[pt] A dissertação tem por objetivo utilizar os conceitos da infraestrutura verde – tida como o estado da arte do planejamento ecológico da paisagem – como instrumento ao planejamento urbano sustentável. A teoria da infraestrutura verde defende o argumento de que a conservação, restauração e manutenção do funcionamento dos sistemas naturais não apenas protegem os valores e as funções ecológicas, mas também promovem diversos benefícios econômicos, sociais e culturais. Primeiramente, analisa a evolução do pensamento ambiental e a forma como ele foi sendo incorporado ao planejamento da paisagem, até chegar à infraestrutura verde. Em seguida, aborda o tema da infraestrutura verde, expondo seus princípios, funções, benefícios e aplicações. Por fim, aplica seus conceitos e métodos na elaboração de um Plano Básico de Ocupação para uma área específica do município de Nova Friburgo (RJ): a Bacia Ambiental do Córrego D Antas, cuja escolha teve por motivação as trágicas consequências decorrentes das intensas chuvas de janeiro de 2011 na Região Serrana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, que representaram um exemplo importante de como desastres naturais tomam proporções maiores devido à falta de planejamento e aos erros das ocupações humanas, muitas vezes situadas em áreas indevidas e suscetíveis a riscos. A aplicação do estudo de caso na Bacia Ambiental do Córrego D’Antas tem por objetivo demonstrar a importância da compreensão dos processos ecológicos da paisagem para o planejamento das ocupações humanas. Parte-se do princípio de que entendendo-se o funcionamento dos sistemas naturais, consegue-se direcionar a ocupação com muito mais segurança. O planejamento da rede de infraestrutura verde para a Bacia Ambiental do Córrego D Antas se dá a partir do mapeamento do suporte biofísico natural, com a identificação das áreas importantes ao funcionamento dos processos naturais da paisagem, classificadas como prioritárias à preservação e como elementos fundamentais à rede. Simultaneamente à identificação das áreas que deverão integrar a rede de infraestrutura verde, é feito o direcionamento da ocupação urbana, a partir da definição das áreas propícias à ocupação. Assim, a dissertação apresenta uma proposta metodológica de análise da paisagem para o planejamento da ocupação urbana, baseada nos conceitos da infraestrutura verde e alcançando como resultado final um Plano Básico de Ocupação para a Bacia Ambiental do Córrego D Antas. / [en] This dissertation examines the concepts of green infrastructure – taken as the state of the art in ecological landscape planning – as instruments for sustainable urban planning. The theory of green infrastructure holds that conservation, restoration and maintenance of the functioning of natural systems not only protect ecological values and functions, they also promote many economic, social and cultural benefits. Green infrastructure is a new expression, first used in Florida (USA) in 1994 in a report directed to the American government on strategies to preserve the environment, with the intention of reflecting the notion that natural systems are just as or even more important than the components of conventional (gray) infrastructure to the functioning and development of a community. However, although the expression green infrastructure is relatively new, its concept is not, because it is based on studies of landscape design and the interactions between man and nature dating back more than 150 years. In summary, green infrastructure is a response to the new paradigm of sustainable urbanization, based on the promotion of ecological services and natural landscaping in constructed environments, to enable urban development in harmony with environmental and socio-cultural concerns. Among the possible applications of green infrastructure is the planning of a green infrastructure network in broader scales (municipal, state, regional or even national), based on protection and rehabilitation of natural areas that are interconnected, to promote natural ecological processes. Green infrastructure should be designed so that an area s natural ecological patterns are replicated and appropriate starting and ending points are provided for the connections of the landscape. In short, the green infrastructure network connects ecosystems and landscapes in a system composed of hubs and links, which vary in size, function and domain. The hubs are the origin or destination of the animals, people and ecological processes that move through the system, functioning as anchor spaces of the network, while the links interconnect the system, functioning as ecological corridors, which are fundamental for the maintenance of ecological processes. Planning a green infrastructure network implies defining which areas will integrate the system and what their functions will be in the network. This definition is intrinsically related to the definition of the land use and occupation, since incompatible uses can compromise the network s functioning. Defining the areas that will be included in the network also entails choosing which areas must be protected and hence not occupied. Therefore, planning a green infrastructure network results, among other outcomes, in the definition of land use and is a useful planning too for sustainable urban planning. The aim of this dissertation is to demonstrate that the planning of a green infrastructure network can be an effective instrument not only for sustainable urban planning, but also can reduce the risks to the population by preventing tragedies from natural disasters, besides favoring enhanced natural landscapes and preservation of the environment. This dissertation is divided into five chapters, as follows: The first, the introduction, briefly sets the context of the worsening urban problems and the negative impacts generated by cities, such as the occurrence of increasingly frequent extreme natural events (floods, heat and cold waves, strong hurricanes, blizzards, landslides and droughts) and the destruction of ecosystems and biodiversity, with the consequent loss of ecological benefits, and touches on the urgent need for solutions that seek to conciliate urban development with the environment. The second chapter, Green infrastructure, summarizes the theoretical framework underpinning the dissertation s theme. It first provides a brief retrospective of the concepts and practices that served as the base for developing the idea of green infrastructure and then presents its definition, principles, functions, benefits and applications, focusing on the green infrastructure construct as an instrument for land occupation planning. The main academic work utilized in examining the theme was the book Green Infrastructure – Linking Landscapes and Communities, by Mark A. Benedict and Edward T. McMahon, published in 2006, from where the concepts, principles and applications presented