The main objective of this master thesis is to implement the numerical modelling of the confluence of streams in the Tee-junction using Fluent CFD software. Modelling is carried out for different ratios of flow rates in steady flow. Calculations are evaluated, using a new mathematical model, by curves of loss coefficients. Furthermore, the influence of the selected type of the mesh in geometry on results from numerical modelling of flow is examined. Geometry of the Tee-junction is created in Gambit software. Finally, the results obtained from numerical modelling are confronted with results from an experiment.

La thèse est composée d’un chapitre de préliminaires et de deux articles sur le sujet du déploiement de singularités d’équations différentielles ordinaires analytiques dans le plan complexe. L’article Analytic classification of families of linear differential systems unfolding a resonant irregular singularity traite le problème de l’équivalence analytique de familles paramétriques de systèmes linéaires en dimension 2 qui déploient une singularité résonante générique de rang de Poincaré 1 dont la matrice principale est composée d’un seul bloc de Jordan. La question: quand deux telles familles sontelles équivalentes au moyen d’un changement analytique de coordonnées au voisinage d’une singularité? est complètement résolue et l’espace des modules des classes d’équivalence analytiques est décrit en termes d’un ensemble d’invariants formels et d’un invariant analytique, obtenu à partir de la trace de la monodromie. Des déploiements universels sont donnés pour toutes ces singularités. Dans l’article Confluence of singularities of non-linear differential equations via Borel–Laplace transformations on cherche des solutions bornées de systèmes paramétriques des équations non-linéaires de la variété centre de dimension 1 d’une singularité col-noeud déployée dans une famille de champs vectoriels complexes. En général, un système d’ÉDO analytiques avec une singularité double possède une unique solution formelle divergente au voisinage de la singularité, à laquelle on peut associer des vraies solutions sur certains secteurs dans le plan complexe en utilisant les transformations de Borel–Laplace. L’article montre comment généraliser cette méthode et déployer les solutions sectorielles. On construit des solutions de systèmes paramétriques, avec deux singularités régulières déployant une singularité irrégulière double, qui sont bornées sur des domaines «spirals» attachés aux deux points singuliers, et qui, à la limite, convergent vers une paire de solutions sectorielles couvrant un voisinage de la singularité confluente. La méthode apporte une description unifiée pour toutes les valeurs du paramètre. / The thesis is composed of a chapter of preliminaries and two articles on the theme of unfolding of singularities of analytic differential equations in a complex domain. They are both related to the problem of local analytic classification of parametric families of linear systems: When two parametric families of linear systems are equivalent by means of an analytic change of coordinates in a neighborhood of the singularity? The article Analytic classification of families of linear differential systems unfolding a resonant irregular singularity deals with the question of analytic equivalence of parametric families of systems of linear differential equations in dimension 2 unfolding a generic resonant singularity of Poincaré rank 1 whose leading matrix is a Jordan bloc. The problem is completely solved and the moduli space of analytic equivalence classes is described in terms of a set of formal invariants and a single analytic invariant obtained from the trace of the monodromy. Universal unfoldings are provided for all such singularities. The article Confluence of singularities of non-linear differential equations via Borel-Laplace transformations investigates bounded solutions of systems of differential equations describing a 1-dimensional center manifold of an unfolded saddle-node singularity in a family of complex vector fields. Generally, a system of analytic ODE at a double singular point possesses a unique formal solution in terms of a divergent power series. The classical Borel summation method associates to it true solutions that are asymptotic to the series on certain sectors in the complex plane. The article shows how to unfold the Borel and Laplace integral transformations of the summation procedure. A new kind of solutions of parameter dependent systems of ODE with two simple (regular) singular points unfolding a double (irregular) singularity are constructed, which are bounded on certain “spiraling” domains attached to both singular points, and which at the limit converge uniformly to a pair of the classical sectorial solutions. The method provides a unified treatment for all values of parameter.

