" Si le paysage s'est inséré dans Faction politique à toute les échelles, les effets de celte action devraient se faire sentir sur les paysages eux-mêmes. Il faut y voir de plus près. " Cet objectif du programme de recherche " politiques publiques et paysages ", lancé en 1998 par le Ministère de l'Aménagement, du Territoire et de l'Environnement, invite la communauté scientifique à investir le champ croisé de l'évaluation des paysages et des politiques publiques. Cette recherche doctorale apporte une nouvelle contribution à ce sujet, en reprenant les avancées acquises et les questions demeurées en suspens, et propose une mise en oeuvre de l'évaluation par la production d'indicateurs du paysage, normés et comparables. La démarche suivie passe par la mise en place de mesures du paysage dans sa dimension visible, pour livrer aux acteurs publics de deux terrains d'étude franc-comtois une base de connaissance objectivée sur leur paysage. Ces mesures sont obtenues par des méthodes de modélisation de la visibilité, telles qu'elles sont proposées par les SIG. Elles sont aussi développées de façon plus originale, en mobilisant des ressources en information géographique anciennes et actuelles disponibles pour les collectivités territoriales, avec leurs problèmes particuliers de mise en oeuvre. Cette connaissance autorise alors une mise en regard du paysage et des enjeux soulevés par les politiques publiques, pour contribuer à leur évaluation mutuelle.

Owing to the importance of gold nanoparticles in catalysis, designing of them has become a major focus of the researchers. Most of the current methods available for the synthesis of gold nanoaprticles (GNPs) suffer from the challenges of polydispersity, stability and use of toxic and harmful chemicals. To overcome these limitations of conventional methods, in our present study, we made an attempt to design a method for the green synthesis of monodispersed and stable gold nanoparticles by sugars which act as reducing and stabilizing agent. Characterization of synthesized nanoparticles was done by using various analytical techniques such as transmission electron microscope (TEM), dynamic light scattering spectroscopy (DLS), UV-Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersion spectroscopy. The synthesized sugar GNPs (S-GNPs) were spherical in shape and in the size range of 10 ± 5 nm. p-Nitrophenol reduction assay was used as a model system to determine the catalytic reduction activity of various sugar capped GNPs, monosaccharides (fructose), disaccharide (sucrose) and trisaccharide (raffinose) GNPs. The effect of temperature and the size of ligand on catalytic activity was also evaluated at different temperature using UV-Vis spectrometer. Using the spectroscopic data, rate constant (k) for three sugar capped GNPs was determined followed by its activation energy (Ea) and exponential (A) factor.

