The report is a project in cooperation with the Swedish toy company Playsam. The assignment was to design a new toy to their range of products, a pull along toy in shape of a snail with a mechanical function. The research phase contains studies and analysis of the company, its identity, product range and its customers. The research phase includes all the information needed to complete the project. A number of concepts were presented for evaluation by the company. One concept was selected and developed during the implementation phase. Various mechanical solutions have been tested and several variations on wheels have been developed.The work resulted in a shiny black snail in beech wood with red wheels and tentacles. Since specifications changed during working hours two different results were obtained, one snail with moving tentacles and one with fixed. / Denna rapport beskriver ett examensprojekt i samarbete med det svenska leksaksföretaget Playsam. Uppdraget var att designa en ny leksak till sortimentet, en dragleksak i form av en snigel med en mekanisk funktion. I faktainsamlingen finns att läsa om företaget Playsam, studier och analys av företaget, dess identitet och sortiment samt dess kunder. Faktainsamlingsdelen innehåller all den information som behövdes för att kunna genomföra projektet. I idégenereringsfasen togs ett antal koncept fram för presentation för företaget. Ett koncept valdes ut och vidareutvecklades under genomförandefasen. Olika mekaniska lösningar har testats och ett flertal varianter på hjul har tagits fram. Arbetet resulterade i en svart blank snigel i bokträ med röda hjul och tentakler. Då kravspecifikationen förändrades under arbetets gång presenteras två olika resultat, en snigel med rörliga tentakler och en med fasta. / 2010/ 25

Att produktion sker med hänsyn till människa och natur är viktigt för möbelföretaget KLONG. Detta har gett till följd att en ny kollektion av möbler utvecklats med fokus på knock-down. Vilket innebär att produkten är anpassad och konstruerad på ett sådant sätt att möbeln går att plocka isär och sammansättningen av produkten kan ske så nära slutkonsument som möjligt. Dessa produktionsförändringar får inte påverka produkten negativt så den förlorar sin identitet, möbelns formspråk ska uttrycka KLONG. Mitt arbete avser ett projekt där utemöbler har utvecklats åt KLONG utifrån krav på bl.a. produktion, distribution och funktion. Projektet påbörjades genom att utföra en grundlig analys av KLONG och deras produkter. Därefter utvecklades via designprocessen en flexibel knock-down möbel som via sin design förmedlar KLONG samt uppfyller sin funktion och innehar miljösmart distribution och tillverkning.

I have together with Frimeko AB developed new hallway furniture for preschools. The background to the project is the fact that all the existing hallway furniture’s on the market today have a similar design and same features. None of the furniture stands out immediately. Companies who work with school furniture in general have been inspired by each other, and therefore is the collections monotonous. The range on the market today consists mostly of the material wood and metal. The hallway environment in preschools is often very crowded. It is messy and disordered, which makes the preschool teachers work more demanding than it needs to be. Children at a young age (1-3) can´t get dressed by themselves, and need help from the parents or the teachers. The target was to make children more independent and in a very early age teach them what they should wear depending on the weather. It was also important to make an ergonomic product, to make the parents and preschool teachers work easier, and to provide a basis for discipline and order in the hallway. Good storage and intelligent solutions were requested. The target was to redesign Frimeko AB's existing hallway furniture, based on user groups and client requirements. More features were requested and more value would be added in the final product. The project has been carried out using the design process, where the analytical work and studies are an important part in the beginning. Based on these studies, the ideation generation starts, and then develop the concepts. Out from them a final result arises. That outcome is modern hallway furniture with integrated smart functions and solutions. The product allows users to use the product in its own way, but offers seating, ergonomic work and a fun and playful design of the hallway furniture for preschools.

At a manufacturing company, due to the competition the price is reducedtowards the manufacturing cost. Therefore it is important to maintain control ofones costs and keep calculations up-to-date. This thesis deals with cost accounting at a aluminium-processing company. The report focuses on calculating machine cost per hour since the manufacturing costs are the major part of the total product cost. Managers on the company believe that the costs they use in calculations todayneither is up-to-date nor advantageous in a market aspect and due to that their calculations need to be revised. The machines cost per hour is a major part in the manufacturing calculation. The company wants to provide a competitive price that also covers their costs. Therefore the company needs to control and specify their costs. The costs for the CNC-machines calculated in this thesis was considerablyhigher than the costs previously calculated for the company. It surprised thecompany managers that since the last calculation the used hours had increased by 15%. Comparisions between the calculations showed that there was differences in how costs and incomes were allocated and which divisions that carried their own costs. To be able to compete about major orders the company needs to be able toprovide CNC-manufacturing at a price of 400 SEK for machines feeded byoperators and 200 SEK for the machine feeded by a robot. A target costcalculation was made to determine what changes is required to reach thosemanufacturing costs. The conclusion of this thesis is that it is possible for the company to offer aCNC-manufacturing-price below 400 SEK/hour and a Robot-cellmanufacturing-price below 200 SEK/hour. However it requires more control over the company’s costs and over how big part of the order that has the lower machine cost per hour.