Ce travail s’inscrit dans une problématique locale de teneur élevée en arsenic naturel dans le but d’améliorer la surveillance et la gestion de la qualité de la ressource en eau dans l’arrière-pays niçois. L’existence de grandes disparités géographiques des teneurs en arsenic font de la géologie la cause principale de cette contamination. L’intérêt de ce travail est d’appréhender les interactions solide/solution entre l’arsenic total dissous et les particules solides (matières en suspensions, sédiment de lit de rivière, solides naturels). Pour décrypter le comportement géochimique de l’arsenic, les trois objectifs principaux sont : de déterminer son état de conservativité dans le milieu naturel ; puis d’étudier les phénomènes d’adsorption en laboratoire sur des solides naturels (illite, oxydes de fer) ou de référence (kaolinite) ; puis enfin d’apporter une application directe au piégeage de l’arsenic par la création d’un pilote de traitement destiné à dépolluer une source d’eau destiné à la consommation humaine. La concentration en particule est le facteur influençant la conservativité de l’arsenic dans le système de confluence Tinée/Var selon les données des compartiments dissous et particulaire. La fraction colloïdale semble avoir une implication de premier ordre lors de la période de crue étudiée. Le piégeage de l’arsenic est favorisé par les oxyhydroxydes de fer, les argiles puis en moindre quantité par les solides acido-solubles. / This work aimed to solve a local problem of high water contamination with natural arsenic. In order to monitor and manage the water resource quality in French Riviera region. The different geographical repartition of arsenic content makes the consequences of this contamination to the geology. The interest of this work is to understand the interaction at solid/liquid interfaces between total dissolved arsenic and the solid particles (suspended particles matter, bed sediments and natural solids). To elucidate the geochemical behavior of arsenic, the three main objectives are: to determine the conservative states in the natural environment, then to study the adsorption phenomena under laboratory conditions onto the natural solids (illite and iron oxides) or reference materials (kaolinite); thirdly to apply the outcome of this work to establish a processing pilot for arsenic removal to decontaminate drinking water. The particle content is the main factor which influences the conservativity of arsenic in the confluence Tinée/Var. Colloids seems to have the main role in the arsenic removal in the studied flood period. Arsenic removal is favored by iron oxides, and clays, but less efficiently by acid-soluble compounds. The study of sorption mechanisms onto clays showed that adsorption of arsenic is strongly dependent on pH, quantity of aluminol reactive sites, influence of competitive anions such as carbonates and phosphates. Finally, the association of zeolites (high specific surface area) with coating of amorphous iron oxides (high affinity for arsenic) makes this adsorbent the most efficient, hence was studied and used in this work for arsenic adsorption.

The aim with this research is to present children with autism an alternative method through animal assisted therapy to communicate and socialize. Since children with autism cannot be guided to mastery of full maturity by means of the ordinary education system, separate provision of highly specialized fomative and formal education is essential. Autism prevents a child from reaching out to the world and other people. Autism implies a lack of communication with others and entails a disturbed dialogue with the world. This is revealed by the strange and odd behaviour of the child with autism. The aim of this research is to use animal assited therapy to bridge the gap between numerous problems experienced by the child with autism ascribed to his inadequate affective life, inablitity to form relationships with others, his language, speech and communication problems and poor sensory integration. / Social Work / M. Diac (Play Therapy)