in this paper were drawn. Mark A. Benedict is recognized as the main proponent of green infrastructure in the United States. He founded the Conservation Fund s Green Infrastructure Program and helped develop the Fund s tools and training programs to support planning of development so as to preserve green spaces. The third chapter, Green infrastructure applied to urban occupation in Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, brings an application of the concepts and methods of green infrastructure to the formulation of a Basic Occupation Plan for a specific area in the municipality of Nova Friburgo (Rio de Janeiro state): The D Antas Stream Environmental Basin. This basin covers an area of 5,820 hectares and is under pressure from urban expansion but is still suitable for planned occupation. It is also one of the areas that were hard hit by the tragic landslides and flooding in the mountain region of Rio de Janeiro in January 2011 (the main reason for choosing it as a case study). As such, it serves as an example of how errors of urbanization and lack of proper land use planning aggravate the consequences of natural disasters. The case study of the D Antas Stream Environmental Basin aims to demonstrate the importance of understanding the ecological processes of the landscape for planning human activities. A first important step in planning occupation is to identify the areas that should not be occupied, and the basis of this is understanding the landscape as a network of ecological processes that are reflected in the structure of this landscape, defined as type of snapshot of the distribution of matter and energy according to the ecological processes at a determined point in time. The underlying principle is that comprehending the functioning of natural systems permits more secure direction of land occupation. The definition of the Basic Occupation Plan for the D Antas Stream Environmental Basin is based on the planning of a green infrastructure network. The methodology indicated which areas are most important to the maintenance of environmental functions and should thus be protected by restricting occupation. This restriction was defined mainly by selecting the biophysical indicator parameters (terrain, hydrology and plant cover), with the objective of characterizing the natural landscape – the main conditioner of the Plan. These restrictions are presented and analyzed in maps. The factors restricting occupation are divided into two general themes: physical restrictions and biological restrictions. The presence of Permanent Protection Areas was also a parameter restricting occupation, because besides being required by law, these areas are coherent with the preservation of natural systems due to their varied environmental functions. The next step was to define the areas favorable and unfavorable for occupation in light of the restrictions established, resulting in a map of the study area with classification into three categories: areas fully suitable for occupation, areas suitable for low occupation, and areas unsuitable for any occupation. This classification relied on the results of the diagnostic step and provided the bases for defining the green infrastructure network of D Anta Stream Environmental Basin. These last areas, considered as having priority for protection, restoration or reclamation, must compose the network, even over the long term, exercising the function of hubs or links. Development of the methodology applied to D Antas Stream Environmental Basin used as references the publications Espaços Livres: sistema e projeto territorial, by the architect and urbanist Raquel Tardin (2008), and Planejamento Ambiental: teoria e prática, by the biologist Rozely Ferreira dos Santos (2004). The fourth chapter, Green infrastructure types for the local scale, brings suggestions for multifunctional types of green infrastructure that can be applied at the local level, a scale that was not directly addressed in the case study proposal, but that is considered just as important as the planning scale of the green infrastructure network. The fifth and concluding chapter presents a summary of the main findings and evidence obtained during the work and also contains some recommendations. To recapitulate, this dissertation presents a methodological proposal for analysis of the landscape for urban occupation planning, based on the concepts of green infrastructure, with the final result being a Basic Occupation Plan for the D Anta Stream Environmental Basin.

[pt] Em um mundo que, pouco a pouco, é dominado pela urbanização, observar a realidade citadina significa observar de perto a vida da maior parte dos habitantes do planeta. Nas Relações Internacionais, esse movimento é algo que Matt Davies chama de encontrar o internacional no everyday (2016, p.2). Este trabalho observa a cidade do Rio de Janeiro como laboratório de análise das desigualdades, exclusões e marginalizações comumente manifestadas no espaço urbano. Levando em conta as especificidades do Rio de Janeiro como cidade pós-colonial, e o papel outrora conferido ao planejamento urbano como instrumento do aperfeiçoamento da ordem social, este trabalho investiga as contínuas negociações, brandas ou fortes, entre conformações e rupturas, dos indivíduos com as formas e normas da cidade. Partindo do ponto de vista de alguns dos grupos marginalizados no Rio de Janeiro, através de uma metodologia de standpoint e da narrativa de estórias, busca-se ressaltar as insuficiências do planejamento urbano frente à complexidade do everyday carioca e discutir sua tendência de criar fronteiras que delimitam acessos condicionados à cidade baseados em fatores como raça, gênero e classe socioeconômica. / [en] In a world that is, little by little, dominated by urbanization, to observe the city s reality is to closely observe the life of the majority of the planet’s inhabitants. In International Relations, this movement is something that Matt Davies calls finding the international in the everyday (2016, p.2). This dissertation observes the city of Rio de Janeiro as a laboratory for analyzing inequality, exclusions and marginalization commonly manifested in the urban space. Taking into account the specificities of Rio de Janeiro as a postcolonial city, and the role formerly conferred to urban planning as an instrument for the improvement of social order, this work investigates the continuous negotiations, soft or hard, between conformation and rupture, of individuals with the city’s forms and norms. From the point of view of some of the marginalized groups in Rio de Janeiro, through a standpoint methodology and narrative, the aim is to highlight the inadequacies of urban planning in face of the complexity of the Carioca everyday and to discuss the tendency to create borders that condition the access to the city based on factors such as race, gender and socioeconomic class.

