In a recent paper, Bentzen proposes a semantically characterised logic called Action Type Deontic Logic, where normative concepts are applied to action expressions, rather than propositional statements. The logic offers solutions to many of the paradoxes of deontic logic. In particular, Bentzen's semantics solves many puzzles involving the interaction of permission with conjunction and disjunction. One of the reasons for these positive results is the assumption that agents always act according to norm. This assumption means that only agents with ideal behaviour are modelled; there is no possibility for norm-violation. In this thesis, proof techniques and decision procedures for Action Type Deontic Logic in the style of semantic tableau are investigated, and soundness, completeness and termination results are obtained. In order to account for the possibility of norm-violation, a new semantics based on a generalisation of Action Type Deontic Logic models is proposed. The new semantics keeps the possibility of norm-violation open, while many of the virtues of Action Type Deontic Logic remain.

This master thesis is available for everyone who is interested in quality management of IS/ICT and not only in this area. It is composed of theoretical introduction, where are discussed different points of view on quality. It deals with historical development and definition of what is the quality. For the purpose of quality management, there are described ISO norm and standard, mostly the quality norms. There is explained importance of these norms in context of our life. In addition the quality management systems like BSC or TQM is also mentioned. Another part of the thesis is about project management of IS/ICT projects and its subpart quality management. The last part of the thesis is about practical application and research. The hypotheses and goals are being verified here.. Together there are seven goals to be fulfilled. First of them is about describing quality and quality management. The rest of goals is about the verification of hypotheses originating from real situations, that the writer had experienced or examined. The first goal is realized by summarizing and commenting information from different sources creating run-through the quality and quality management. The rest of them is fulfilled by empirical research between experts from IS/ICT area, which gives answers for all of the goals. This thesis brings the view over the quality and quality management from its beginning, through applications and real utilization.

Dans Surveiller et Punir, Michel Foucault met en avant le fait que les peines prononcées contre les condamnés, qui s’exerçaient autrefois directement sur leur corps, s’exercent à présent sur leur âme, et plus précisément sur leur volonté. Changer l’individu par la norme en exerçant une influence sur sa volonté propre, laquelle est pourtant communément associée à un caractère irréductible, tel est le défi paradoxal du pouvoir normatif, du moins des relations ou rapports de pouvoir définis par Foucault. À travers une approche sociologique, psychologique, l’individu est appréhendé par l’autorité judiciaire comme s’il était en grande partie le fruit d’un déterminisme. C’est en changeant son milieu que l’on pourrait changer son comportement, que l’on ferait de sa volonté hors norme une volonté normée. Cependant, ces tentatives présentées comme des remèdes ont une efficacité mitigée. La prison, par exemple, qui entretient des mécanismes de mise à l’écart et d’oubli des individus ne peut qu’échouer à normaliser les volontés individuelles car elle cultive en son sein les «volontés déviantes», comme pour faire perdurer les illégalismes nécessaires à la conservation des relations de pouvoir au sein de la société. Mais de quelle façon la norme peut -elle agir sur la volonté individuelle ? Il semble que la pensée de Michel Foucault mettant en lumière les échecs de l’action du pouvoir normatif sur la volonté individuelle ait trouvé en cela certaines réponses juridiques actuelles, par exemple dans les récentes mises en place de procédures du plaider-coupable, par des velléités, finalement abandonnées, de fixation d’un âge de consentement sexuel ou encore par la multiplication des alternatives à la prison. / In Discipline and Punish, Michel Foucault highlights the fact that the sentences handed down against convicts, that were formerly exercising directly on their bodies, are now exercised on their souls, and more precisely on their will. To change the individual by the norm by exerting an influence on his own will, which is nevertheless commonly associated with an irreducible character, is the paradoxical challenge of the normative power, at least of the relations or relations of power defined by Foucault. Through a sociological and psychological approach, the individual is apprehended by the judicial authority as if it were largely the result of determinism. It is by changing his environment that one could change his behavior, that one would make his out -of-the-ordinary will a normed will. However, these attempts presented as remedies have a mixed effectiveness. Prison, for example, which maintains mechanisms of exclusion and forgetfulness of individuals can only fail to normalize individual wishes because it cultivates within it the "deviant wills", as if to perpetuate illegalisms necessary to preserve power relations within society. But how can the norm affect individual will? It seems that the thought of Michel Foucault highlighting the failures of the action of the normative power on the individual will has found in this certain current legal answers, for example in the recent establishment of procedures of the plea-guilty, by the setting, eventually forgotten, of an age of sexual consent or by multiplying alternatives to prison.