Ce mémoire consiste en une reproduction et une extension du Modèle Confluent de l’Agression Sexuelle (MCAS) de Neil Malamuth. Le MCAS est un des seuls modèles développementaux de l’agression sexuelle d’hommes sur des femmes adultes à avoir été validé empiriquement. Dans ce modèle, deux trajectoires (la promiscuité sexuelle et la masculinité hostile) convergent et mènent à l’agression sexuelle. Pour la première fois, ce modèle est appliqué séparément à quatre paramètres de la carrière criminelle sexuelle (gravité, fréquence, précocité, spécialisation) au sein d’un échantillon d’agresseurs sexuels de femmes adultes judiciarisés (n=180). Les quatre modèles qui en résultent s’ajustent bien aux données. Tous les liens postulés dans le MCAS sont validés dans ce mémoire, à une exception. En effet, contrairement aux résultats obtenus par Malamuth, une seule des deux trajectoires du modèle présente un lien significatif avec chacun des paramètres de la carrière criminelle sexuelle à l’étude. La trajectoire de la promiscuité sexuelle est liée à la précocité et à la non-spécialisation (lien négatif avec la spécialisation) alors que la trajectoire de la masculinité hostile est associée à la gravité et à la fréquence. Ces résultats sont congruents avec une approche typologique des agresseurs sexuels de femmes adultes. Chacune des deux trajectoires du MCAS englobe des caractéristiques spécifiques à certains types de violeurs (opportunistes, colériques, sadiques) qui, pour leur part, se distinguent quant aux paramètres de leur carrière criminelle sexuelle. / The purpose of this thesis is to replicate and extend Malamuth’s Confluence Model of Sexual Aggression (CMSA). The CMSA is one of the few empirically validated developmental models of men’s sexual aggression against women. In this model, sexual aggression is resulting from the convergence of two paths (sexual promiscuity and hostile masculinity). For the first time, in this thesis, the CMSA is applied to four parameters of the sexual criminal career (seriousness, frequency, age of onset, specialization) within a sample of convicted rapists (n=180). Each of the four resulting models yielded a good fit of the data. All but one of the relationships hypothesized in the CMSA were replicated in this thesis. Indeed, our results suggest that only one of the CMSA’s paths is related to each of the sexual criminal career parameters tested in this thesis. The sexual promiscuity path is related to age of onset and non-specialization (sexual promiscuity being negatively related to specialization) while the hostile masculinity path is related to seriousness and frequency. Our results are congruent with a typological approach of rapists. Each of the two CMSA’s paths is operationalized using some specific characteristics which are known to be linked to certain types of rapists (opportunistic, angry, sadistic types). In turn, those types of rapists present distinctive relationships to the sexual criminal career parameters investigated in this thesis.

A Confluência Brasil-Malvinas (CBM) é formada pelo encontro da Corrente do Brasil (CB) com a Corrente das Malvinas (CM) no Atlântico Sul. Esta é uma das áreas mais energéticas do oceano global e é demarcada por um intenso gradiente meridional de temperatura. Imagens de satélites e observações in situ mostram a presença de meandros e vórtices, tanto ciclônicos como anticiclônicos, na região da CBM. Com o conhecimento de campos de anomalia da altura da superfície do mar (AASM) e campos de temperatura da superfície do mar (TSM) para a região da Frente Brasil-Malvinas (FBM) é possível se estimar a variação da energia associada às ondas de Rossby anuais e bianuais existentes em seu entorno e detectar a posição da frente termal existente nesta região. Nesse contexto, foi realizado o estudo do deslocamento meridional da FBM numa escala de tempo interanual, da variação do espectro de ondas de Rossby na CBM e da variabilidade associada ao campo médio de velocidades geostróficas absolutas. A comparação do espectro de ondas de Rossby na CBM para o período de 2001-2008 apresentou aumento da energia associada aos períodos anual e bianual em relação aos valores obtidos da análise do período de 1993-2000. Essa alteração do espectro não teve relação com a alteração média da frente termal detectada porém, houve aumento significativo da variabilidade meridional da posição da frente média, possivelmente devido a um aumento do fluxo da CB. Maior variabilidade também foi observada nos mapas de velocidade geostrófica para o mesmo período de 2001-2008. Estes mapas exibiram ainda um possível posicionamento mais austral da CB, corroborando o aumento da variabilidade oriundo da maior instabilidade gerada por ondas planetárias na região da CBM. / The Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BMC) is formed by the encounter of the Brazil Current (BC) with the Malvinas Current (MC) at the South Atlantic ocean. This is one of the most energetic regions of the world oceans and it is characterized by intense meridional sea surface temperature gradients. Satellite data and in situ observations often reveal the presence of cyclonic and anticyclonic meanders and vortices at the BMC region. The sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) and the sea surface temperature (SST) fields of the Brazil-Malvinas Frontal (BMF) region can be used to determine the energy variations associated with the annual and bi-annual Rossby waves that occur at its surroundings and to detect the position of the thermal front. Our study involved the determination of the BMF meridional displacement on an interannual scale, the spectral variations of the Rossby wave field at the BMC region, and the variability associated to the mean absolute geostrophic velocities. The Rossby wave spectra at the BMC for 2001-2008 show an increase of the energy associated with both the annual and bi--annual periods relative to the 1993-2000 interval. These spectral changes are not directly related to the mean changes in the thermal front region, however we detected a significant meridional variability of the mean position of the front most probably due to an increase in the BC flux. Large variations were also observed in the geostrophic velocity field for the 2001-2008 period. These maps exhibited a farther south location of the BC. This corroborates the variability increase due to a greater instability introduced by the planetary waves at the BMC region.