[pt] O Rio de Janeiro vivencia uma época intensa da sua história urbana, hospedando diferentes megaeventos em um intervalo de tempo limitado, dando origem a uma fase de metamorfoses urbanas e de alta especulação imobiliária. Neste contexto a presente dissertação se propõe a observar a problemática da condição das favelas contíguas aos bairros nobres da cidade e da valorização dos seus solos. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é identificar as dinâmicas políticas, econômicas e sociais existindo hoje em dia no Rio de Janeiro, intrometendo-se no desenvolvimento urbano, e podendo levar a uma gentrificação das favelas no coração da cidade, em particular no caso de estudo do Chapéu Mangueira. O trabalho baseou-se numa revisão bibliográfica sobre o conceito de gentrificação, tanto no contexto internacional quanto brasileiro, em análises do contexto político, econômico e social da cidade e das ações de planejamento urbano, bem como no estudo de caso de uma favela: Chapéu Mangueira, localizada no Leme, na Zona Sul da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. / [en] The city of Rio de Janeiro is experiencing an intense time of its urban history, hosting different mega events in a short period of time, giving rise to a phase of urban metamorphoses and high real estate speculation. In this context, the present work aims to observe the problem of the condition of the favelas adjacent to wealthy neighborhoods of the city and its land valuation. In fact, the Carioca capital, on one hand, still attracts more residents, investors and entrepreneurs and, on the other hand, its most valued central areas are already overcrowded and do not have much options to grow. Urban expansion possibilities exist, but are located in remote areas and have neither infrastructure nor sufficiently attractive centrality to raise interest of certain kind of residents. Because of a limited housing supply and a high demand, rental prices and sales increase steadily. Consequently, the rise in housing value hinders public access opportunities, especially as wage inflation does not track the value of the property. Like many cities in Latin America, the social inequalities in Rio de Janeiro are extremely important and a significant part of the population is classified as low income. At the same time, one of its peculiarities is the presence of favelas in the city center, unlike other cities where the poorest people are located in the urban periphery. The particular feature of the promiscuity of the hills with the noble neighborhoods and trade areas and service of the city makes these favelas strategic areas, with crucial importance in the distribution of urban land. The lack of sanitation and basic infrastructure combined with drug trafficking and violence always left the favelas apart of the formal city. The government did not recognize their existence as part of the city. Today, with urban growth contained and the pressure of international events becoming stronger, the government has shown new interest in the future of this part of the town. Different actions, such as the implementation of the UPPs (Pacifying Police Unit) and works to facilitate access to the favelas, tend to value the land and drawing attention of the real estate market. Materials and studies on the fever of chic favela, new tourist and cultural attraction to these neighborhoods, have also questioned a change of perception of the favela. It has already been observed a rise in rental and sale prices, whether in formal or informal market in the favela.

[pt] Esta dissertação pretende promover uma reflexão sobre a questão da participação social na formulação de políticas urbanas a partir de experiência vivenciada na cidade de São Paulo no ano de 2016, procurando também avaliar a cronologia das políticas urbanas e da participação social no Brasil e no município em questão. Para tanto, buscou-se compreender a relevância dos processos participativos no cenário brasileiro e local, seus diferentes processos e a atuação da sociedade civil na formulação de políticas públicas para a cidade. Utilizamos como base metodológica a pesquisa de cunho quali-quantitativo e a técnica de observação participante, acompanhando as reuniões dos conselhos participativos municipais presentes nas trinta e duas subprefeituras da cidade e, através do canal de escuta, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, que por amostragem expressiva, objetivou analisar a eficácia dos conselhos e a contribuição dos conselheiros no processo de tomada de decisão e de expressão do controle social. Além disso, foram realizadas análises das abordagens dos modelos participativos de planos urbanos, o que oportunizou refletir acerca do tema na prática, tanto no contexto do poder público, como pela própria sociedade civil. E por fim, levantamos a questão da efetividade da prática participativa ser propulsora de ações de sustentabilidade social, tendo em vista que a implicação da sociedade na formulação das políticas públicas, e neste estudo, as urbanas, devem inferir a respeito da reestruturação de cidades, alinhando as questões sociais, econômicas, culturais, ambientais, entre outras, que permitam melhores condições de vida da população, bem como de cidades melhores planejadas. / [en] This master s thesis intends to promote a debate about the importance of social participation in formulating urban policies, by promoting inclusive and effective actions, because the civil society participation changes paradigmatically the logical of collective way of living. In February 1999 s, the economist Joseph Stiglitz have already spoken about the social participation role: the central argument of this paper has been that open, transparent, and participatory processes are important ingredients in the development transformation - important both for sustainable economic development and for social development that should be viewed as an end in itself and as a means to more rapid economic growth (STIGLITZ, 2002, p. 175). By the end of the 1990 s, it was already possible to realize the necessity of defining public policies directed to the poverty alleviation, such as employment, housing, or education politics that needed to be implemented. In that way, it was comprehensive that the improvement of life quality should be the main goal to a healthier environment. In the Brazilian context, according to Maricato (2016), the Brazilian society has urbanized mostly in the twentieth century, starting with only 10 per cent of the population living in the cities and finishing with impressive 91 per cent living in urban areas. The perception of lack of urban planning in the development of most of the Brazilian cities can be emphasized with the lack of participatory processes and the social participation in urban management. The problems related to the demographic growth in Brazilian cities and its consequences are defined by the sustainability in the urban environment, or the Urban Sustainability. This term was determined by Henri Acselrad (1999) and explained as the capacity of urban policies to be adapted to service offers and social assistance, attending to numerous demands of the population basic rights and others investments.