Husqvarna AB operates two warehouses located in the area of Jönköping. The most important task is to manage the large volume fluctuations during the peak season. DHL Exel Supply Chain (DESC) run the warehouses and the domestic transportations is outsourced to DHL Express. A number of forwarder agents are responsible for distributing the export gods. In the present situation a bottleneck occurs at the warehouse loading section, and the consequence is fulfill the time of delivery for all customer orders. The underlying bottleneck cause is also the key question for the thesis. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate the reason why the areas of out loading during peak season becomes a bottleneck in the material flow, and provide relevant solutions for the problem. The thesis study has progressed during normal season, and interviews are the main source of information, with support from observations and statistic data, The order- and material flow process is included for a basic understanding of the situation. The study indicates that the problem is not always related to the physical flow. Instead the critical factor for a third party’s performance is more related to the sharing of information between all divisions. A contribution to the problem is the large volume fluctuations during the year. A more detailed analysis indicates that the warehouse has a problem to handle the volume peaks that occur some of the days. The consequence becomes a difficulty to deliver all orders to the customers at given time. The result of delayed transportation pickups is orders with intention to leave the warehouse, but instead blocking the out loading areas, The transportation companies hired to distribute Husqvarna´s products does not always fulfill the requirements for picking up the orders. The consequence is irregular pick up times, which obstruct the warehouse planning. Another contribution to the bottleneck is traditional booking routines that exist for both domestic and international shipments. The lack of communication and pore statistical data is also connected to the problem. This prevents the opportunity to improve the distribution process. From the problem analysis has a couple of improvements suggestions been discovered. To realize the potential of implementation an activity plan has been created for each suggestion. One of the activities is to create a smoother volume allocation for the flow. Modified routines of booking for pre seasonal orders can generate a better level of volume. An alternative for the problem is to disconnect goods from the areas of loading with help from extra trailer units. The solution will generate a better platform for planning of goods and personnel. Measurements and evaluation of transporters who indicates a defect performance will hopefully lead to a better quality. The future object is that every transport collects goods at the right day and time. To actualize all improvements a working communication will be important between all sections in the supply chain. Regular meetings with a recurring agenda should be held continuously related to the bottle neck. When all suggestions are implemented hopefully all Husqvarna´s order will be able to leave the loading area at the given time, regardless day of the year.

