À l’aide de nouvelles informations, la présente étude vise à interroger l’impact de la guerre d’Espagne sur la communauté artistique espagnole à Paris, qui regroupe tant les artistes ayant tissé des liens forts avec la capitale française lorsque la guerre éclate, que ceux dont l’installation en France est précipitée par le conflit. Notre objectif est de restituer les singularités des dynamiques individuelles dans une histoire d’ensemble, en envisageant la prise de position de ces créateurs, jusqu’alors apolitiques, en faveur de chacun des deux camps sous le prisme de l’engagement de leur identité artistique espagnole et parisienne. Celle-ci, qui se définit selon le rapport revendiqué dans leur création plastique et leur mode de vie avec la modernité ou la tradition, s’imprègne de connotations idéologiques au début de la guerre. Nous chercherons notamment à mettre en perspective et à mieux comprendre la complexité, les paradoxes et les contradictions de l’activité artistique idéologisée des Espagnols à Paris au fil de ces années troubles, notamment sous l’Occupation, et jusqu’à la reprise de relations normalisées avec le régime franquiste dans les années 1950, qui marque la fin de notre cadre chronologique. L’engagement massif et manifeste d’un grand nombre d’artistes espagnols, installés ou fortement liés à la capitale française, dans ce conflit local, qui est le prélude à une conflagration mondiale, nous permettra de mettre en évidence à quel point ces Espagnols de Paris, en dépit de leurs motivations plastiques, se sont constamment trouvés au point de convergence de l’art, de l’engagement et de la politique dans ces années tourmentées du XXe siècle. / Nourished with new information, this study aims to examine the impact of the Spanish Civil War on the community of Spanish artists settled in Paris. We will consider artists with longstanding ties to the French capital when the war breaks out, as well as those whose arrival in France is precipitated by the conflict. Our objective is to situate the specificities of individual trajectories in a global history, by considering the political engagement of these previously apolitical creators for both sides of the Spanish conflict through the prism of their artistic identity which is both Spanish and Parisian. Defined by the ties to modernity or tradition that each artist claims in his work or his social practices, this artistic identity becomes permeated with ideological connotations at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. Our aim is to shed light on and put into perspective the complexity, the paradoxes and the contradictions of this politicized activity undertaken by Spanish artists in Paris over the course of these tumultuous years, especially during the Nazi Occupation of Paris. The renewal of normalized relations with Francoist Spain in the 1950s marks the end of our study. The massive and ostentatious political engagement of a considerable number of Spanish artists residing in or with strong ties to the French capital will allow us to clarify the point to which these Spaniards in Paris, in spite of their artistic ambitions, find themselves at the point of convergence of art and politics throughout these troubled years of the XXth century.

Les enseignants de l’école élémentaire sont tenus de faire respecter la norme et d’enseigner le français scolaire (français standard enseigné et appris dans les classes) qui se présente comme une langue homogène éliminant toute variation sociale ou dialectale.Or, les pratiques langagières des élèves laissent souvent apparaitre des variétés de français plus ou moins éloignées du français scolaire qui font apparaitre les phénomènes de variation du français. L’institution scolaire véhicule une vision normative du français qui s’impose au travers du système scolaire comme une expansion de la langue écrite. Les enseignants peuvent idéaliser ce français scolaire et nier l’existence d’une hétérogénéité langagière pourtant présente.L’enjeu de la recherche est d’articuler le cadrage institutionnel (les textes officiels, les dispositifs de formation …) à la diversité et à la singularité des représentations que les enseignants de l’école élémentaire ont de la variation, afin d’apporter une contribution à la didactique.Nous analyserons les représentations d’enseignants de l’école élémentaire, pour montrer comment ils perçoivent les différentes variétés employées par leurs élèves et quelle image plus ou moins idéalisée ils se forgent de la langue qu’ils enseignent.Nous tenterons de savoir s’il est possible de faire évoluer les représentations des enseignants en les amenant à reconsidérer leur attachement au français scolaire et à accepter dans une perspective d’ouverture variationniste de s’appuyer davantage sur les variétés parlées par les élèves. / Primary school teachers are expected to respect the norm and teach school French (standard french which is taught and learnt in the classroom) which is presented as a homogenous and reported language and which eliminates all possible social variations and dialect diffences.However students language use often reveals varieties in French, some far removed, others close to standardised french, which show elements of variation in the french language. Educational institutions present a normative image of the spoken language which is imposed throughout the school system as being an extension of the written form. Teachers can idealise this school french and even deny the existence of a different type of language which is however present.The aim of this research is to move the institutional framework (official texts, training techniques) towards a more diverse and varied perception for primary school teachers in order to contribute to the didactic.We will analyse primary school teacher’s représentations to show how they see the different language varieties employed by their students and what image they create of the language they teach whether it be more or less idealised.We will strive to find out if it is possible for teachers perceptions to evolve by leading them to reassess their attachment to traditional school french and to accept a wider, varied perception of the language by relying more on the spoken varieties used by their students.