[pt] Essa pesquisa tem como objeto analítico o planejamento urbano adotado e desenvolvido no Primeiro Distrito de Duque de Caxias nas duas últimas décadas (1995-2015). Sendo assim, nosso objetivo é analisar e discutir esse modelo de planejamento urbano adotado nesse período e mostrar que o seu desenvolvimento tem contribuído para ampliar a produção e reprodução desigual e segregadora do espaço na realidade local. Para tentar dar conta de tal objetivo esse trabalho está dividido em três capítulos. Em um primeiro momento analisamos a grave crise que atingiu o Estado do Rio de Janeiro gerando estagnação econômica e precariedade social, e como em Duque de Caxias se buscou a construção e ampliação da infraestrutura urbana necessária para atrair investimentos e possibilitar dinamização e crescimento econômico na tentativa de superação desse quadro de crise. No segundo capítulo dessa pesquisa analisamos o Plano Diretor do município, mostrando suas origens, além de analisarmos o seu processo de formulação tardio, e levantamos alguns aspectos que mostram a grande lacuna entre o que consta nesse documento e o que é visto na realidade local. Por fim, no terceiro e último capítulo analisamos e discutimos o que é o atualmente hegemônico Planejamento Urbano Estratégico e qual o seu principal objetivo. Mostramos que sua adoção tanto em Duque de Caxias quanto em vários outros municípios se deve a sua suposta bem sucedida elaboração na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, e por fim que sua legitimação e seu desenvolvimento dão-se pela geração de um sentimento de consenso junto à população local. Contudo, é possível e preciso romper com esse modelo e buscar um outro tipo de planejamento urbano que seja pautado em uma participação popular efetiva, que vá ao encontro com o que Henri Lefebvre chamou de o direito à cidade. / [es] Esta investigación tiene el objeto analítico el planeamiento urbanístico aprobado y desarrollado en el Primer Distrito de Duque de Caxias, en las últimas dos décadas (1995-2015). Por lo tanto, nuestro objetivo es analizar y discutir el modelo de planificación urbana adoptado en este periodo y demostrar que su desarrollo ha contribuido a aumentar la producción y reproducción de espacio desigual y segregado en la realidad local. Para dar cuenta de esto objetivo, este trabajo se divide en tres capítulos. En un primer momento se analiza la grave crisis que afectó al Estado de Río de Janeiro generando el estancamiento económico y la inestabilidad social, y cómo en Duque de Caxias se buscó la construcción y ampliación de la infraestructura urbana necesaria para atraer la inversión y permitir un crecimiento y estímulo económico en un intento de superar esta situación de crisis. El segundo capítulo de esta investigación analizó el Plan Maestro de la ciudad: muestra sus orígenes, se analiza su formulación tardía y levantamos algunos aspectos que muestran la gran brecha entre lo que está en este documento y lo que se ve en la realidad local. El tercer y último capítulo analiza y discute lo que es actualmente la hegemónica Planificación Urbana Estratégica y cuál es su meta principal, se demuestra que su adopción tanto en Duque de Caxias, como en varios otros municipios se debe a su desarrollo supuestamente exitoso en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. Y, finalmente, que su legitimidad y el desarrollo se dan para la generación de un sentido de consenso con la población local. Sin embargo, es posible y necesario romper con este modelo y buscar otro tipo de planificación urbana que se guía por una participación popular efectiva que cumpla con lo que Henri Lefebvre llama el derecho a la ciudad.