How is death presented in picture books? Does it matter how the characters in picture books react to grief and death? This study analyses four picture books with the intention of establishing which norms and core values are consistently reflected. The aim is to determine whether the reactions of characters to grief and death in illustrated literature are consistent with previous research findings in this field about Children’s reactions to sorrow and death. Illustrated literature is a fundamental feature of early year’s development at preschool. It plays a critical role in assisting children with visualization of “normal” reactions and emotions triggered by everyday life. Carefully selected illustrated literature can therefore be used to explain difficult situations such as death and grief processing. Children are able to identify with the characters presented and take guidance and influence from the illustrated reactions presented to Grief. The theoretical basis of the essay is John Bowlbys attachment theory on Children’s reactions to the loss of a connected person and its inherent normcritical perspective on gender. The method used is a targeted qualitative content analysis based on pre-defined themes and categories. The results show that the Children’s reactions to sorrow and death are indeed consistent with those recorded and presented previously when examining common reactions in children to mourning. The study also shows a deviation in the literature in question from social stereotypes on male and female behavior. Breaking these norms may mean that the behaviors presented in the books will eventually be normalized by the children.

Sweden Rock Festival is one of the biggest festivals in Sweden and its focus on rock music in its different forms keeps the audience coming back and keeps the festival going. Time and time again the festival is noticed as being one of the safer festivals based on the amount of reported assaults and reported accidents. The purpose of this paper is to try to find the reason why the Sweden Rock Festival is perceived as safe. Looking at our rules and regulations harassment, violent crimes and sexual predatory behaviour is more common on a city street in daylight than it is at the festival even if some men and women are barely wearing clothes, are intoxicated and at times sleeping alone in the grass in a secluded area. The materials put together show that people choose to co-exist and care for each other to keep the festival safe and welcoming. The paper is based on my own observations at the festival as well as interviews with other visitors, these were conducted in person. I have found statistics from the police and materials written about the festival. I have chosen to use the theory of homophily in some parts of the analysis but I am focusing on performance theories as well as the values and morals aspect to get a full picture of what actually happens when you set foot at the Sweden Rock Festival.

Given the ubiquity of time series data, and the exponential growth of databases, there has recently been an explosion of interest in time series data mining. Finding similar trends and patterns among time series data is critical for many applications ranging from financial planning, weather forecasting, stock analysis to policy making. With time series being high-dimensional objects, detection of similar trends especially at the granularity of subsequences or among time series of different lengths and temporal misalignments incurs prohibitively high computation costs. Finding trends using non-metric correlation measures further compounds the complexity, as traditional pruning techniques cannot be directly applied. My dissertation addresses these challenges while meeting the need to achieve near real-time responsiveness. First, for retrieving exact similarity results using Lp-norm distances, we design a two-layered time series index for subsequence matching. Time series relationships are compactly organized in a directed acyclic graph embedded with similarity vectors capturing subsequence similarities. Powerful pruning strategies leveraging the graph structure greatly reduce the number of time series as well as subsequence comparisons, resulting in a several order of magnitude speed-up. Second, to support a rich diversity of correlation analytics operations, we compress time series into Euclidean-based clusters augmented by a compact overlay graph encoding correlation relationships. Such a framework supports a rich variety of operations including retrieving positive or negative correlations, self correlations and finding groups of correlated sequences. Third, to support flexible similarity specification using computationally expensive warped distance like Dynamic Time Warping we design data reduction strategies leveraging the inexpensive Euclidean distance with subsequent time warped matching on the reduced data. This facilitates the comparison of sequences of different lengths and with flexible alignment still within a few seconds of response time. Comprehensive experimental studies using real-world and synthetic datasets demonstrate the efficiency, effectiveness and quality of the results achieved by our proposed techniques as compared to the state-of-the-art methods.

A compressão de dados é uma área de muito interesse em termos computacionais devido à necessidade de armazená-los e transmiti-los. Em particular, a compressão de malhas possui grande interesse em função do crescimento de sua utilização em jogos tridimensionais e modelagens diversas. Nos últimos anos, uma nova teoria de aquisição e reconstrução de sinais foi desenvolvida, baseada no conceito de esparsidade na minimização da norma L1 e na incoerência do sinal, chamada Compressive Sensing (CS). Essa teoria possui algumas características marcantes, como a aleatoriedade de amostragem e a reconstrução via minimização, de modo que a própria aquisição do sinal é feita considerando somente os coeficientes significativos. Qualquer objeto que possa ser interpretado como um sinal esparso permite sua utilização. Assim, ao se representar esparsamente um objeto (sons, imagens) é possível aplicar a técnica de CS. Este trabalho verifica a viabilidade da aplicação da teoria de CS na compressão de malhas, de modo que seja possível um sensoreamento e representação compressivos na geometria de uma malha. Nos experimentos realizados, foram utilizadas variações dos parâmetros de entrada e técnicas de minimização da Norma L1. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a técnica de CS pode ser utilizada como estratégia de compressão da geometria das malhas. / Data compression is an area of a major interest in computational terms due to the issues on storage and transmission. Particularly, mesh compression has wide usage due to the increase of its application in games and three-dimensional modeling. In recent years, a new theory of acquisition and reconstruction of signals was developed, based on the concept of sparsity and in the minimization of the L1 norm and the incoherency of the signal, called Compressive Sensing (CS). This theory has some remarkable features, such as random sampling and reconstruction by minimization, in a way that the signal acquisition is done by considering only its significant coefficients. Any object that can be interpreted as a sparse sign allows its use. Thus, representing an object sparsely (sounds, images), you can apply the technique of CS. This work explores the viability of CS theory on mesh compression, so that it is possible a representative and compressive sensing on the mesh geometry. In the performed experiments, different parameters and L1 Norm minimization strategies were used. The results show that CS can be used as a mesh geometry compression strategy.

