<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Datum: 2007-06-10</p><p>Uppsatsnivå: C-uppsats i Industridesign, Innovativ design C KT 2130, 10 poäng</p><p>Författare: Emma Lundin</p><p>Lindtorpsgatan 8a</p><p>632 27 Eskilstuna</p><p>0736 – 49 72 01</p><p>Titel: Läris – Ett roligt inlärningshjälpmedel</p><p>Bakgrund: Hjälpmedelsinstitutet gav i uppdrag att utforma ett hjälpmedel för personer med kognitivt handikapp. Barn i särskolan har ofta ett kognitivt handikapp och har svårt för inlärning och att omforma sina kunskaper. Efter självupplevda erfarenheter av att undervisa och att bli undervisad är användningen av spel och tävlingar ett väl fungerade sätt som, enligt min åsikt, idag inte används i tillräckligt stor utsträckning för inlärning i skolan. Detta är något som eleverna i särskolan borde få ta del av i ett hjälpmedel som underlättar deras kunskapsinhämtning.</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med arbetet är att ta fram ett portabelt hjälpmedel för elever på särskolan som underlättar deras inlärning och gör det på ett roligt sätt.</p><p>Tillvägagångssätt: Författaren har valt att arbeta med litteraturstudier, idégenerering, skissning och därefter samtala med personer inom området kring olika idéer och uppslag. Därefter har en slutgiltig design för produkten skapats.</p><p>Slutsats: Arbetet har lett fram till en produkt som är anpassad efter alla elevers olika förmågor och behov. Den är enkel och tydlig i sitt formspråk och sin informationsdesign. Den har olika funktioner som kan anpassas efter eleven. Produkten använder sig av vanligt förekommande lekar/spel i sin ”undervisning” och som inte kräver ny inlärning av deras funktion.</p><p>Nyckelord: Inlärning, spel, dator, särskolan, kognitiva handikapp</p>

<p>Scania CV AB är en ledande tillverkare av lastbilar och bussar. De agerar på den globala marknaden, både kunder och leverantörer är lokaliserade runt om i hela världen. Den ökade allmänna medvetenheten om hållbar utveckling har lett till att företagen måste ta ett större ansvar. Högre krav har börjat ställas på att de ska agera på ett socialt och miljömässigt korrekt sätt genom hela flödet, från råvara till färdig produkt. En del av det är att se över hur deras leverantörer tar sitt sociala ansvar och det kan göras genom en utvärdering. I nuläget har inte Scanias inköpsavdelning några klara riktlinjer om hur de ska genomföra en sådan utvärdering och det är anledningen till att denna studie uppkom.</p><p>För att ta fram ett verktyg för att utvärdera hur leverantörer tar sitt sociala ansvar analyserades tre undersökningsområden. <em>Leverantörsutvärdering</em> för att få förståelse och idéer hur en utvärdering går till och vilka metoder som kan användas. <em>Corporate Social Responsibility</em> är ett begrepp som behandlar hur företag bör ta sitt ansvar för hållbar utveckling, allt från mänskliga rättigheter och miljöhänsyn till ekonomi. Varför detta begrepp undersöktes var att få en insikt i hur stort och vad för slags ansvar företagen förväntas ta. <em>Riskdrivare </em>undersöktes för att se om det finns några specifika faktorer som medför en ökad risk till att leverantören inte tar det ansvaret den bör.</p><p>Genom teoretiska och empiriska undersökningar samt analys har ett verktyg tagits fram som Scanias inköpsavdelning kan använda för att utvärdera sina leverantörer. Verktyget innehåller ett antal frågor inom områden som berör hur en leverantörs sociala situation ser ut och dessa frågor graderas på en tregradig skala. Områdena är: Barnarbete, Tvångsarbete, Hälsa & säkerhet, Förenings- & förhandlingsrätt, Diskriminering, disciplinär ordning, Arbetstid, Lön och Ledningssystem, Önskvärt vore om Scanias inköpsavdelning utnyttjade verktyget till fullo men i nuläget finns troligtvis inte resurser till det. Med anledning av det valdes 15 fokusfrågor ut så att de i brist av resurser får en uppfattning om vad som bör prioriteras.</p><p>Många av de frågor som tas upp är väldigt mjuka och svårhanterliga, det kan vara besvärligt att hitta bevis för att eventuella avvikelser från de krav som ställs sker. Det finns ingen gräns för hur många avvikelser en leverantör får ha. Syftet med det här verktyget är inte att utesluta leverantörer som inte sköter sig utan istället jobba mer med dem för att skapa en bättre levnadssituation för fler människor. Vi tycker att Scania ska agera som en förebild och göra sina leverantörer uppmärksamma på att det är viktigt att ta ett socialt ansvar.</p><p> </p> / <p>Scania CV AB is one of the leading manufacturers of trucks and buses. They act globally, both customers and suppliers are located all around the world. The enhanced common awareness about sustainable development has made companies take more responsibility. They meet demands regarding social responsibility trough the whole supply chain. One part is to investigate how their suppliers take their social responsibility through an evaluation. Nowadays Scania purchasing has no clear guidelines on how to perform such an evaluation and that is the background for this study.</p><p>To develop a tool to evaluate supplier's social responsibility three research areas were analyzed. <em>Supplier evaluation</em> to understand and get ideas how an evaluation are done and what methods that can be used. <em>Corporate Social Responsibility </em>is a concept that deals with corporate's responsibility for sustainable development, including human rights, environment and economy. The reason for the research of this area was to get an insight in how big and what kind of responsibility the corporates are supposed to take. A reseach of r<em>iskdrivers </em>was made to see if there are any specific factors that cause a higher risk for social missbehavior among the suppliers.</p><p>A tool that Scania purchasing can use to evaluate their suppliers' social responsibility has been developed through theoretical and empirical researches and analysis. The tool includes a series of questions in different areas that concern a supplier's social situation and these questions are graded on a three levels scale. The areas are: Child labour, Forced labour, Health & safety, Freedom of association, Discrimination, Disciplinary Practices, Hours of works, Compensation and Management. Scania purchasing would preferably use the complete tool but at this moment they probably do not have enough resources.  Because of that 15 focus questions were choosen, which shall be prioritized if there is lack of resources.</p><p>Many of the questions are very soft and difficult to manage and it can be tricky to find solid proof for deviations against the demands. There are no limits for the amount of deviations that are allowed for a supplier. The purpose with this tool is not to eliminate suppliers that do not behave correctly but rather to develop them to create a better living standard for more people. Scania shall act like a role model and make their suppliers acknowledge on the importance of social responsibility.</p><p> </p>

