The 2008 World Health Report emphasises that we need “primary health care (PHC) now more than ever”. Competent primary health care providers who “put people first” are required in the front line in order to make a difference. The need for widely accessible, competent and caring professional nurses thus places expectations on training programmes and health services. In South Africa, a number of studies have been conducted on primary health care and methods of teaching clinical competence to nursing students (Truscott 2010; Magobe et al. 2010; Naledi et al. 2010) but not on the experiences of nursing students during PHC practice. The researcher observed that the emphasis on the positive, supportive and helpful experiences of nursing students in coping with challenges during their clinical practice was distinctly lacking. The objective of the study was to explore and describe the experiences of nursing students during the clinical practice in PHC settings. It was expected that this information will enable the researcher to formulate recommendations to support nursing students to cope with challenges during clinical practice in a PHC setting. A qualitative descriptive inquiry, with an appreciative approach was used. Five semi-structured focus group interviews were conducted to obtain data. The population comprised of 4th year nursing students who were selected using purposive sampling with the assistance of a mediator, namely the Head of the Department for PHC at a Nursing College. The sample size was determined by data saturation. Data analysis was carried out simultaneously with the collection of data. Fifteen main themes were identified during a consensus discussion between the researcher and the co-coder. The main findings related to the meaning students attached to being placed in a PHC clinic; positive, supportive and helpful experiences; how they can be supported and what help them cope irrespective of challenges they experienced. Conclusions were drawn which pertained to: placement in a PHC setting for clinical practice; positive, supportive and helpful experiences; support when placed at a PHC setting for clinical practice and coping measures when placed at a PHC setting for clinical practice; and recommendations were formulated for nursing education, nursing research and nursing practice that focused on supporting and empowering nursing students to cope with challenges experienced at a PHC setting. / MCur, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Women in South Africa are discriminated against in various areas of their lives, specifically in the workplace where the power dynamics between men and women are not equally distributed. This qualitative research study in a critical phenomenological research paradigm has allowed me to explore, describe, explain and gain an understanding of the nature of female teachers‟ lived experiences of senior male colleagues‟ exercising of power. It has also allowed me to critically challenge and question female teachers‟ lived experiences by interpreting and making meaning or the power conundrum within a school context. Using a qualitative research design and methodology, I interrogated the power hierarchy in schools by initiating critical dialogue with the participants. This study serves as a voice for female teachers‟ lived experiences regarding the power conundrum. Data was generated by 16 purposefully selected female teachers from various primary and secondary schools in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda district in the North-West Province, more specifically the Matlosana area. The data generation phases consist of two consecutive phases each with different stages. The first phase concerns the photo-elicitation-narratives (written). This is followed by individual photo-elicitation-interviews during the second phase. The data is analysed by means of interpretive phenomenology analysis (IPA). Thereafter themes and categories are identified, and verified during a consensus meeting with independent coders. Two main themes are identified: Theme one is that female teachers experience power as a behaviour that has the potential to evoke feelings that are (im)balanced, thus power evokes feelings of either being nurtured or feelings that are seen as degrading or destructive in nature. Theme two reflects female teachers‟ suggestions of promoting their own well-being. As wellbeing evokes a sense of meaningfulness and belonging in the workplace, it can lead to positive work relationships. When power is misused or abused in the workplace, it results in workplace bullying and abusive behaviour, which has a negative effect not only on employees‟ work performance, but also on their personal life and own health. If the detrimental effects of this phenomenon of power in a school context are ignored, female teachers will continue to experience loss of self-esteem and work withdrawal, and show signs of increased depression as well as high stress levels. / MEd (Learner Support), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva erfarenheter av socialt stöd bland mellanchefer i hälso- och sjukvården. Bakgrund Mellanchefer i hälso- och sjukvården har ett betydelsefullt och krävande uppdrag. Stöd i olika former kan reducera risken för ohälsa orsakad av stress i arbetet och organisationens stöd är viktigt. Genom att stärka mellancheferna erhålls en positiv effekt för både patienter och medarbetare. Metod Studien baserades på semi-strukturerade intervjuer med nio mellanchefer, vilka arbetade inom slutenvården vid två sjukhus i norra Sverige. Intervjuerna spelades in, skrevs ut ordagrant och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat Analysen resulterade i tre huvudkategorier; Erfarenheter av fungerande stöd inom organisationen, erfarenheter av bristande stöd inom organisationen och andra faktorer av betydelse för erfarenheter av stöd. Sammanfattning De flesta mellanchefer hade goda erfarenheter av stöd i organisationen, men påtalade behovet av en tidig och mer strukturerad introduktion när de påbörjade sitt uppdrag. För att förebygga ohälsa föreslås förbättrad introduktion och tidiga utbildningsinsatser, förbättrad feedback från överordnad, samt utvecklat mentorskap. Implikationer Studiens resultat kan användas i syfte att sträva efter att bibehålla det stöd som fungerar och förbättra bristande stöd för mellanchefer i hälso- och sjukvården.