Quel sens faut-il donner à la création le 29 brumaire an III d’Écoles d’économie rurale vétérinaire en remplacement des écoles vétérinaires héritées de l’Ancien Régime ? L’historiographie n’a jamais vraiment relevé ce qu’implique l’affirmation de l’économie rurale vétérinaire. Notre thèse est construite sur l’idée que la République directoriale correspond aussi à la formulation d’une des avancées fondatrices de nos sociétés démocratiques contemporaines : la volonté d’établir un projet politique qui intègre la pensée d’une écologie politique. Ce projet, c’est l’économie rurale républicaine. C’est cette proposition qui investit l’École d’Alfort dès les années 1780 avec l’entrée de grands savants tels que Vicq d’Azyr, Fourcroy ou Daubenton. La proclamation de la République correspond ensuite à un moment d’affirmation de cette proposition scientifique de l’économie rurale vétérinaire. Après le coup d’État de Brumaire, on assiste à mise en ordre impériale qui implique l’abandon de l’économie rurale républicaine. / What meaning should be given to the creation on 29 Brumaire Year III of Schools of rural veterinary economy to replace veterinary schools inherited from the Ancien Régime? Historiography has never really identified what the assertion of the rural veterinary economy implies. Our thesis is built on the idea that the directorial Republic corresponds to the formulation of one of the founding advances of our contemporary democratic societies: the will to establish a political project that integrates the thought of a political ecology. This project is the republican rural economy. It is this proposal that invests the School of Alfort in the 1780s with the entry of great academics professors such as Vicq d'Azyr, Fourcroy or Daubenton. The proclamation of the Republic corresponds to a moment of affirmation of this scientific proposal of the rural veterinary economy. After the coup of 18/19 Brumaire in the Year VIII, imperial order was put in place, implying the abandonment of the republican rural economy.

Cette thèse résulte du suivi, pendant deux ans, de jeunes de 16 à 25 ans, scolarisés lors du premier entretien dans des établissements « traditionnels » ou « alternatifs ».La première partie présente des parcours scolaires et s’attarde sur le lien entre parcours scolaire non conforme et délinquance. Au moyen d’un suivi longitudinal qualitatif des « décrocheurs » en temps réel, la recherche s’intéresse particulièrement aux « invisibles », ceux qui décrochent sans faire de bruit et n’inquiètent personne, parfois à juste titre car ils ont des projets hors l’école. Afin de dissocier décrochage et délinquance, des parcours de jeunes délinquants qui n’ont pas décroché de leur établissement scolaire, et inversement des parcours de décrocheurs non délinquants, sont analysés. Une seconde partie présente le contrôle social et la production des normes selon les établissements. L’étude vise à mettre en évidence ce qui, dans l’encadrement, les règlements intérieurs, les sanctions, l’organisation de la discipline et la surveillance distingue les écoles les unes des autres et conclut sur le fait que, si un établissement construit ses normes, ces dernières sont aussi la production des élèves qui le composent. Ces normes influencent les trajectoires des élèves. La recherche montre également que les ségrégations internes produites par les établissements ont plus d’effets sur les élèves que les ségrégations externes, subies par les établissements.La conclusion remet en perspective ces résultats à l’aune des évolutions politiques et démographiques actuelles : l’effet-établissement est appelé à être plus influent à l’avenir, avec la poursuite des politiques d’autonomisation des lycées. / For this research I interviewed students aged 16 to 25 years in traditional and alternative educational establishments over the course of two years. The first section describes further education and considers the link between leaving school and delinquency. Having followed the "dropouts" in real time, the research aims to understand them qualitatively and pays particular attention to “the invisibles" who drop out quietly without generating concern, sometimes rightly so because their interests lie outside of school. Since being a “bad student” is often linked to being a “delinquent”, I describe the schooling of “good students” who have committed offences and vice versa. The second part studies different schools and their respective social controls and 'behavourial norms'. The