivalent, semantically similar, formally modified and functionally equivalent fixed collocations and idioms. The selected examples prove that the majority of idioms undergo semantic, stylistic or structural changes in the process of translating them from one language into the other. Though there are some English idioms that have equivalents in Lithuanian, in the majority of cases only few or none of the elements coincide. / Bakalauro baigiamojo darbo objektas yra fiksuotų kolokacijų ir idiomų struktūra bei semantika anglų kalboje ir jų lietuviškuose atitikmenyse. Darbo tikslas - ištyrinėti kaip angliškos fiksuotos kolokacijos bei idiomos išverčiamos į Lietuvių kalbą bei kaip pasikeičia jų stilistika ir semantika. Pagrindiniai tyrimo metodai yra šie: aprašomoji teorinė literatūros analizė, gretinamasis metodas, statistinis metodas. Teorinėje dalyje nagrinėjamos fiksuotos kolokacijos ir idiomos sąvokos. Toliau dėmesys skiriamas jau minėtų idiomatinių išsireiškimų klasifikacijai. Fiksuotos kolokacijos ir idiomos sugrupuotos pagal reikšmę bei tą, ką jos nurodo. Aptariamos vertimo strategijos bei idiomatinių išsireiškimų vertimų sunkumai. Praktinis tyrimas suskirstytas į tris dalis, kurios tiria visiškai ekvivalentiškas, panašias semantiškai, bet pakeista forma ir praktiškai ekvivalentiškas fiksuotas kolokacijas ir idiomas. Pasirinkti pavyzdžiai įrodo, kad daugumos idiomų semantika, stilistika ir struktūra pasikeičia jas verčiant iš vienos kalbos į kitą. Nors ir yra angliškų idiomų, kurios turi atitikmenis Lietuvių kalboje, daugeliu atvejų sutampa tik keli arba nei vienas žodis.