Scania CV AB är en ledande tillverkare av lastbilar och bussar. De agerar på den globala marknaden, både kunder och leverantörer är lokaliserade runt om i hela världen. Den ökade allmänna medvetenheten om hållbar utveckling har lett till att företagen måste ta ett större ansvar. Högre krav har börjat ställas på att de ska agera på ett socialt och miljömässigt korrekt sätt genom hela flödet, från råvara till färdig produkt. En del av det är att se över hur deras leverantörer tar sitt sociala ansvar och det kan göras genom en utvärdering. I nuläget har inte Scanias inköpsavdelning några klara riktlinjer om hur de ska genomföra en sådan utvärdering och det är anledningen till att denna studie uppkom. För att ta fram ett verktyg för att utvärdera hur leverantörer tar sitt sociala ansvar analyserades tre undersökningsområden. Leverantörsutvärdering för att få förståelse och idéer hur en utvärdering går till och vilka metoder som kan användas. Corporate Social Responsibility är ett begrepp som behandlar hur företag bör ta sitt ansvar för hållbar utveckling, allt från mänskliga rättigheter och miljöhänsyn till ekonomi. Varför detta begrepp undersöktes var att få en insikt i hur stort och vad för slags ansvar företagen förväntas ta. Riskdrivare undersöktes för att se om det finns några specifika faktorer som medför en ökad risk till att leverantören inte tar det ansvaret den bör. Genom teoretiska och empiriska undersökningar samt analys har ett verktyg tagits fram som Scanias inköpsavdelning kan använda för att utvärdera sina leverantörer. Verktyget innehåller ett antal frågor inom områden som berör hur en leverantörs sociala situation ser ut och dessa frågor graderas på en tregradig skala. Områdena är: Barnarbete, Tvångsarbete, Hälsa & säkerhet, Förenings- & förhandlingsrätt, Diskriminering, disciplinär ordning, Arbetstid, Lön och Ledningssystem, Önskvärt vore om Scanias inköpsavdelning utnyttjade verktyget till fullo men i nuläget finns troligtvis inte resurser till det. Med anledning av det valdes 15 fokusfrågor ut så att de i brist av resurser får en uppfattning om vad som bör prioriteras. Många av de frågor som tas upp är väldigt mjuka och svårhanterliga, det kan vara besvärligt att hitta bevis för att eventuella avvikelser från de krav som ställs sker. Det finns ingen gräns för hur många avvikelser en leverantör får ha. Syftet med det här verktyget är inte att utesluta leverantörer som inte sköter sig utan istället jobba mer med dem för att skapa en bättre levnadssituation för fler människor. Vi tycker att Scania ska agera som en förebild och göra sina leverantörer uppmärksamma på att det är viktigt att ta ett socialt ansvar. / Scania CV AB is one of the leading manufacturers of trucks and buses. They act globally, both customers and suppliers are located all around the world. The enhanced common awareness about sustainable development has made companies take more responsibility. They meet demands regarding social responsibility trough the whole supply chain. One part is to investigate how their suppliers take their social responsibility through an evaluation. Nowadays Scania purchasing has no clear guidelines on how to perform such an evaluation and that is the background for this study. To develop a tool to evaluate supplier's social responsibility three research areas were analyzed. Supplier evaluation to understand and get ideas how an evaluation are done and what methods that can be used. Corporate Social Responsibility is a concept that deals with corporate's responsibility for sustainable development, including human rights, environment and economy. The reason for the research of this area was to get an insight in how big and what kind of responsibility the corporates are supposed to take. A reseach of riskdrivers was made to see if there are any specific factors that cause a higher risk for social missbehavior among the suppliers. A tool that Scania purchasing can use to evaluate their suppliers' social responsibility has been developed through theoretical and empirical researches and analysis. The tool includes a series of questions in different areas that concern a supplier's social situation and these questions are graded on a three levels scale. The areas are: Child labour, Forced labour, Health & safety, Freedom of association, Discrimination, Disciplinary Practices, Hours of works, Compensation and Management. Scania purchasing would preferably use the complete tool but at this moment they probably do not have enough resources.  Because of that 15 focus questions were choosen, which shall be prioritized if there is lack of resources. Many of the questions are very soft and difficult to manage and it can be tricky to find solid proof for deviations against the demands. There are no limits for the amount of deviations that are allowed for a supplier. The purpose with this tool is not to eliminate suppliers that do not behave correctly but rather to develop them to create a better living standard for more people. Scania shall act like a role model and make their suppliers acknowledge on the importance of social responsibility.

Att genomföra ett test som alltid ger samma resultat kan i längden kännas omotiverat. Strauss test är ett test som funnits länge för att testa stålets känslighet mot interkristallin korrosion. I detta arbete har Strauss test utvärderats i syftet att få fram ett underlag som kan användas för att starta diskussioner om en förändring i provningsmetodiken. Anledningen till att en förändring behövs är att alla dessa, ej informativa, tester kostar pengar. För att få fram underlaget har en litteraturstudie och experiment genomförts. Litteraturstudien har visat att Strauss test ej kommer ge någon nyttig information om stålens kvalitet. Experiment har visat att de duplexa stålens slagseghet minskar fortare än vad de blir känsliga för interkristallin korrosion. Ett exempel på hur man kan använda kvalitetsverktyg för att motivera en förändring i provningsmetodiken togs fram. / To carry out a test that always presents the same result may in the long run feel unmotivated. Strauss test is a test that been around for a long time to test the stainless steals susceptibility towards intergranular corrosion. In this work Strauss test have been evaluated in the purpose to get out a material that can be used to start discussions about a change in the testing procedure. The need for a change is because all these non-iformative tests is expensive. To get the material, a review and experiments was conducted. The review showed that Strauss test is not able to give any valuable information about the stainless steels quality. The experiments showed that the duplex stainless steels impact toughness decreases faster then they become sensitive towards intergranular corrosion. An example of how you can use quality tools to motivate a change in the testing procedure was developed.