The aim of this study is to examine civic teacher’s perception of the twofold purpose of the Swedish education system. The duality consists of supplying subject knowledge to the pupils and at the same time mediate norms and values specified in the regulatory documents for Swedish upper secondary school. Furthermore, this study aims to contribute to the already existing body of work detailing how teachers view norm-breaking behavior in education. The study is based on a phenomenographic analysis of semi structured interviews conducted with nine civics teachers in upper secondary school. The study revolves around three fundamental questions: 1) how do teachers view the twofold purpose within the regulatory documents, 2) how do they handle pupils that exhibit norm-breaking behavior and 3) how do teachers contribute to the making of good citizens. The material retrieved from the interviews was arranged using a seven step phenomenographic method which resulted in the creation of three general themes based on the aim of the study. The results show there is a wide range of perceptions among civic teachers on the twofold purpose of the Swedish educational system. No unified view on norm-breaking behavior could be found and neither a unified way of dealing with such. The results show us that teachers use a plethora of ways to deal with normbreaking behavior depending on what type of behavior is at hand. The two overarching ways of viewing the norms and values presented in the regulatory documents was either an integrated part of the educational system or as a strain on the profession. The results present four main methods teachers use to deal with pupils exhibiting a norm-breaking behavior. 1) A method of disarming, 2) A method of conversing, 3) A inquisitive method and 4) a method of delegation. Lastly the results show that the teachers operate on three levels in their work against norm-breaking behavior, 1) On a state level in which they interpret the regulatory documents. 2) On a peer level in which they interact with other teachers and their expectations on one another. 3) On a personal level in which the teacher navigates their own norms and values. No definitive answers could be found in this study, but it can contribute to past and future research to give a wider understanding of how teachers handle students exhibit norm-breaking behavior.

Iguape é um dos municípios do litoral sul paulista que teve muita importância na história do Brasil Colonial. Conheceu o auge com o ciclo do arroz, quando o rio Ribeira de Iguape era o principal meio de transporte e o porto às suas margens um dos mais importantes do País. Depois veio o declínio, conseqüência da abertura do Valo Grande e do assoreamento de seu porto. E, por fim, veio o isolamento numa das regiões mais pobres do Estado de São Paulo, o Vale do Ribeira. Iguape é o ponto 334 indicado por Antenor Nascentes para a pesquisa da realidade dialetal brasileira. O presente estudo objetiva registrar amostras desse verdadeiro dialeto caiçara, bolsão de tupinismos, arcaísmos e variantes lexicais peculiares. Procurou-se arrolar as lexias mais utilizadas na região não somente para lançá-las num mapa. Além de fazer o tratamento quantitativo dos dados, com o apoio das noções de estatística lexical de Muller, privilegiou-se a abordagem dos aspectos semântico-lexicais, com base em Pottier e Rastier, partindo da concepção de norma de Coseriu. Com base nos procedimentos teórico-metodológicos da Geolingüística da atualidade, aplicaram-se as questões da área Corpo Humano do Questionário semântico-lexical do Projeto ALiB, versão 2001, em três pontos do município de Iguape Icapara, Rocio e Jairê, a doze sujeitos, quatro de cada ponto, dos dois gêneros e em duas faixas etárias, quais sejam, de 18 a 30 anos (primeira faixa) e de 66 anos em diante (segunda faixa). A partir das respostas obtidas nas entrevistas, elaboraram-se dezesseis cartogramas, que espelham a variação diatópica de cunho lexical. Ainda em consonância com os preceitos da Geolingüística moderna, que alia sua metodologia às da Sociolingüística, compondo um quadro pluridimensional, mostrou-se o quadro da diversidade lingüística local. Em suma, o trabalho faz o registro da realidade lingüística desta parte muito pequena do Brasil, mas de grande importância para os estudos geolingüísticos, antes que esses falares se percam, quer pela ação homogeneizadora dos meios de comunicação de massa, quer pelas próprias forças centrífugas da língua. / Iguape is one of the cities on the southern coast of São Paulo State that had great importance in the History of colonial Brazil. It had its days of glory during the rice plantation period, when Ribeira de Iguape River was the main means of transportation and the port on its banks was one of the most important in the country. Later, decline came as a consequence of the opening of Valo Grande and the aggradation of its port. Finally, it became isolated in one of the poorest areas of the São Paulo State, the Ribeira Valley. Iguape is point number 334, as indicated by Antenor Nascentes, for the research of the Brazilian dialectal reality. The present work aims at registering samples of this truly \"caiçara\" dialect, in a region of \"tupinisms\", archaisms and peculiar lexical variants. We intended not only to place the lexias used in the area on a map, but also to list the most frequent ones. Besides doing quantitative treatment to data, based on Muller\'s notions of Lexical Statistics, we have focused in approaching the semantic-lexical aspects, based on Pottier and Rastier and starting from Coseriu\'s notion of norm. Based on present Geolinguistics theoretical-methodological procedures, we have applied the questions from area \"Human Body\" in the semantic-lexical Questionnaire of Project AliB, version 2001, in three points of the city of Iguape - namely Icapara, Rocio e Jairê -, to twelve subjects, four in each point, from both genders and belonging to two age groups, between 18 to 30 (first group) and older than 66 (second group). From the answers obtained in interviews, we have elaborated sixteen cartograms, which reflect the diatopic variation on lexical basis. Still in consonance with the principles of modern Geolinguistics, which allies its methodology to the one used in Sociolinguistics, forming a pluridimensional framework, we have showed the picture of local linguistic diversity. In summary, this work registers the linguistic reality of this very small part of Brazil, which has great importance to geolinguistic studies, before the loss of these speeches, be it by the homogenizing effect of mass media or by language\'s own centrifugal forces.