effect of being in one school or another is still minimal but will grow with new policies that are increasing the autonomy of schools. This study aims to highlight what distinguishes one school from another in terms of management, internal rules, sanctions and the organization of discipline and supervision. It concludes that where a school creates norms and standards, these are also the creations of the students themselves and they impact on students' careers. The other major institutional effect is related to the internal segregation it produces, beyond external segregation. Finally the conclusion looks at the results in the context of the evolving political and demographic landscape and suggests further areas of research.

Ce travail de thèse interroge la construction par les enseignants de l’école élémentaire de la matière « sciences et technologie » qui recouvre diverses configurations de l’éducation scientifique et technologique. La variabilité curriculaire de l'éducation scientifique à l'école élémentaire et la diversité des enseignants sont en contraste avec la tendance d'uniformisation des pratiques d'enseignement prescrites et recommandées. Ce travail de thèse porte alors sur la manière dont s'actualise cette tension entre diversité des contenus pris en charge par des enseignants eux-mêmes très divers, d'une part, et prescriptions et recommandations tendant à uniformiser les pratiques d'enseignement d'autre part. Un point de vue didactique est mobilisé pour analyser les pratiques d'enseignement déclarées et effectives. Ce travail de thèse se situe dans une approche compréhensive et exploratoire et est organisé selon une étude de cas multiples. L'analyse des pratiques déclarées et effectives montre que les enseignants construisent deux types de contenus, d’une part des contenus de connaissances et d’autre part des contenus de pratique scientifique ; que la démarche d’investigation est construite de deux manières, l’une cumulative où c’est l’enseignant qui dirige la construction des savoirs pas à pas, l’autre où l’enseignant laisse d’avantage l’élève construire les savoirs selon son propre cheminement. L’analyse de la pratique effective montre que les médiations des enseignants varient selon les contenus et impliquent, plus particulièrement, deux types d'engagement des élèves dans l'activité (élèves chercheurs / élèves trouveurs). Dans le cadre d'un dispositif d'accompagnement des enseignants (l'ASTEP), nous mettons en évidence un partage des rôles caractérisé par une distinction marquée tant par le temps et l’espace occupés que par les types de médiations didactiques mobilisés par l'enseignant et l'accompagnateur. / My thesis questions the construction of their subject by "Science and Technology" teachers. This designation, in elementary school, covers various configurations of science and technology education. The curricular variability of science education in elementary school and the diversity of the teaching team contrast the trend towards uniformity of prescribed and recommended teaching practices. Our thesis thus focuses on how this tension develops, on the one hand in the diversity of contents under the responsibility of very diverse teachers and, on the other hand, the prescriptions and recommendations tending to standardize the teaching practices. A didactic point of view has been mobilized for the analysis of declared and actual teaching practices. This thesis is based on a comprehensive and exploratory approach and it is organized according to a multiple case study. The analysis of the declared and actual practices shows that teachers construct two types of contents: on the one hand, knowledge contents and, on the other hand, contents of scientific practice. The inquiry approach is constructed in two ways, one cumulative in which the teacher directs the construction of knowledge step by step, the other when the teacher lets the students construct their knowledge along their individual progress. The analysis of actual practice shows that teacher mediations vary according to the content and, more particularly, they involve two types of student commitment in the activity (research students / finder students). From the interaction between content and context of the teaching practice, within the framework of a system of teacher support (ASTEP), we highlight a sharing of roles characterized by a distinction based as much on time and space as on the types of didactic mediations mobilized by the teacher and their assistant.