Abstract Waste disposal is a global problem contributing to the ongoing climate change by large emissions of greenhouse gases. By using waste material as a resource instead of landfilling, the greenhouse gas emissions from landfills are reduced. Waste material can be used for waste incineration with energy recovery, thus decreasing the greenhouse gas emission from energy utilization by changing from fossil fuels to a partly renewable fuel. Arges County in Romania has severe problems with its waste material, mainly sewage sludge and waste from households and industries. As a consequence of the Romanian EU accession in 2007, Arges County is obliged to close its landfills for waste in a near future. A reconstruction of the wastewater treatment plant and an improved management of the sewage sludge residue are necessary in order to comply with EU standards. The requirements from the EU regarding waste disposal together with the existence of a district heating network in the residence city Pitesti, makes it interesting to investigate energy recovery from waste material in Arges County. Therefore, the goal of the study is to evaluate the possibility to extract energy from co-incineration of the waste material, sewage sludge and waste generated in Arges County. In order to reach this goal, the composition and quantities of the waste material is investigated. A suitable technology for the waste-to-energy (WTE) plant is proposed, based on the data of the waste material as well as on   established WTE technologies and their costs. It is assumed that the WTE plant will be implemented in 2020 and that all the generated waste will be incinerated. Furthermore, an environmental analysis is carried out, which presents the reductions of greenhouse gas emissions with the proposed WTE plant in comparison with the present system; including the management of waste and sludge and the district heating production, which is based on fossil fuels. The result shows that the waste material in Arges County has a calorific value of 7.5 MJ per kg, which is suitable for co-incineration of waste and sludge. The suggested WTE plant has the total power of 130 MW, annually recovering 620 and 330 GWh of heat and electric power respectively. The investment cost of the WTE plant is estimated to 226 million euro with a payback time of 8 years. The environmental analysis shows that the proposed system in comparison with the present system will decrease greenhouse gas emissions by 88 percent. A WTE plant appears to be a sound investment in Arges County and would sharply reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases in the county. However, some obstacles exist. Waste management is a new field in Romania and currently there are no WTE plants. Furthermore, the data used in this study concerning the quantity and composition of the waste, is uncertain and further studies are necessary before a WTE plant can be established.

Warehouses are a key aspect of modern supply chains and play a vital role in the success or failure of businesses today. Figures from the USA indicate that the capital- and operating costs of warehouses represent about 22 % of a company’s logistics costs while figures from Europe indicate 25 % (Baker & Canessa, 2009). Because warehousing is such an important function within a company, the authors chose to focus on this in their thesis. The purpose of this thesis has been to examine the significance of a Warehouse Management System (WMS) and item identification with attention to logistic efficiency. With this as a starting point, the thesis also intends to examine the needs and possibilities with a WMS and some sort of item identification at a specific company and also present suggestions of how to move forward with this type of work.

In a global economy it is important to understand what project management is and how it functions in a contemporary company. This report includes an empirical case study of a project flow, which was conducted in the department Packaging Concept (PC) which is a part of Stora Enso. As all of PC´s customer enquiries are unique and must be considered an individual project, PC continuously works in projects. An analysis of the project flow was conducted based on interviews at and visits to PC as well as relevant documents distributed by the department. The report gives an understanding and analysis of how PC works in projects. A description of the project flow is given and the project roles are defined. Furthermore, PC´s way of following up projects as well as managing risks are presented and analysed. The analyses in this report are based on a chapter that includes relevant project- and process management theory. PC´s project flow is long and includes many steps that must be conducted in order to deliver a good result to the customer. This project flow can be divided into the initial phase, the preliminary study phase, the planning phase, the implementation phase and the completing phase. In order to support the employees, PC has templates and instruction manuals that give clear guidelines and directives on how to manage a project. The management and the employees at PC see the project flow as a process giving an overall picture of the project flow. There are many players involved in the course of a project. Internally in PC, the project roles are divided between the management, the salesmen, the project engineers and the service engineers. Management orders the project while the project engineer is the project manager. A team of suppliers, a salesman and service engineers constitute the project group. Special focus has been placed on how PC manages project evaluation and risk management. Analyses of these two elements were done, and the findings in this report are that PC has inadequate guidelines for managing project evaluation and for managing risk. PC has managed to make the project flow clear and easy to work with. Everybody in the department understands the general picture of the project flow and the role that they and their colleagues play. In our opinion this is due to the clear guidelines and directives communicated through templates and instruction manuals. These are, however, not currently sufficient. Better documented guidelines for managing project evaluation and risk management should be completed by the management.