For many years the focus of research on child well-being and development has been primarily on the dynamics of the mother-child relationship. The mother was seen as the more influential parent as she spends more time with the children. The father’s role in the development process was thus undermined. Fortunately research on the father’s involvement in a child’s life has improved over the past thirty years. Where previously fathers were mostly perceived as the breadwinners and providers they are now also considered as being caregivers who are more closely involved with their children and the accompanying responsibilities. Research indicates the importance of a father’s role in child development and has found that the intellectual, emotional and social development of a child is influenced by the father. The most beneficial circumstances for children to grow up in is where both of the biological parents are part of the household, satisfied with their marital relationship and loving towards their children. Unfortunately there is a significant increase in South African families where the father is absent and where the mother is burdened with additional responsibilities. However, a father can be emotionally absent despite physical proximity and emotionally absent fathers can be included when describing fatherlessness due to the destructive effect it has on children. Some research indicates that a father is the most significant factor in his daughter’s life and the quality of their relationship influences her personality and general well-being in life. Most literature focusing on the paternal parenting role is more focused on the father-son dyad, the least studied parent-adult child dyad is that of adult daughters and fathers. A great number of research studies on the subjects of divorce, single parents, physically absent fathers and the resulting effects on males are available. Much less literature, especially in the South African context, can be found to focus on and explain the experiences of young adult women who grew up with an emotionally absent father. The aim of the study was thus to explore the subjective experiences of young adult women who grew up with an emotionally absent father. A qualitative research method was used with a phenomenological approach as research design. Eleven voluntary, 20-31 year old adult women, participated in the study and were recruited by word of mouth. Data were collected through in-depth interviews that were audio taped and transcribed verbatim. Transcribed data were analysed by means of thematic analysis from which themes and sub-themes were derived. Two main themes with sub-themes were identified. It was found that the participants experienced their fathers as emotionally absent because it was difficult to share their emotions with them, the participants' fathers did not show affection or express their love. They showed no interest, approval or acknowledgement and the participants found it difficult to trust their fathers. According to the participants their relationships with other men were influenced because of this. They further struggled with trusting other people and suffered from a low self-esteem. Due to repressed emotions they did not portray their true self and sought their fathers’ approval by doing things he liked. / MA (Clinical Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Bakgrund:  Ungdomar som utvecklar depression i tonåren har en ökad risk att utveckla kroniska psykiska sjukdomar i vuxen ålder. Depression karaktäriseras av nedstämdhet och kan visa sig på flertalet sätt beroende på vilken ålder personen befinner sig i. Ungdomstiden och framförallt puberteten är präglad av psykiska, fysiska och kroppsliga omställningar som kan påverka personens mående. Syfte: Belysa barn och ungdomars erfarenhet av depression i åldrarna 12-25 år. Metod: Kvalitativ litteraturstudie. Resultat: Resultatet kategoriserades i fyra teman: copingmekanismer, stigmatisering, behov av stöd och emotionell smärta. Resultatet visade att hos ungdomar som utsätts för icke hanterbara krav och familjeproblematik kunde det generera i psykisk ohälsa och leda till depression. Slutsats: Att utvecklas från att vara tonåring till att bli vuxen kan medföra en känslomässig storm och en psykisk påfrestning för den enskilde och dennes omgivning. Ungdomar söker sällan hjälp i tid. Klinisk betydelse: Litteraturstudien kan bidra med hur hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal bättre kan bemöta barn och ungdomar med depression samt förhindra att sjukdomsprocessen blir längre och orsakar ett större lidande för den drabbade. Nyckelord: depression, erfarenhet, kvalitativ forskning, ungdomar / Background: Young people who suffer from depression in adolescence are at increased risk of developing chronic mental disorders in adulthood. The period of youth and particularly adolescence is characterized by mental, physical and bodily changes that may affect the