Cette recherche consiste en l’étude des interactions sociales entre l’enseignant et les élèves du groupe-Classe de l’école élémentaire, afin d’en saisir l’impact sur les apprentissages académiques. De type ethnographique, l’enquête de terrain, entreprise à la fois dans une perspective interactionniste et une posture inductive, a participé à démontrer que le processus de production des performances scolaires est impacté par le type de socialisation scolaire qui est à l’œuvre au sein du groupe-Classe. En effet, bien que les professeurs des écoles soient des fonctionnaires relevant d’une même institution, nous sommes parvenus à identifier différents modes d’actualisation de l’autorité pédagogique qui est au fondement de cette socialisation. Si pour établir leur stratégie professorale les enseignants se base sur leur double lecture de la composition sociale du groupe des élèves et l’environnement local de l’établissement, des stratégies identiques peuvent se solder par des effets contrastés selon le type de prestation scénique qui est à la base de l’actualisation de l’autorité pédagogique. / This research is aimed at studying social interactions between teachers and pupils in the class group in the elementary school. The goal is to perceive their effects on the learnings.The ethnographic study is conducted in an interactionist prospect and in an inductive position. This work participates to demonstrate that production process of scholastic skills is impacted by the type of scholastic socialization that takes place in the class group. Although elementary school teachers are from the same institution, we reach to indentify different way to apply pedagogic authority which is the keystone of this socialization. Even though, to build their teaching strategy, teachers are establishing it on the double interpretation of social composition of pupils group and the local environment, identical strategies can finished by contrasted effects that depend on the type of theatrical performance which is based on the renewal of the pedagogic authority.

Este trabalho objetiva desenvolver uma análise do funcionamento do discurso de docentes de matemática do 9° ano do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas e privadas de Maceió, materializado em textos escritos (Redação). Partindo de uma questão-temática (Como percebo a aprendizagem da matemática por parte de alunas e alunos?), a análise busca apreender como a posição sujeito docente repercute na relação das alunas com a matemática, tendo como suposto uma construção identitária gendrada do saber. A proposta é que a análise destes textos escritos aponte para as marcas discursivas sobre a visão de gênero dos sujeitos docentes de matemática. Situa-se o discurso docente sobre a aprendizagem da matemática na escola à luz dos conceitos de gênero, silenciamento discursivo e currículo oculto, respaldada nas teorias da Análise do Discurso e dos estudos de gênero. Sob um olhar de gênero, apresenta-se o percurso da análise do funcionamento discursivo, contemplando o procedimento investigativo e a análise das sequências discursivas; nestas, docentes funcionam como porta-vozes de um ideário historicamente construído pela Formação Ideológica patriarcado-capitalismo e materializada na Formação Discursiva da ciência androcêntrica que, neste estudo, corresponde ao ensino da matemática na escola. Assim funcionando, a posição de sujeito docente contribui para a manutenção de relações sociais de gênero, próprias da ordem capitalista e patriarcal.

ALVES, Raquel da Silva. Formas de contar a história: ensino de história na escola primária cearense nas décadas de 1920/30. 2015. 284f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em História Social, Fortaleza (CE), 2015 / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-31T14:18:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_rsalves.pdf: 2240622 bytes, checksum: aa36eb108a3cbfbda553707d40b26af6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-31T15:20:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_rsalves.pdf: 2240622 bytes, checksum: aa36eb108a3cbfbda553707d40b26af6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-31T15:20:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_rsalves.pdf: 2240622 bytes, checksum: aa36eb108a3cbfbda553707d40b26af6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / O ensino de história nos primeiros anos do século XX possuía como objetivo educar para a formação dos futuros cidadãos da pátria brasileira. Unida a essa perspectiva havia o discurso da Escola Nova, destinado principalmente ao ensino primário e, proposto por diferentes educadores brasileiros a partir do ideário do ensino ativo e intuitivo cuja finalidade era a educação das crianças a partir de fundamentos científicos que primassem pelo ensino próximo à sua realidade. No entanto a disciplina de história foi apontada como conhecimento que apresentava inadequações a esse ensino. A partir dessa questão observou-se disputas e diálogos travados entre os escolanovistas e os historiadores na tentativa de estabelecer critérios didáticos para o ensino de história aos escolares. Paralelo a isso, observa-se a presença da narrativa histórica na construção desse código disciplinar, principalmente através do material didático produzido para as primeiras séries. Outro componente era a formação dos professores primários e as definições da história a partir da cronologia, das biografias e dos conteúdos da história nacional. A presente pesquisa buscou analisar as definições para a disciplina histórica na escola primária cearense.