Cette thèse concerne la combinaison du lambda-calcul et de la réécriture, dont nous étudions principalement deux propriétés : la confluence et la normalisation forte. Nous commençons par étudier sous quelles conditions la combinaison d'une relation de réécriture conditionnelle confluente au lambda-calcul donne une relation de réécriture confluente. Ensuite nous nous intéressons aux preuves de normalisation forte de lambda-calculs typés utilisant la technique de réductibilité. Notre contribution la plus importante est une comparaison de diverses variantes de cette technique, utilisant comme outil de comparaison la manière dont ces variantes s'étendent à la réécriture et dont elles prennent en compte les types unions et les types existentiels implicites. Enfin, nous présentons un critère, basé sur un système de types contraints, pour la normalisation forte de la réécriture conditionnelle combinée au lambda-calcul. Notre approche étend des critères de terminaison existants qui utilisent des annotations de taille. C'est à notre connaissance le premier critère de terminaison pour la réécriture conditionnelle avec membres droits d'ordre supérieur qui prenne en compte, dans l'argument de terminaison, de l'information issue de la satisfaction des conditions des règles de réécriture / This thesis is about the combination of lambda-calculus with rewriting. We mainly study two properties: confluence and strong normalization. We begin by studying under which conditions the combination of a confluent conditional rewrite relation to the lambda-calculus leads to a confluent relation. Next, we study strong normalization proofs of typed lambda-calculi that use the reducibility technique. Our main contribution is a comparison of variants of this technique, with respect to how they extend to rewriting and how they handle union and implicit existential types. Finally, we present a termination criterion for the combination of conditional rewriting and lambda-calculus based on a constrained type system. Our approach, which extends known criteria that use sized types, is to our knowledge the first termination criterion for conditional rewriting with higher-order right-hand sides that takes into account in the termination argument some information generated by the satisfaction of the conditions of the rewrite rules

A Confluência Brasil-Malvinas (CBM) é formada pelo encontro da Corrente do Brasil (CB) com a Corrente das Malvinas (CM) no Atlântico Sul. Esta é uma das áreas mais energéticas do oceano global e é demarcada por um intenso gradiente meridional de temperatura. Imagens de satélites e observações in situ mostram a presença de meandros e vórtices, tanto ciclônicos como anticiclônicos, na região da CBM. Com o conhecimento de campos de anomalia da altura da superfície do mar (AASM) e campos de temperatura da superfície do mar (TSM) para a região da Frente Brasil-Malvinas (FBM) é possível se estimar a variação da energia associada às ondas de Rossby anuais e bianuais existentes em seu entorno e detectar a posição da frente termal existente nesta região. Nesse contexto, foi realizado o estudo do deslocamento meridional da FBM numa escala de tempo interanual, da variação do espectro de ondas de Rossby na CBM e da variabilidade associada ao campo médio de velocidades geostróficas absolutas. A comparação do espectro de ondas de Rossby na CBM para o período de 2001-2008 apresentou aumento da energia associada aos períodos anual e bianual em relação aos valores obtidos da análise do período de 1993-2000. Essa alteração do espectro não teve relação com a alteração média da frente termal detectada porém, houve aumento significativo da variabilidade meridional da posição da frente média, possivelmente devido a um aumento do fluxo da CB. Maior variabilidade também foi observada nos mapas de velocidade geostrófica para o mesmo período de 2001-2008. Estes mapas exibiram ainda um possível posicionamento mais austral da CB, corroborando o aumento da variabilidade oriundo da maior instabilidade gerada por ondas planetárias na região da CBM. / The Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BMC) is formed by the encounter of the Brazil Current (BC) with the Malvinas Current (MC) at the South Atlantic ocean. This is one of the most energetic regions of the world oceans and it is characterized by intense meridional sea surface temperature gradients. Satellite data and in situ observations often reveal the presence of cyclonic and anticyclonic meanders and vortices at the BMC region. The sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) and the sea surface temperature (SST) fields of the Brazil-Malvinas Frontal (BMF) region can be used to determine the energy variations associated with the annual and bi-annual Rossby waves that occur at its surroundings and to detect the position of the thermal front. Our study involved the determination of the BMF meridional displacement on an interannual scale, the spectral variations of the Rossby wave field at the BMC region, and the variability associated to the mean absolute geostrophic velocities. The Rossby wave spectra at the BMC for 2001-2008 show an increase of the energy associated with both the annual and bi--annual periods relative to the 1993-2000 interval. These spectral changes are not directly related to the mean changes in the thermal front region, however we detected a significant meridional variability of the mean position of the front most probably due to an increase in the BC flux. Large variations were also observed in the geostrophic velocity field for the 2001-2008 period. These maps exhibited a farther south location of the BC. This corroborates the variability increase due to a greater instability introduced by the planetary waves at the BMC region.