Les overshoots convectifs sont des phénomènes connus depuis longtemps au-dessus des continents tropicaux. Ils sont soupçonnés d'être une source majeure dans la basse stratosphère des espèces à courte durée de vie de la troposphère, de l'humidification par injection de cristaux de glace, et de NOx formés par la foudre. Cependant les mesures dans ces systèmes convectifs n'est pas une tâche facile. Le mini-SAOZ est un spectromètre UV-Visible développé au LATMOS depuis 2009 avec une technologie avancée. Il est conçu pour les mesures des profils atmosphériques des espèces chimiques mineures (O3, H2O, NO2, O2, O4, BrO, OClO, CH2O) par occultation solaire. Ses nouvelles performances et son faible poids permettent de l'intégrer sous de petits ballons pour étudier la convection tropicale. Deux vols d'essai ont été réalisés à Kiruna en 2010 et 2011 avec le soutien du CNES. Les résultats de l'analyse spectrale et les différents problèmes rencontrés lors de ces vols ont permis de nettes améliorations de la sonde afin qu'elle soit qualifiée pour les vols suivants aux tropiques. Deux vols du mini-SAOZ ont été opérés au cours de la campagne TRO-pico, en 2012, dont l'objectif était de mieux comprendre l'impact de la convection tropicale sur la composition chimique stratosphérique. Les comparaisons avec d'autres instruments valident les performances du mini-SAOZ. Cependant, les mesures obtenues au cours de cette thèse n'ont pas encore permis de montrer avec certitude les mécanismes liés à la convection tropicale.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur några lärare på gymnasiesärskolans nationella program arbetar med bedömning av elevernas kunskapsutveckling samt hur dessa lärare arbetar för att eleverna ska kunna synliggöra sina kunskaper. Studien baseras på sju halvstrukturerade intervjuer med lärare som undervisar i svenska på gymnasiesärskolan.  Resultatet visar att lärarna använder sig av många olika metoder för att skaffa underlag för  kunskapsbedömning. Samtal, observationer och dokumentation är några exempel. Lärarna arbetar tätt ihop med eleverna och ger konkret, tät återkoppling för att synliggöra kunskapsutvecklingen både för eleven och sig själva. Eleverna behöver mycket stöttning och repetition för att utveckla kunskaper och självständighet i arbetet. Ett dilemma som framträder är att det är svårt att skapa förutsättningar för alla elever att kunna visa fram sina kunskaper. Det vanligaste är att man sitter bredvid och samtalar med eleven för att ta reda på vilka kunskaper eleven har tillägnat sig. Lärande som en social företeelse som sker i samspel med andra är ett synsätt som skiner igenom. Enligt min studie är det oftast eleven och läraren som samspelar med varandra. / The aim of this study is to explore how a few teachers in the upper secondary school’s national programmes for pupils with intellectual disabilities work with assessing the knowledge development in students and how these teachers work for the pupils to be able to make their own knowledge visible.   The study is based upon seven semi structured interviews with teachers teaching Swedish in upper secondary schools for pupils with intellectual disabilities.  The results show that the teachers use multiple methods to acquire ground for assessment of knowledge. Conversation, observation and documentation are some examples of methods. The teachers work closely together with the students and provide tangible, frequent feedback to make the knowledge development visible both to the student and themselves. The students need a lot of scaffolding and repetition to develop knowledge and independence in their work. An emerging dilemma is the difficulty to create opportunities for all students to communicate their knowledge. The most common strategy is to sit beside the student and have a conversation to find out what knowledge the student has acquired. Learning as a social experience which occurs in interaction with others is a line of approach that shines through. According to my study it is most commonly the student and the teacher who are interacting with each other.

Highly reactive transition metal-oxo intermediates are important active oxidant involved in numerous enzymes such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases as well as in many useful metal-catalyzed oxidations. Many transition metal catalysts are designed for biomimetic studies of the predominant oxidation catalysts in Nature, the cytochrome P450 enzymes. In this work, a series of metalloporphyrin and metallocorrole complexes have been successfully synthesized and spectroscopically characterized by UV-vis, GCMS and 1H-NMR. The utilization of these complexes as catalysts for selective oxidation of sulfides and photocatalytic aerobic oxidations of activated hydrocarbons were investigated. Ruthenium(II) porphyrin complexes (2) and iron(III) corrole complexes (4) with iodobenzene diacetate [PhI(OAc)2] as a mild and excellent oxygen source efficiently catalyzed sulfides to sulfoxides under mild conditions. Ruthenium porphyrins (2) catalyzed the highly selective oxidation of para-substituted thioanisoles and allylic sulfides with PhI(OAc)2 in the presence of visible light. Over 95% conversion and 100% selectivity were achieved within 12 h. Results from competitive catalytic oxidations and spectra studies of the reaction of complexes (2) with PhI(OAc)2 in the absence of organic sulfide showed that the low-reactivity ruthenium(IV)-oxo intermediates (9) are most likely to be the active oxidant in the sulfoxidation reactions. An outstanding method for the highly selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides was developed by using iron(III) corroles (4) and PhI(OAc)2 as mild oxygen source. Allylic thioanisoles and hydroxy sulfides could be successfully oxidized with good conversions and excellent selectivities within short time period. A significant accelerating effect on the rate of sulfoxidation reactions by small amount of water was noticed and will be understood by more studies. Fluorinated diiron(IV) μ-oxo biscorrole complex (5b) catalyzes alkenes and activated hydrocarbons using atmospheric oxygen and visible light (sunlight) with up to 1200 TONs. The observed photocatalytic oxidation is ascribed to a photodisproportionation mechanism to afford a highly reactive corrole-iron(V)-oxo species that can be directly observed by laser flash photolysis methods. It is noteworthy that the use of visible light (solar light) for activation of atmospheric oxygen without the consumption of a reducing agent in aforementioned photocatalysis is particularly relevant to realizing innovative and economically advantageous processes for conversion of hydrocarbons into oxygenates.

Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att undersöka hur anställda inom rättspsykiatrin ser på relationen mellan sig själva och vårdtagarna, samt att studera de olika aspekter som berör relationen i vårdandet, bland annat maktrelationen och vänskapsrelationen. Uppsatsen baseras på en kvalitativ studiemetod med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Nio stycken anställda vårdare (undersköterskor och skötare) från en avdelning inom rättspsykiatrin i Växjö deltar i studien. Resultatet visar att relationen mellan vårdare och vårdtagare är en viktig aspekt inom vården, och att relationen är basen inom vården för att kunna erbjuda bra vård till patienten. Intervjupersonerna menar att: En bra relation mellan vårdare och vårdtagare kännetecknas av att vårdaren ska kunna skapa förtroende, tillit i relationen, samt stödja och tillfredsställa patientens behov med hjälp av relationen. Studien belyser svårigheterna inom relationen mellan vårdare och vårdtagare samt de risker som kan förekomma. Resultatet visar även att en viss synlig och osynlig makt utövas; den makten är svår att definiera, personalen är delvis omedvetna om att de själva utövar makt dagligen. / The purposes of this essay are to examine how employees in a psychiatric ward experience the relationships between them and the caretakers, and to study the different aspects of relationships between them. For instance the power relation and the friend relation. The essay is based on a qualitative method with semi structured interviews from 9 employees, whom are nurses and caregivers at a ward in Växjö psychiatric institution.  The results from this study illuminate that the relationship between caregivers and caretakers is a vital aspect of the care itself. And that this relationship is the foundation for caregiver to be able to offer necessary care. A good relationship between caregiver and caretaker is characterized by the abilities of the caregiver to create trust and confidence in their relationship to the caretaker, as well as supporting and satisfying the caretakers’ needs by help of their relationship.  This study highlights the issues in the relationship between caregivers and caretakers as well as the risk that pertain to this relationship. The results indicate that certain power exertions overt and covert are factors in some relationships. These power exertion are, however, hard to define, the caregivers also seem partly unaware of them.

The aim of this study is to test the limits of photocatalytic reduction of CO2 over Pt and light harvesting dye promoted TiO2 films under UV and visible light. Thick and thin TiO2 film catalysts are coated onto 1 cm long glass beads via a common sol-gel procedure and dip coating technique. TiO2 thin films were promoted by Pt and three different light harvesting molecules: RuBpy (Tris (2,2&rsquo / &ndash / bipyridyl) ruthenium (II) chloride hexahydrate) , BrGly (1,7-dibromo-N,N&rsquo / -(t-butoxycarbonyl-methyl)-3,4:9,10-perylene-diimide) and BrAsp (1,7-dibromo-N,N&rsquo / -(S-(1-t-butoxy-carbonyl-2-t-butoxycarbonyl-methyl)-ethyl)- 3,4:9,10-perylenediimide). Their SEM, XRD, UV-Vis spectroscopy and hydrogen chemisorption characterizations are performed. Reaction tests are performed for the catalysts under UV and visible light. The only quantifiable reaction product was methane. With RuBpy containing catalysts hydrogen production was observed under UV light, but not quantified. The results indicated that Pt addition resulted in higher yields in UV experiments. The presence of light harvesting molecules resulted in increase in photocatalytic activity for thin films, whereas it resulted in no change or decrease for the thick films. The latter case may occur due to the UV filtering effect of these dyes. Use of dyes (with visible range absorption bands) as promoters made visible light excitation possible. This resulted in photocatalytic activity under visible light, which was not observed with unpromoted and Pt promoted TiO2 thin film catalysts. Under visible light methane was the only quantified photoreduction product. CO evolution was also observed, but not quantified. The photocatalytic activities of the dye promoted TiO2 were in the order of RuBpy~BrAsp&gt / BrGly. The methane yields of visible light experiments were one order of magnitude lower than the ones under UV light.