O aumento das desigualdades entre as regiões catarinenses foi tema de grande interesse no estado nos anos 2000. No início do período, o governo de Santa Catarina levou a cabo uma política que pretendia ser pró-ativa no combate às desigualdades regionais, que implicou na instalação de 36 (trinta e seis) secretarias de desenvolvimento regional (SDRs) em todas as regiões do estado. Em que pese o ineditismo e as intenções declaradas da política, seus efeitos sobre as desigualdades regionais não puderam ser notados. A análise dos dados para o período de operação da política denotam que as desigualdades acentuaram-se, com as regiões mais próximas do litoral concentrando as melhores condições de crescimento econômico. Considerando as contribuições hoje majoritárias no campo da economia regional, este trabalho propôs que fossem considerados fatores locais para auxiliar na compreensão dessas desigualdades. Nesse sentido, verificou-se que as regiões mais dinâmicas economicamente são também aquelas que reúnem as melhores condições de aprendizagem. Na parte final do trabalho, observou-se que o âmbito municipal é o prevalecente, não sendo possível verificar a existência de relações capazes de impactar na aprendizagem ou na construção territorial no plano regional. No que tange às políticas, notou-se que há uma homogeneidade muito grande na forma de atuar do estado, em que pese o fato das estruturas das secretarias nas regiões mais ricas serem melhores. / The increase in inequality between the regions of Santa Catarina state, in Brazil, was the subject of great interest in the 2000s. Early in the period, the government of Santa Catarina has carried out a policy that was intended to be proactive in the fight against regional inequalities, which involved the installation of 36 regional development offices (SDRs) in all regions of the state. Despite the novelty and the declared intentions of the policy, its effects on regional inequalities could not be noticed. Data analysis for the policy period of operation denote that inequalities grow up, with the nearest coastal regions concentrating the best conditions for economic growth. Considering the main actual contributions in regional economy, this work proposed to be considered local factors to assist in the understanding of these inequalities. In this sense, it was found that the most economically dynamic regions are also those that bring together the best learning conditions. In the final part of the work, it was observed that the municipal level is prevalent, it is not possible to verify the existence of relationships able to impact the learning or territorial building at the regional level. With respect to policy, it noted that stands out a very great homogeneity in the way of acting, despite the fact that the structures of the secretariats in the wealthier regions are best.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:41:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sampaio_smg_dr_arafcl.pdf: 1149455 bytes, checksum: 49f1e8d13db113ef78ee6decbff4f285 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Cette thèse cherche initialement à reconstituer et présenter une école au début du XX siècle à Porto Velho, au départ des mémoires des récits de professeurs noirs descendants des travailleurs barbadiens qui sont venus travailler dans la construction de la « Estrada de Ferro Madeira-Mamoré – E.F.M.M. », et qui étaient des étudiants à l‟école appelée « dos categas » logée dans des espaces différents de la colline « Alto do Bode » et qui présentait un modèle d‟éducation n‟est pas envisagé, car la ville n‟avait pas des écoles. L‟objectif de cette étude est de présenter, au-delà de l‟école, les mémoires de trois professeurs, les sujets de la recherche, du fonctionnement et des aspects pédagogiques qui soutenaient la pratique de l‟école, ainsi comme l‟aspect mobile, puisque l‟école ne fonctionne pas dans un endroit fixe. Analyser les mémoires en tant que substance sociale du processus historique expérimenté et comme le gardien de l‟individuel et du collectif par rapport à d‟autres aspects comme le langage, l‟identité, l‟affection, la religion, les valeurs et les visions du monde est aussi notre but. Le texte de la thèse est