<p>Att genomföra ett test som alltid ger samma resultat kan i längden kännas omotiverat. Strauss test är ett test som funnits länge för att testa stålets känslighet mot interkristallin korrosion. I detta arbete har Strauss test utvärderats i syftet att få fram ett underlag som kan användas för att starta diskussioner om en förändring i provningsmetodiken. Anledningen till att en förändring behövs är att alla dessa, ej informativa, tester kostar pengar. För att få fram underlaget har en litteraturstudie och experiment genomförts. Litteraturstudien har visat att Strauss test ej kommer ge någon nyttig information om stålens kvalitet. Experiment har visat att de duplexa stålens slagseghet minskar fortare än vad de blir känsliga för interkristallin korrosion. Ett exempel på hur man kan använda kvalitetsverktyg för att motivera en förändring i provningsmetodiken togs fram.</p> / <p>To carry out a test that always presents the same result may in the long run feel unmotivated. Strauss test is a test that been around for a long time to test the stainless steals susceptibility towards intergranular corrosion. In this work Strauss test have been evaluated in the purpose to get out a material that can be used to start discussions about a change in the testing procedure. The need for a change is because all these non-iformative tests is expensive. To get the material, a review and experiments was conducted. The review showed that Strauss test is not able to give any valuable information about the stainless steels quality. The experiments showed that the duplex stainless steels impact toughness decreases faster then they become sensitive towards intergranular corrosion. An example of how you can use quality tools to motivate a change in the testing procedure was developed.</p>