<p>The problem for women in the work market has been and is still being widely studied from different domains and fields, there is however still countless fissures linked to it. Even though the gender equality has comprehensively increased in recent decades, it is still apparent in high responsibility positions. This situation caught our attention and stimulated us to analyse the women’s condition within organizations.</p><p>Scholars have developed different theories linked to organizations, but our complex and fast developing society has surpassed most of these classical theories, making them either partially or totally irrelevant. For instance standards such as hierarchical organizations, individualism and aggressiveness are no longer considered as the most efficient values.</p><p>This work investigates the barriers that women have to overcome in order to break though leading positions, as well as the identification of female and male leadership and their stereotypes’ consequences. Accordingly, we intend to propose solutions and new approaches liable to help integrating more women in high profile positions. We are aspiring to create a new trend representing successful leadership that is no longer correlated to the male stereotype.</p><p>The theoretical part engages in theories surrounding female gender leadership as well as gender related barriers, while the empirical method involves the conduction of semi structured interview with women in high management positions, with the aim of setting up a solid ground for analysis and discussion. Due to this fact, we believe that the woman is the future of the organization, therefore we firstly call for the implementation and the reinforcement of the female “role model” and secondly encourage companies to adopt and promote our new concept of “the ecological organization” in order to achieve a more flexible, balanced and sane organizational culture in a foreseeable future.</p>

Magister Scientiae - MSc (Chemistry) / The increasing cost of fossil fuel energy production and its implication in environmental pollution and climate change created high demand for alternative and renewable sources of energy. This has led to great interest in research in the field of photovoltaic or solar cells Due to the abundance of sunlight, the technology is sustainable, non-polluting and can be implemented at places where power demand is needed, for example in rural areas. Solar cell devices that have been commercialized are currently based on silicon technology, involving the use of monocrystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous silicon. Although they produce highly efficient solar cells, the cost of Si solar cells is too high. Second generation solar cell materials such as cadmium telluride and third generation materials such as perovskites and organic polymers have been receiving much attention recently. However, they lack the efficiency of Si solar cells. This research proposes the development of high energy conservation photovoltaic cells from novel low-cost organosilicon polymers. The aim was to develop novel highly branched organosilane polymers such as poly(3-hexythiophene), polydi(thien-2-yl)dimethylsilane, poly(3-hexyl- [2,2'] bithiophenyl-5-yl)-dimethyl-thiophen-2yl-silane) as electron donors along with zinc oxide nanorod as the electron acceptor which were able to bring the efficiency of the resultant photovoltaic cell close to that of current Si solar cell. / 2021-08-31

The exponentially increasing demand for high-speed wireless communications will no longer be satisfied by the traditional radio frequency (RF) in the near future due to its limited spectrum and overutilization. To resolve this imminent issue, industrial and research communities have been looking into alternative technologies for communication. Among them, visible light communication (VLC) has attracted much attention because it utilizes the unlicensed, free and safe spectrum, whose bandwidth is thousand times larger than the entire RF spectrum. Moreover, VLC can be integrated into existing lighting systems to offer a dual-purpose, cost-effective and energy-efficient solution for next-generation small-cell networks (SCNs), giving birth to the concept of optical attocell networks. Most relevant works in the literature rely on system simulations to quantify the performance of attocell networks, which suffer from high computational complexity and provide limited insights about the network. Mathematical tools, on the other hand, are more tractable and scalable and are shown to closely approximate practical systems. The presented work utilizes stochastic geometry for downlink evaluation of optical attocell networks, where the co-channel interference (CCI) surpasses noise and becomes the limiting factor of the link throughput. By studying the moment generating function (MGF) of the aggregate interference, a theoretical framework for modeling the distribution of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) is presented, which allows important performance metrics such as the coverage probability and link throughput to be derived. Depending on the source of interference, CCI can be classified into two categories: inter-cell interference (ICI) and intra-cell interference. In this work, both types of interference are characterized, based on which effective interference mitigation techniques such as the coordinated multipoint (CoMP), power-domain multiplexing and successive interference cancellation (SIC) are devised. The proposed mathematical framework is applicable to attocell networks with and without such interference mitigation techniques. Compared to RF networks, optical attocell networks are inherently more secure in the physical layer because visible light does not penetrate through opaque walls. This work analytically quantifies the physical-layer security of attocell networks from an information-theoretic point of view. Secrecy enhancement techniques such as AP cooperation and eavesdropper-free protected zones are also discussed. It is shown that compared to AP cooperation, implementing secrecy protected zones is more effective and it can contribute significantly to the network security.