divisé en quatre sections dont la première traite de l‟occupation et exploitation des espaces amazoniques jusqu‟au début de la E.F.M.M.; la seconde présente les Barbadiens, l‟espace dans lequel ils vivaient, l‟école qu‟ils ont construit et comment ils pensaient et ils faisaient l‟éducation; la troisième se constitue de la présentation et l‟analyse des mémoires de l‟école et d‟autres catégories ; la quatrième montre comment c‟est donné la tentative d‟effacer la colline « Alto do Bode » et la tentative de rendre invisible par le gouvernement les marques sociales laissées par les Barbadiens. De cette façon la thèse montre l‟histoire de l‟éducation... (Résumé complet accès électronique ci - dessous) / A presente tese trata inicialmente da tentativa de reconstituição e apresentação de uma escola no início do século XX, em Porto Velho, a partir das memórias contidas nas narrativas/depoimentos das professoras negras, descendentes de trabalhadores barbadianos que chegaram para trabalhar na construção da Estrada de Ferro Madeira-Mamoré – E.F.M.M, e que foram alunas da chamada escola dos categas, abrigada nos vários espaços do morro do Alto do Bode e que apresentava um modelo de educação não contemplado, pois a cidade não tinha escolas. O objetivo do estudo é apresentar, além da escola, as memórias de três professoras, sujeitos da pesquisa, sobre o funcionamento e os aspectos pedagógicos que fundamentavam a prática escolar, bem como o aspecto móvel, posto que a escola não funcionasse em um lugar fixo. Analisar as memórias como substância social do processo histórico vivenciado e como guardiã do individual e do coletivo em relação a outros aspectos como: linguagem, identidade, afetividade, religião, valores, concepções de mundo se fez também nosso objetivo. A tese divide-se em quatro seções: a primeira trata da ocupação e exploração dos espaços amazônicos até o início da E.F.M.M.; a segunda apresenta os barbadianos, o espaço em que viviam, a escola que construíram e a forma como pensavam e faziam educação; a terceira constitui-se na apresentação e análise das memórias sobre a escola e outras categorias; a quarta mostra como se deu a tentativa de apagamento do morro do Alto do Bode e a tentativa de invisibilizar, pelo governo, as marcas sociais deixadas pelos barbadianos. Dessa forma, a tese traz à tona a história da educação dos barbadianos vindos para a construção da E.F.M.M., e a complexidade de construir e viver o social amazônico / The present thesis initially deals with the attempt of reconstitution and presentation of a school at the beginning of the XXth. century in Porto Velho, based on the memories contained in the narratives/depositions of the negro teachers descending from Barbadian workers who came for the construction of the E.F.M.M Madeira-Mamoré railroad. These teachers were pupils of the so called categas‟ school, sheltered in some spaces of the Alto do Bode (Goat Hill) which presented a model of education not contemplated, once the city did not have schools. The objective of the study is to present, beyond the school, the memories of three teachers on the pedagogical functioning and aspects that based the school practice, as well as the mobility aspect, given that the school was not located in a fixed place. To analyze the memories as social substance of the lived historical process and as an individual and collective guardian relating to other aspects such as: language, identity, affectivity, religion, values, world conceptions also made up our objective. The text is divided in four sections: the first one deals with the occupation and exploration of the Amazonian spaces until the beginning of E.F.M.M.; the second section presents the Barbadians, the space where they lived, the school they built and the way they thought and made education; the third one consists of the presentation and analysis of the memories around the school and other categories; the fourth shows how the attempt to erase the Alto do Bode and the attempt of the government to make it invisible, the social marks left by the Barbadians. This way the thisis bring to light the barbadian education history who came with the E.F.M.M railroad builand the complexity of the amazonic social building and living