<p></p><h1>Abstract</h1><p>Waste disposal is a global problem contributing to the ongoing climate change by large emissions of greenhouse gases. By using waste material as a resource instead of landfilling, the greenhouse gas emissions from landfills are reduced. Waste material can be used for waste incineration with energy recovery, thus decreasing the greenhouse gas emission from energy utilization by changing from fossil fuels to a partly renewable fuel.</p><p>Arges County in Romania has severe problems with its waste material, mainly sewage sludge and waste from households and industries. As a consequence of the Romanian EU accession in 2007, Arges County is obliged to close its landfills for waste in a near future. A reconstruction of the wastewater treatment plant and an improved management of the sewage sludge residue are necessary in order to comply with EU standards. The requirements from the EU regarding waste disposal together with the existence of a district heating network in the residence city Pitesti, makes it interesting to investigate energy recovery from waste material in Arges County.</p><p>Therefore, the goal of the study is to evaluate the possibility to extract energy from co-incineration of the waste material, sewage sludge and waste generated in Arges County. In order to reach this goal, the composition and quantities of the waste material is investigated. A suitable technology for the waste-to-energy (WTE) plant is proposed, based on the data of the waste material as well as on   established WTE technologies and their costs. It is assumed that the WTE plant will be implemented in 2020 and that all the generated waste will be incinerated. Furthermore, an environmental analysis is carried out, which presents the reductions of greenhouse gas emissions with the proposed WTE plant in comparison with the present system; including the management of waste and sludge and the district heating production, which is based on fossil fuels.</p><p>The result shows that the waste material in Arges County has a calorific value of 7.5 MJ per kg, which is suitable for co-incineration of waste and sludge. The suggested WTE plant has the total power of 130 MW, annually recovering 620 and 330 GWh of heat and electric power respectively. The investment cost of the WTE plant is estimated to 226 million euro with a payback time of 8 years. The environmental analysis shows that the proposed system in comparison with the present system will decrease greenhouse gas emissions by 88 percent.</p><p>A WTE plant appears to be a sound investment in Arges County and would sharply reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases in the county. However, some obstacles exist. Waste management is a new field in Romania and currently there are no WTE plants. Furthermore, the data used in this study concerning the quantity and composition of the waste, is uncertain and further studies are necessary before a WTE plant can be established.</p><p> </p>

<p>This thesis explores the fields of contracting and competence agencies. Itfocuses on the relationship between contractors and their agencies, and aims toidentify the expectations that contractors have on competence agencies and theactivities that can be undertaken by the agencies in order to improve andstrengthen the relation. A case study was made of a Danish competence agencyand of the contractors within its network. The qualitative part of the studyincluded interviews with five contractors and a questionnaire directed to theorganization. From the conclusions of the qualitative study and relevant theories,a set of hypotheses were formulated. The quantitative part consisted of a surveythat was sent out to the contractors in the network. The survey aimed to test thehypotheses and the results from the survey were analysed in Excel.The conclusions that were drawn from the outcome of the quantitative studywere that contractors join agencies because of the access to big companies thatare granted by agencies, because they do not have time to promote themselvesso they need someone to do it for them and because of the possibility to createnetworks and that contractors join more than one agency because they do notbelieve that one agency alone can supply them with full time occupation.Further on, it was also concluded that certain HRM as well as SHRM activitieshad a positive impact on the relationship, and that employer brandingstrengthened the bonds between the contractors and the competence agency.</p>

<p>New food product development is so often confronted with failure in the market. One of the significant reasons is, nowadays, the customer preference is no longer simply only determined by a few factors rather a combination of various needs. This article presents an affective engineering methodology “Kansei Engineering” which can tailor the product by the customer need. This methodology is able to assist the food product developer to connect the consumer affection with the product properties in order to develop the food product with the most affective influence deep in customer’s mind associated with product. Using this systematic affective methodology “Kansei engineering” approach would help the company to develop the food with consumer amenity.</p>