[pt] O crescimento da população urbana e o incremento na demanda por energia elétrica para residências brasileiras, especialmente em zonas costeiras, indicam a relevância do aproveitamento da energia oceânica para o Brasil. Neste cenário, o trabalho investiga o potencial de energia de ondas na orla da cidade do Rio de Janeiro e suas possíveis relações com o planejamento sustentável da engenharia urbana costeira. O estudo sobre a microbacia do Bairro do Leme, localizado na orla oceânica da zona sul da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, estima um potencial de energia oceânica por aproveitamento energético das ondas do mar capaz de suprir a demanda de energia elétrica para toda a população do Bairro em torno de 14.000 pessoas. O potencial energético das ondas foi estimado a partir da análise estatística de um prognóstico anual do clima de ondas para essa orla, elaborado através da modelagem computacional de propagação de ondas. Sendo utilizados onze anos dados de onda extraídos do modelo global ERA/INTERIM. Em um modelo físico-reduzido (escala 1:40) do perfil tipo da orla do Leme, construído em canal de ondas irregulares, foi avaliada a vulnerabilidade da orla ao risco de galgamento de ondas durante extremos de marés de ressaca. Nos ensaios de modelagem física também foram testadas soluções de engenharia com vistas ao aproveitamento e controle do potencial energético de ondas. Com os resultados obtidos das modelagens, discute-se um plano conceitual para resiliência urbano-costeira da orla oceânica baseado na reengenharia do perfil de praia elaborado no projeto de obra estabelecido em 1970. / [en] The growth of urban population and the increasing demand for electricity to Brazilian consumers, especially in coastal areas, indicate the importance of the use of ocean energy for Brazil. In this scenario, this thesis investigates the wave energy potential on the south area of the city of Rio de Janeiro and its possible relation to sustainable planning of the coastal urban engineering. About 3.9 billion people (54 per cent of world population) live in urban areas. It is estimated that the growth of cities should result in an urban population of over 6.4 billion people by 2050, especially in the less developed areas, with poor urban planning and vulnerable to environmental risks (UN-Habitat, 2016). The urbanization of coastal areas in developing countries demands greater attention due to infrastructure needs and the necessary management to mitigate pressures of increasing human activities on the environment (Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998). This framework is particularly important for Brazil that has a high degree of urbanization with marked concentration of population in its coastline (IBGE, 2015) with urban interventions on ocean beaches through works poorly integrated into the city, neglecting nature s ability to claim the balance taken away from her. According to the report Act Now or Pay Later, made by the organization Christian Aid, the rapid growth of urban populations along the coastlines of the world and the growing threat of climate change display evidences that more than one billion people will be vulnerable to coastal flooding in 2060 (Doig and Ware, 2016), in cities exposed to rising sea level, which should increase for the next century in global average between 0.18 and 0.70 meters above the current level (IPCC, 2014).

[pt] A falta de critérios ambientais na ocupação do território pode trazer danos de longo prazo aos cidadãos e ao patrimônio natural da cidade. O objetivo do trabalho é identificar áreas aptas para ocupação urbana, considerando os aspectos geotécnicos do suporte e aqueles ligados à manutenção dos processos naturais, como base para a gestão e o desenho da cidade. Com o apoio de um sistema geográfico de informação é feita a análise e avaliação dos atributos biofísicos de uma área em processo de expansão urbana, o bairro de Vargem Pequena, na zona oeste da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. No local, uma parte significativa do território é constituída de espaços livres de ocupação. A análise e a avaliação do suporte biofísico estão calcadas em uma proposta metodológica interdisciplinar que reconhece os espaços livres como sistema, com um papel protagonista dentro da estrutura urbana e potencial para ordenar a ocupação do território. O núcleo das informações acerca do suporte biofísico da área é a correlação pedológico-geotécnica feita sobre o levantamento de solos do município. O PEDOGEO contém, além dos dados pedológicos de cada classe de solo, informações gerais sobre as principais características do meio físico. Os elementos definidos para análise são: cobertura; solo; hidrologia; e relevo. As avaliações mostram que a utilização de informações biofísicas é pertinente na caracterização da realidade espacial urbana para os fins propostos, indicando, contudo, ainda pouca disponibilidade de dados, de fontes confiáveis e em escalas adequadas, para este tipo de análise. / [en] This thesis deals with the analysis of the biophysical characteristics of areas in urban expansion process with the support of a geographic information system. We highlight the importance of studying the physical reality of territories for urban development in line with environmental values and sustainability principles. The objective of this work was the development of a synthesis map that can determine‒through gradation values and within established criteria‒suitable areas for occupation that do not conflict with the continuity of the natural processes of the territories. To this end, we propose to analyze and evaluate the biophysical attributes of an area in the City of Rio de Janeiro. In this location, within the urban structure, there are spaces that can be characterized as free of occupation, whether in the form of urban infrastructure, roads or buildings. From available data, the use of geo-processing resources in the characterization of urban space reality will be assessed in order to elaborate a basis for management and design of the city. The growth dynamics of a city like Rio de Janeiro does not often comply with the most well-intentioned plans. When cities grow without any planning, it is very common to observe the occurrence of events that cause direct damage to the population, such as landslides and floods. In other occasions, the plans ignore the basic reality of the territory by not considering in depth the potential impact of their deployment. In both cases, the lack of consistent and accessible