person's mood. Depression is characterized by depressed mood and can appear in several different ways depending on the people’s age. Aim: Illustrate children's and young people's (aged 12-25 years) experience of depression. Method: Qualitative literature review. Results: The results were categorized into four themes: coping, stigmatization, support needs and emotional pain. The results showed that adolescents who are exposed to non-manageable demands, family problems could generate in mental illness and lead to depression. Conclusion: To evolve from being a teenager to being an adult can cause an emotional storm and psychological distress for the individual and his surroundings. Young people rarely seek help in time. Clinical significance: The literature study can contribute to how health professionals can better respond to children and adolescents with depression and prevent for disease process to become longer and causing greater suffering for the afflicted. Keywords: adolescent, depression, experience, qualitative research

Bakgrund: Försämrade levnadsvanor i samhället har inneburit en ökning av fetma bland befolkningen. Sjuklig övervikt behandlas bland annat genom obesitaskirurgi. Syfte: Litteraturstudiens syfte var att belysa patienters upplevelse av hur livet påverkas efter genomgången obesitaskirurgi. Metod: En litteraturstudie genomfördes där nio kvalitativa studier granskades, analyserades och sammanställdes med hjälp utifrån en innehållsanalys. Resultat: I litteraturstudiens resultat presenteras att genomgången obesitaskirurgi innebar en omfattande kroppslig förändringsprocess för patienterna. Operationen medförde nya fysiska förutsättningar men även oväntade negativa effekter. Till följd av förändringen lärde sig patienterna att hantera viktminskningen och vidare beskrevs en återupptäckt av sig själv. Att vara en individ utanför normen innebar upplevelser av en förändrad stigmatisering och ett engagemang från omgivningen. Positiva och negativa upplevelser presenteras bland patienter av både manligt och kvinnligt kön. Konklusion: Litteraturstudiens resultat visade att genomgången obesitaskirurgi var en livsomvälvande upplevelse som innebar både fysiska och psykiska förändringar bland patienterna. / Background: Various elements in the society and bad habits have resulted in an increased number of people living with obesity. One method to treat obesity today is to undergo bariatric surgery. Aim: The aim of this literature study was to highlight patients’ experiences of life effects after bariatric surgery. Methods: A literature study was conducted and nine qualitative scientific articles were reviewed, analysed and compiled with a content analysis. Results: In the result of the literature study it was presented that bariatric surgery were an extensive process of bodily change. The operation induced new physical preconditions but also negative and unexpected side effects of the surgery. As a result of the process the patients had to handle the weight loss and further rediscover oneself. To be an individual outside the criterion meant an altered stigmatization and dedication of the surroundings. Positive and negative experiences were described among both male and female patients. Conclusion: To undergo bariatric surgery was a life changing experience, which involved both physical and psychological changes.

UX-related issues is one type of issue that customer support is facing. This thesis project investigates the possibility to look at support cases as a source of insight to how users interact with an information system application at an ERP company. It is also investigated if it is possible to use this gathered information when further developing the product. Support case data are gone through in order to map what type of problems the users are encountering and a category structure is developed based on this information. The categorization framework is evaluated by letting employees test the structure by categorizing incidents in to different categories. Further data collection are gathered by a questionnaire and follow-up interviews with the classification participants. To evaluate the value in the support case information, employees with product responsibility are also interviewed to get insight from their perspective. The result from the evaluation of the category structure indicated that it wasn’t easy to make a categorization of incidents. The incidents were placed in different categories and in order to apply a category structure it would need further evaluation before applying in large scale. The information in support cases are concluded to be valuable. The collection of information related to where users are encountering problem and also how many are experiencing the same issue could serve as a basis when prioritizing the product backlog. A mapping of issues could justify resources spent on usability by showing business value based on the presumed impact.