<p>Biogas is a renewable energy source that is produced by anaerobic digestion of organic mate-rial. In Sweden, biogas predominately comes from sewage water sludge and landfills or from organic waste of households and industries. Small scale digestion plants at farms are espe-cially expected to contribute to increased biogas production in the future. Biogas can be ob-tained directly in it’s raw form and used as fuel in a combustion chamber. However, gas en-gines require biogas purification from hydrogen sulphide and drying from water to avoid cor-rosion. In order to increase the calorific value, carbon dioxide is separated and the Swedish Standard Type A requires the methane content to be 97 % for vehicle gas.</p><p>In the gas treatment process from biogas to vehicle gas, the upgrading step when carbon diox-ide is separated represents the highest cost since conventional upgrading techniques require high investments. This makes the upgrading costs for smaller biogas plants relatively high. In this master thesis, six upgrading methods have been evaluated and four of them are expected to be commercialized within two years. The following upgrading methods are of interest for Sweden:</p><p>- In situ methane enrichment; air desorbs carbon dioxide from the sludge in a</p><p>desorption column. The method is intended for digestion of sewage water sludge and the total upgrading cost is approximately 0,13 kr/kWh by a raw biogas flow 62,5 Nm3/h.</p><p>- Small scale water scrubber; carbon dioxide is absorbed in water under enhanced pressure. The upgrading process is very similar to the conventional water scrub-bing technique and the total upgrading cost is approximately 0,42 kr/kWh by a raw biogas flow of 12 Nm3/h.</p><p>- Cryogenic upgrading; the biogas is chilled to under -85 °C under a pressure of at least 5,2 barg and carbon dioxide can be separated in the liquid phase. The total upgrading cost is approximately 0,12 kr/kWh by a raw biogas flow of 150 Nm3/h. The total upgrading cost can be reduced if the recovered liquid carbon dioxide can be sold.</p><p>- Membrane technique; biogas is upgraded with polymeric membranes that are per-meable for carbon dioxide but not for methane molecules. The method is expected to be adaptable for both smaller and bigger biogas plants and the total upgrading cost is approximately 0,14 kr/kWh by a raw biogas flow of 180 Nm3/h.</p><p>All above mentioned upgrading techniques have methane losses less than two percent and all methods except for the in situ methane enrichment are expected to upgrade biogas to vehicle gas according to the Swedish Standard. In situ methane is expected to upgrade biogas up to 95 % methane content.</p><p>By combustion of unpurified landfill gas in a gas engine, corrosive combustion products and white deposits are formed. Purification of landfill gas can decrease maintenance costs for gas engines. Two landfill gas purification methods have been evaluated and with the first method, contaminants are trapped in ice crystals when the gas is chilled to -25 °C. The second method purifies landfill gas with condensed carbon dioxide.</p><p>An important result of the master thesis is that the in situ methane enrichment has a chance to become an interesting alternative for smaller sewage treatment plants but the method requires additional upgrading to reach 97 % methane content. The most important conclusion is that cryogenic upgrading and membrane technique are expected to satisfy the Swedish Standard. The methods have relatively low upgrading costs and the methane losses are less than two percent. This gives them a good chance to establish in Sweden.</p>

<p>Summary</p><p>This report is about how Chile can find its way towards a sustainable power production. The two major Chilean electric systems are modeled and optimized by a special optimization program for energy systems called MODEST. The model is then altered so that new sustainable energy sources can be put into the system. If these new energy sources are more economically beneficial they will enter the system. The time period that is modeled is the years 2006 to 2010 and the demand for electricity is rising between these years. 7 different scenarios where the terms for fossil fuels and renewable energies are changed in different ways is tested to see what can be done to introduce more sustainable energy into the system. The different changes include tax on carbon dioxide emissions, subsidies for new sustainable energy sources and limits in carbon dioxide emissions. The results show that:</p><p>• Taxes are an ineffective way to get more sustainable energy but can work to reduce emissions. The tax could be used to fund subsidies for cleaner energies.</p><p>• Subsidies can work to bring in more sustainable energy and if there is a possibility to use the clean development mechanisms available within the Kyoto protocol. Then it does not have to be subsidies but investments from companies in countries that have signed the Kyoto protocol.</p><p>• Waste to energy is the most cost effective new energy source, although it is questionable however this is really a renewable energy source. The author thinks that although it might not be renewable it is certainly sustainable within a foreseeable future.</p><p>• A natural gas shortage will have serious effects on the system and should be avoided at least until there are enough alternative fuels available. It is therefore important to continue encourage the development of sustainable power sources.</p><p>• Carbon dioxide limits could be used in Chile. If they are at reasonable levels they do not need to cost that much and could really help the sustainable energy sources to become more interesting for investors.</p>