information on the physical characteristics of the territory results in failing to apply environmental criteria in the process of occupation. This makes the population vulnerable and can cause long-term damage to the environmental heritage of the city. Although environmental sustainability issues are related to almost any kind of human activity, it is in the cities where they occur in a more evident way. While these issues have grown in scale in recent decades and their solutions have become more and more urgent, the search for integration and balance between the natural and urban environments has definitely been incorporated to urban thinking. Information processing techniques that have emerged with the development of computational systems led to the development of tools such as the Geographic Information System and the Computer Aided Design, which represent a new milestone in the understanding of the physical world, which is necessary to deal with urban and environmental issues within the scale they are placed nowadays. Authors, who deal with the topic of environmental spatial analysis from several approaches, provide the basis of the theoretical foundation of this work. The urban approach regards concepts linked to ecological urbanism and, in this context, the role of the system of open spaces in the urban structure. Concepts relating to biophysical support are reviewed, in an approach to the elements found in the area of study, especially those related to analysis and evaluation. In the case of geographical information systems, we make a summary of their peculiarities, main functions and foundations, and their application in the analysis of the territory. The analysis and evaluation of biophysical support are based on an interdisciplinary methodological proposal of the System of Open Spaces and the Territorial Project. These recognize the free spaces as systems, with a protagonist role within the urban structure and potentialities for territory restructuring. At the same time, they consider the guidance of a future occupation which does not conflict with the maintenance of natural support processes. In the adaptation of the original methodology for the purposes of this thesis, we considered that some criteria and conditions used for the definition of the areas that must be kept free of occupation, within the concept of open spaces system, could also define, in counterpoint, the spaces with better potential for occupation. In this way, the best evaluated areas in this study, from their biophysical characteristics, would be those whose urban occupation would avoid damage to ecosystems, contributing to the maintenance or recovery of the open spaces system. The area of study is defined by the administrative boundaries of Vargem Pequena neighborhood, located in the west zone of the City of Rio de Janeiro, with a total area of 1,443.83 ha. The neighborhood occupies a stretch of the Baixada de Jacarépaguá plain and part of the southern slope of the Maciço da Pedra Branca, which is an important area of environmental protection. The area can be considered one of the city s growth boundaries, limited by natural and urban environments, threatened by a series of unmanageability in its occupation process. In Vargem Pequena, the occupation is characterized by farms and low density residential urbanization of middle and upper-middle classes, also with the occurrence of irregular settlements and slums. The bucolic surroundings and proximity of nature attracts real estate investments with a trend to slopes occupancy. The open spaces lose their original identity, becoming isolated spaces without an effective participation in urban conformation. They are environmentally protected, but threatened by the urban pressure and a rapid process of dismantling with higher occupation of the plain and slopes. The main source of specific data used in the analysis of biophysical support is the PEDOGEO of Vargem Pequena. It is a geo-referenced digital map containing the classification of soils within the administrative boundaries of the neighborhood. The basis of its contents is the soil survey of the City of Rio de Janeiro, which began in the 1960s, in the former State of Guanabara, and was revised and supplemented up to 2009. Another essential source of information is the work carried out by specialists, dealing with the relationship between pedology and geotechnics. The biophysical attributes analyzed were: vegetation; soil; relief; and hydrology. In the research, we used data available and already converted to the Geographic Information System environment, enabling their immediate application. In the organization of information plans, analysis and generation of maps, we used the ArcGIS Desktop 10, ESRI, application package. In the complementation of planimetric information, we used the AutoCAD 2012, Autodesk, application. The geo-processing followed the current methodology in this environment, consisting basically of two steps: construction of a geo-referenced database; and spatial analyses and evaluations for the objective set. Structure of the geo-referenced database a) Scale of final product: 1:2000 b) Projection: UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) c) Datum: SAD 69 d) Resolution: 1 m e) Information plans: coverage, soil, declivity, water bodies Procedures adopted in the construction of the geo-referenced database: 1. Collection of data and materials 2. Data conversion 3. Classification of coverage from images interpretation techniques 4. Creation of the digital terrain model 5. Classification of hillsides and declivity layer generation Procedures adopted in the analyses and spatial assessments: 1. Definition of the variables values 2. Operation between matrices 3. Final classification Information plans were created with the cropping of the area defined by the boundaries of the neighborhood. The coverage map was done with image interpretation techniques applied to orthorectified aerial images taken in 2009. The map represents the neighborhood surface through the following layers: vegetation; exposed soil; rocks; and urbanized area. The vegetation is classified on the basis of the criteria for analysis of the elements that constitute the system of open spaces, as a mosaic of ecosystems of different scales, considering their internal relationships and those with the surroundings. The urbanized area is divided into built, paved and public spaces. In the soil map, there is information available in the PEDOGEO regarding the pedological and geotechnical characteristics of