Cette thèse porte sur la gouvernabilité des processus de projet d'aménagement urbain en territoires métropolitains. L'auteur montre comment l'exercice de la maîtrise d'ouvrage urbaine revient à constituer des moyens pour faire advenir ces projets, et mobilise des compétences de management de projet. Par l'analyse du mode de programmation de ces projets, l'auteur montre que l'un des rôles majeurs de la MOU est de mettre en compatibilité l'ensemble des éléments du processus et cela repose sur une mise en coordination de plusieurs activités et de nombreux acteurs. Ces acteurs sont en situation de hiérarchie ou en indépendance, ou de délégataires et selon le type de structuration des collectivités locales, cela peut présenter des risques d'extraterritorialité. L'auteur propose une approche par les coûts de transaction pour analyser les structures classiques des MOU. L'auteur montre que les théories de la gouvernance urbaine anglo-saxonnes ne rendent pas compte de ces MOU françaises.

Ce mémoire consiste en une reproduction et une extension du Modèle Confluent de l’Agression Sexuelle (MCAS) de Neil Malamuth. Le MCAS est un des seuls modèles développementaux de l’agression sexuelle d’hommes sur des femmes adultes à avoir été validé empiriquement. Dans ce modèle, deux trajectoires (la promiscuité sexuelle et la masculinité hostile) convergent et mènent à l’agression sexuelle. Pour la première fois, ce modèle est appliqué séparément à quatre paramètres de la carrière criminelle sexuelle (gravité, fréquence, précocité, spécialisation) au sein d’un échantillon d’agresseurs sexuels de femmes adultes judiciarisés (n=180). Les quatre modèles qui en résultent s’ajustent bien aux données. Tous les liens postulés dans le MCAS sont validés dans ce mémoire, à une exception. En effet, contrairement aux résultats obtenus par Malamuth, une seule des deux trajectoires du modèle présente un lien significatif avec chacun des paramètres de la carrière criminelle sexuelle à l’étude. La trajectoire de la promiscuité sexuelle est liée à la précocité et à la non-spécialisation (lien négatif avec la spécialisation) alors que la trajectoire de la masculinité hostile est associée à la gravité et à la fréquence. Ces résultats sont congruents avec une approche typologique des agresseurs sexuels de femmes adultes. Chacune des deux trajectoires du MCAS englobe des caractéristiques spécifiques à certains types de violeurs (opportunistes, colériques, sadiques) qui, pour leur part, se distinguent quant aux paramètres de leur carrière criminelle sexuelle. / The purpose of this thesis is to replicate and extend Malamuth’s Confluence Model of Sexual Aggression (CMSA). The CMSA is one of the few empirically validated developmental models of men’s sexual aggression against women. In this model, sexual aggression is resulting from the convergence of two paths (sexual promiscuity and hostile masculinity). For the first time, in this thesis, the CMSA is applied to four parameters of the sexual criminal career (seriousness, frequency, age of onset, specialization) within a sample of convicted rapists (n=180). Each of the four resulting models yielded a good fit of the data. All but one of the relationships hypothesized in the CMSA were replicated in this thesis. Indeed, our results suggest that only one of the CMSA’s paths is related to each of the sexual criminal career parameters tested in this thesis. The sexual promiscuity path is related to age of onset and non-specialization (sexual promiscuity being negatively related to specialization) while the hostile masculinity path is related to seriousness and frequency. Our results are congruent with a typological approach of rapists. Each of the two CMSA’s paths is operationalized using some specific characteristics which are known to be linked to certain types of rapists (opportunistic, angry, sadistic types). In turn, those types of rapists present distinctive relationships to the sexual criminal career parameters investigated in this thesis.