<p>Volvo Aero Corporation är en stor leverantör till de tre stora flygmotortillverkarna, General Electric, Pratt & Whitney och Rolls Royce. Komponenter som företaget producerar används i över 80 % av dagens kommersiella motorer. Nya motorprogram, där Volvo Aero eftersträvar att ha en mer aktiv roll gällande design och utveckling, har lett till nya utmaningar för företaget. Samtidigt har en komplicerad leverantörsmarknad, bland annat på grund av konsolidering, blivit svårare att hantera. Av denna anledning finns ett intresse av att förbättra företagets relationer och samarbeten med sina leverantörer, bland annat för att höja effektiviteten och sänka kostnader och ledtider.</p><p>I ett led att klara detta, gav Volvo Aero oss uppgiften att studera och analysera teorier kring hantering av leverantörsrelationer för att se om vi kunde hitta passande modeller som är applicerbara på de nya situationer som företaget står inför.</p><p>Vi utförde studier av en mängd teorier, och sökte att finna vilka som passade Volvo Aeros situation bäst. Många av de teorier vi funnit har sitt ursprung i fordonsindustrin eller Lean produktion, men vi har även använt mer generella teorier. Vi identifierade från dessa teorier de parametrar som har inflytande på vilken typ av förhållande företaget bör ha. Vi sökte speciellt efter de nyckelparametrar som bestämmer förutsättningarna för relationen, exempelvis maktbalansen eller mängden anpassningar och investeringar som företagen gjort.</p><p>Utifrån detta har vi skapat en modell bestående av de teorier vi funnit relevanta, där vi applicerar parametrar specifika för en given relation. Modellen ger sedan underlag för att dra slutsatser om vilka strategier som är lämpliga för relationen givet den förenklade verklighet som parametrarna beskriver.</p><p>Vi applicerade denna modell på tre specifika fall, och gjorde dessutom en generell analys av företaget leverantörsrelationer. De specifika fallen utgjordes av leverantörsrelationer som vi valt ut tillsammans med Volvo Aero. I den generella analysen tvingades vi till ett mer abstrakt resonemang, men vi baserade även där analysen på de parametrar och teorier som utgjorde modellen.</p><p>Vad vi fann med analysen var att modellen fungerade på önskat sätt, och att det var möjligt att applicera teorierna på företaget med till synes goda resultat. Vi kan från detta även dra slutsatsen att modellen är applicerbar även på andra leverantörsrelationer, så väl som på andra företag, men då eventuellt med mindre justeringar.</p> / <p>Volvo Aero Corporation is one of the major subcontractors for the three big aero-engine manufacturers today, Rolls-Royce, General Electric and Pratt & Whitney. The company produces parts that are in over 80 % of commercial jet engines today. New engine programs where Volvo Aero tries to have a more active part in the design and development of the engine as well as consolidation among its suppliers has resulted in new challenges for the company. To fulfill these new demands there is an interest in improving the company’s relationships and collaboration with its suppliers to improve efficiency, costs and lead-times for these projects.</p><p>To achieve this, Volvo Aero gave us the task to study and analyze theories on the subject of supplier relationships to determine if there was anything substantial that could be applied to the new situations that the company faces.</p><p>We based our studies on a wide range of theories with the objective of finding parameters that were applicable to Volvo Aero as well as having a definite impact on the supplier relationship. A lot of the theory that we found was based on the automotive industry and lean production, and from this we tried to narrow the theories we studied down to their most basic parameters. The parameters we searched for were those that reflected the specifics that make up a relation between two companies, for example the power balance in the relationship or the amount of adaptation and investment in the relation.</p><p>From there we built a model where we applied and adapted our parameters to the specifics of Volvo Aero. The model we created is used to deduce what kind of relationship is appropriate given the reality that our parameters should have captured should have captured the basis for a relationship.</p><p>We then applied this model to analyze three specific cases as well as a general analysis of the supplier relations of the company. The cases were supplier relations that Volvo Aero wanted us to study more in depth and on these we applied the model as usual. With the general analysis we were forced to do a more abstract reasoning where we based our analysis on the parameters and theories that made up the model.</p><p>What we found from this analysis was that the model was working the way we intended and that it was possible to apply these theories to this company with good results. We also think that this model, with possibly small adjustments, should be applicable to a wide range of corporate relations as well as to other companies.</p>

<p><p>Warehouses are a key aspect of modern supply chains and play a vital role in the success or failure of businesses today. Figures from the USA indicate that the capital- and operating costs of warehouses represent about 22 % of a company’s logistics costs while figures from Europe indicate 25 % (Baker & Canessa, 2009). Because warehousing is such an important function within a company, the authors chose to focus on this in their thesis. The purpose of this thesis has been to examine the significance of a Warehouse Management System (WMS) and item identification with attention to logistic efficiency. With this as a starting point, the thesis also intends to examine the needs and possibilities with a WMS and some sort of item identification at a specific company and also present suggestions of how to move forward with this type of work.</p></p>