each type of soil, in addition to data on the physical environment in which they are inserted. The declivity map, generated from the digital elevation model, and the map of water bodies, derive from the digital cartography of the city. The map records: the quota of altitude of the terrain through isograms every 1 m; and the existing water courses through polylines. Areas situated above 100 m altitude, which are part of the SPECIAL ZONE 1 for the preservation of the city, and areas with declivity greater than 30 per cent, or situated at 30 m from the banks of rivers, which form part of Permanent Protection Areas, protected by federal laws, are classified as areas of legal constraint for occupation. After the variables of each information plan were mapped, they were rasterized and reclassified, assigning the same value for each variable. According to the biophysical criteria set and the help of experts who knew the phenomena and situations assessed, we assigned grades 1 to 10 to each variable, from the smallest to the largest suitability of each area for occupation. We assigned grade zero to not classified areas: due to the lack of information; constituting legal restriction areas; or because they had already been urbanized. The matrices were then combined algebraically, resulting in the evaluation map, whose chromatic gradient reflects the degree of suitability for occupation, according to the criteria defined. The map produced with geo-processing resources shows that the biophysical criteria used are relevant in the characterization of the urban space reality for the management and design of the city. The work scale and the classification process of coverage allowed tracing a considerably updated and accurate picture of the urbanized area and the free spaces existing in the neighborhood. However, the final map has some inconsistencies, in part due to the lack of more precise information. The methodology used is simple and could be improved in future works, for example, by applying a mathematical logic more suited to environmental complexity, as the Weighted Average or Fuzzy logic. At the same time, the field biophysical information would be supplemented with the help of experts. Although the theoretical framework of ecological urbanism and technical data surveys on the environment have progressed in the last few decades, the objective information available in this area is still restricted. At first, the immediate experience could lead to the conclusion that this lack occurs more sharply in countries with many problems to face in the direction of effective development. However, according to the point of view of current authors in the field of geo-processing, it is possible to observe that worldwide research on the environment is just starting. In countries with environmental heritage‒like for example in Brazil‒there is a great need for appropriate surveys and processing of information about natural environments. It is expected that this work will contribute, albeit to a limited extent, with the practice of environmental analysis as a preliminary step for planning and the elaboration of urban projects. At the same time, it will contribute to the use of the Geographic Information System, at the level of users, as a current tool for professionals in the field, as for example the Computer Aided Design, whose use has been consolidated for a long time.

[pt] No último século, o mundo tornou-se um mundo urbano e as cidades passaram concentrar um maior número de pessoas (com mais de 50 por cento da população mundial residindo nelas). Atualmente, os desafios socioambientais que as cidades enfrentam impulsionam novas alternativas para o planejamento urbano atual. Nessas condições é esperado que as cidades sejam foco de mudanças e encontrem novas possibilidades na área do planejamento de cidades levando em conta os aspectos de resiliência e sustentabilidade durante a elaboração da Política Municipal. Essa pesquisa trata-se de um estudo de caso realizado na Cidade da Bogotá, capital do país da Colômbia, que avaliou o Plano de Ordenamento Territorial – POT (como instrumento de planejamento) e o comprometimento do mesmo, com a construção de resiliência em uma cidade altamente susceptível à mudança climática, com muitos desafios de dinâmicas populacionais, espalhamento ao longo de áreas rurais, problemas de mobilidade e deficiência da infraestrutura, cada um com sua necessidade de atendimento no planejamento em questão. O objetivo é conhecer qualitativamente, se o Plano tem orientação e pode contribuir na construção de resiliência urbana. A metodologia usada foi desenvolvida na pesquisa prévia de Lemos (2010) e envolve categorias de sustentabilidade e resiliência, com os possíveis efeitos de ações descritas no Plano. Após a aplicação metodológica e revisão do POT, os resultados demonstraram que o Plano está orientado para a resiliência, porém a sua contribuição é frágil na definição ações conjuntas em diferentes níveis do poder político. / [en] The worldwide population rises in an accelerated way, especially in the regions with low economical and institutional capacity to guarantee the organized urban development, which allow the mixture of land use, the preservation of nature within the city and maintain the health and well-being of the citizens, while takes economic prosperity to the country. The population growth and the worldwide production are happening with models and Technologies that are unsustainable. This picture has multiplied the pressure over the environment, causing a climate change with consequences still unpredictable (ONU HABITAT, 2009). The climate change sets up new challengers mainly to governments and planners and designers that have to face up the uncertain of the future events. In the middle of this real situation and according to was mentioned by URWIN and JORDAN, 2007 now is more evident that new policies in climate and nonclimate sectors will need to be designed in ways which facilitate rather than hinder adaptive decision. Against this backdrop arises a vision of planning from the perspective of resilience, term that is defined in ecology, persistence of relationships within a system and is a measure of the ability of these systems to absorb changes of state variables, driving variables and parameters and still persist (Holling, 1973). This concept is complemented later by Walker (2004), including also the capacity of the system to reorganize itself in the middle of changes, in order to maintain the same function, structure, identity and feedback process.