Bakgrund: Huntingtons sjukdom (HS) är en neurologisk sjukdom som är genetiskt ärftlig och drabbar både kvinnor och män i lika stor utsträckning. Sjukdomen angriper nervcellerna i hjärnan som styr muskelregleringen, vilket leder till ofrivilliga rörelser. Kognitiv påverkan är ett annat symtom, liksom att talet och andningen påverkas. HS är en fortskridande sjukdom och indelas i olika faser. I den sista fasen är den drabbade helt beroende av andra. Sjukdomen brukar kallas för en anhörigsjukdom på grund av att det är de anhöriga som ofta intar vårdrollen till personen med HS. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva hur anhörigvårdare till personer med Huntingtons sjukdom upplever sin livssituation, samt att beskriva de inkluderade vetenskapliga artiklarnas undersökningsgrupp. Metod: En beskrivande litteraturstudie baserad på tio vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats. Databaserna som användes till litteratursökningen var Cinahl och PsycINFO. Huvudresultat: Anhörigvårdare till personer med Huntingtons sjukdom beskrev en känslomässig stress som ofta ledde till depression och isolering. Deras liv blev åsidosatta då vårdandet upptog det mesta av deras tid samt att de kände sig ensamma i sin situation. Rädslan att själv drabbas var överhängande. Oförståelse och okunskap mötte dem ofta på vägen, både från sjukvårdspersonal och omgivning. Att erhålla stöd från familj, vänner och stödgrupper var betydelsefullt och önskvärt. Slutsatser: Anhörigvårdarna upplevde en känslomässig påfrestning genom vårdandet av sin familjemedlem med Huntingtons sjukdom. Sjuksköterskor bör ta lärdom av deras upplevelser för att förbättra vårdarbetet och bemötandet gentemot anhörigvårdarna. / Background: Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurologic disease that’s genetic hereditary and can affect both women and men equally. The disease infect nerve cells in the brain that controls muscle regulation, leading to involuntary movements. Cognitive loss is another symptom, as well as influenced speech and breathing. HD is a progressive disease and is divided into various phases. In the last phase the victim is completely dependent on others. The disease is called a relative’s disease because the relative often takes the care role to the person with HD. Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe how family caregivers to persons with Huntington’s disease experience their situation in life. Furthermore to describe the included scientific articles study group. Method: A descriptive literature study based on ten scientific articles with qualitative approach. The databases used for the literature research were Cinahl and PsycINFO. Main results: Family carers of people with Huntington's disease described an emotional stress that often led to depression and isolation. Their lives were sidelined while caring occupied most of their time and they often felt alone in their situation. The fear of being affected themselves by the disease was imminent. Incomprehension and ignorance were common, both from the medical staff and the surroundings. Obtaining support from family, friends and support groups were significant and desirable. Conclusion:  Family carers experienced an emotional strain while caring for their family member with Huntington's disease. Nurses should learn from their experiences to improve nursing care and treatment against family carers.

Antalet besökare på akutmottagningar ökar runt om i landet och arbetsförhållandena för vårdpersonalen blir allt sämre. Triagesystemet används för att kunna sortera och prioritera akut sjuka patienter som är i behov av att omedelbart träffa läkare för bedömning. Den stora majoriteten av patienter som söker vård på en akutmottagning har dock inte livshotande tillstånd. De har således en lägre prioritering och står på så sätt inför en komplicerad situation med bristande information, okunskap och långa väntetider. Syftet med studien är att beskriva hur patienten upplever vården på en akutmottagning. Metoden författarna har valt att använda är litteraturstudie enligt Axelsons modell. Studien behandlar nio artiklar. De valda artiklarnas resultat sammanställs och bildar tillsammans teman och subteman i syfte att skapa en ny helhetsbild. I Resultat framkommer det att patienter upplever triageringen som positiv men att den efterföljande vården, med bland annat långa väntetider, bristande information och avsaknad av delaktighet, bidrar till en otrygg och frustrerande upplevelse för patienter av vården på en akutmottagning. Diskussionen belyser patientens upplevelse av triageringen och hur det kommer sig att just detta möte beskrivs som positivt av patienter. Vidare diskuteras den bristande informationen patienter upplever på akutmottagningar och hur detta påverkar patienten.

I Sverige får ungefär 300 barn varje år en cancer diagnos. Allmänheten har höga krav på sjuksköterskor som vårdar barn med cancer och det är sjuksköterskorna som har ansvar för barnets omvårdnad. Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda barn med cancer. Metoden var en litteraturstudie som innehöll en analys av 12 vetenskapliga artiklar med både kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats. För att genomföra denna litteraturstudie har en femgradig metod använts. Resultatet av de analyserade artiklarna gav följande tema; sjuksköterskors upplevelse av att arbeta på en barncanceravdelning, sjuksköterskors upplevelse av stöd och sjuksköterskors upplevda behov vid vårdandet av cancersjuka barn. Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskorna upplevde det som krävande att arbeta på en barncanceravdelning på grund av att det inte fanns tillräckligt med personal, stress och skiftarbete. Det är av yttersta vikt att det finns stödprogram, utbildningsmöjligheter och tillfällen till att bearbeta sina yrkesrelaterade känslor på en barncanceravdelning / In Sweden, about 300 children every year gets a cancer diagnosis. The community have high demands on the nurses who care for children with cancer and it is the nurses who have responsibility for the child’s care. The aim of the study was to describe nurses experiences of caring for children with cancer. The method was a literature review which contained 12 scientific articles by both qualitative and quantitative method. To carry out this study has a five-point method been used. The results of the analyzed articles gave the following themes: nurses experience of working on a children's cancer department, nurses experience of support and nurses perceived needs in the care of children with cancer.   The results showed that the nurses felt that it was demanding to work at a children's cancer department because there was not enough staff, stress and shift work. It is crucial that there are support programs, training opportunities and the chance to work through their professional feelings on a children's cancer department.