[pt] Os recursos naturais e os ecossistemas podem ser pensados como ativos ambientais que proveem os seres humanos com um fluxo de serviços que contribuem para seu bem-estar. Tais ativos constituem serviços ecossistêmicos, fundamentais para a sobrevivência das cidades. Os serviços ecossistêmicos possuem valor intrínseco, e sua valoração, em termos monetários ou não, permite identificar os trade offs existentes entre usos alternativos do solo e dos ativos ambientais, e o impacto direto desses serviços nas oportunidades econômicas e no bem-estar da população. Essa discussão pertence às questões de planejamento urbano tendo em vista que este trata, basicamente, de disciplinar o uso do solo nas cidades, do que e quanto é permitido construir em tal território. Sobre este pano de fundo tem-se a implantação do Arco Metropolitano do Rio de Janeiro, cuja área de influência abrange 21 municípios, concentra 70 por cento da população do estado, grande parcela dos empregos no estado e os únicos vazios urbanos na região metropolitana. Discute-se neste trabalho se, e de que forma, a inclusão dos serviços ecossistêmicos na tomada de decisões de planejamento urbano e territorial pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento sustentável das cidades. A partir dessa discussão, apresenta-se o mapeamento dos principais pontos de produção e consumo de serviços ecossistêmicos na área de estudo, e avalia-se os cenários de expansão urbana contidos no Plano Diretor do Arco Metropolitano a partir das variações no potencial de provisão dos serviços ecossistêmicos em toda a região. Por fim, propõe-se diretrizes de planejamento que substanciem o uso equilibrado do solo e a redução de riscos associados às mudanças climáticas, a partir da perspectiva da provisão de serviços ecossistêmicos na região de estudo. / [en] The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the expansion of urban areas over those significant to the preservation of ecosystem services in the region encompassed by the Strategic Master Plan for the Sustainable Development of the Metropolitan Beltway of Rio de Janeiro Area (PDAM), as a means to contribute to promoting sustainability and resilience of the cities encompassed by it. The approach used for this evaluation is that of ecosystem services, understood here as the benefits people derive from ecosystems. Throughout this paper, we have tried to demonstrate that the evaluation of the impacts of land use changes on ecosystem services and the inclusion of these impacts in urban planning decision-making processes can contribute to cities that are more sustainable and more prepared to face climate change. Two, out of a set of five, of the software offered by the Policy Support Systems initiative, developed by the King s College London and AmbioTEK CIC, were used in order to evaluate the impact of the Metropolitan Beltway of Rio de Janeiro on ecosystem services in the region: Costing Nature and Water World. The choice of these two tools was due to their free access and availability of information for processing - and more importantly, they have already been used successfully in several other studies on ecosystem services (POLICY SUPPORT SYSTEMS, 201-). Costing Nature, which was developed with the collaboration of UNEP – WCMC also, aims to provide support for sustainable management of Ecosystems Services, through the identification of priorities for conservation. According to the developers (POLICY SUPPORT SYSTEMS, 201-), the tool accounts and evaluates the ecosystem services generated in a given region, identifies its beneficiaries and appraises the impacts of human interventions. Water World follows the same operating philosophy and presentation of results, but is designed specifically for the assessment of hydrological ecosystem services and water management policies. While Water World presents its results in an absolute way, that is, in values and dimensions specific to each site assessed, Costing Nature uses relative rating, that is, compares all evaluated sites relative to the scale chosen by the user (global or local) and assigns them values between 0 and 1.

[pt] A presente dissertação busca saber qual está sendo o papel do poder público, na construção da resiliência para a Cidade da Praia, capital de Cabo Verde, que nas últimas décadas teve um crescimento populacional e urbano muito acelerado. A situação geográfica de Cabo Verde, faz com que o país esteja sujeito a uma diversidade de riscos e vulnerabilidades ambientais, é um país árido e com fortes irregularidades de chuva. Mais de metade da formação urbana da Cidade da Praia é de origem informal (espontâneo) e ainda hoje muitos carecem de infraestruturas adequadas e condições sadias de habitação. O traçado urbano é caracterizado por planaltos recortados por vales (ribeiras), onde os bairros planejados estão nos planaltos e os espontâneos se localizam nas periferias, que são nos vales e bacias. Os residentes desses bairros são predominantemente de classe baixa e com fraca capacidade adaptativa, muitas edificações estão em áreas de risco ambiental. Do conhecimento do estado da arte sobre a construção de uma cidade resiliente e das análises das leis, planos e projetos que acompanharam a expansão da cidade, e os atuais, este trabalho tem como o objetivo concluir se as leis, planos e projetos respondem ou não à princípios de uma cidade resiliente. As leis e planos urbanos em vigor na Cidade da Praia, vão de acordo com o que entende-se por construir uma cidade resiliente, porém pelo contexto de formação, a cidade hoje se encontra em condições contrárias de uma cidade resiliente, assim como, alguns projetos de intervenção urbana. / [en] This dissertation seeks to know the state of the role of public power in building resilience for the City of Praia, capital of Cape Verde, which in the last decades had a very rapid population and urban growth. The geographical situation of Cape Verde, makes the country subject to a diversity of environmental risks and vulnerabilities, is an arid country with strong irregularities of rain. More than half of the urban formation of City of Praia is from informal origin (spontaneous), and still today many need adequate infrastructure and healthy housing conditions. The urban design is characterized by plateaus cut by valleys (watercourses), where the planned neighborhood are in the plateaus and the spontaneous ones are located in the edges, that are in the valleys and basins. Residents of neighborhoods are predominantly low-class and with poor adaptive capacity, many build in areas whit environmental risk. From the state of the art knowledge about building a resilient city and the analysis of the laws, plans and projects that attend an updated the expansion of the city, this dissertation aims to conclude how did the urban laws, plans and projects respond or not to principles of a resilient city. The urban laws and plans in City of Praia are in agreement with what is meant by building a resilient city, however by a context of formation, the city today is in conditions contrary to a resilient city, as well as some urban intervention projects.