A soja é hoje a principal oleaginosa do Brasil, cultivada em todas as latitudes do país é o mais importante produto agrícola de exportação. O alto custo das adubações e a importância da nutrição mineral sobre a produtividade, tornam imprescindível a utilização de técnicas de avaliação do estado nutricional como a diagnose foliar. O Sistema Integrado de Diagnose e Recomendação (DRIS) utiliza o conceito de balanço de nutrientes e parece estar menos sujeito as interferências de particularidades locais do ambiente e dos sistemas de amostragem das plantas. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo testar diferentes métodos de cálculo das funções DRIS, estabelecer uma norma de referência DRIS e avaliar o estado nutricional da cultura da soja nas regiões compreendidas pelo sul do Maranhão sudoeste do Piauí e Mato Grosso. Foram utilizados 1555 resultados de análise química foliar e produtividade dos campos de produção das regiões do sul do Maranhão e sudoeste do Piauí e 5734 resultados de análise química foliar e produtividade dos campos de pesquisa e produção do Mato Grosso. A amostragem consistiu na coleta da folha diagnóstico, que corresponde à terceira ou quarta folha com pecíolo a partir do ápice de 50 plantas por talhão em pleno florescimento. A sub-população de alta produtividade, nutricionalmente equilibrada, foi determinada pela melhor correlação do Índice de Balanço Nutricional (IBN) com a produtividade do banco de amostras. Foram testadas as metodologias DRIS de Beaufils (1973), Jones (1981) e Elwali & Gascho (1984) para obtenção dos índices DRIS, nos quais as relações foram escolhidas pelo método da razão das variâncias. Os índices DRIS foram classificados em deficiente, normal e excessivo e comparados com o critério das faixas de suficiência. As metodologias de cálculo das funções DRIS (Beaufils, 1973; Jones, 1981; Elwali & Gascho, 1984) apresentaram resultados semelhantes no diagnóstico nutricional da soja nas regiões estudadas. A relação entre a produtividade e o IBN foi melhor quando as normas DRIS foram estabelecidas utilizando a população de referência com produtividade ≥3600 kg ha-1 para as regiões do sul do Maranhão e sudoeste do Piauí e ≥4800 kg ha-1 para Mato Grosso. O método de cálculo das funções DRIS proposto por Jones (1981) foi escolhido para avaliação do estado nutricional da soja nas regiões do sul do Maranhão e sudoeste do Piauí e Mato Grosso pela sua facilidade de utilização. O cobre foi o nutriente mais limitante para a produtividade da soja nas regiões do sul do Maranhão e sudoeste do Piauí. Fósforo foi o nutriente mais limitante para a produtividade no Mato Grosso. O método DRIS, utilizando normas especificas para as regiões do sul do Maranhão e sudoeste do Piauí e para o Mato Grosso, foi eficiente no diagnóstico nutricional da soja. / Nowadays, soybean is the main oleaginous plant in Brazil, cultivated in all latitudes of the country it is the most important agricultural product of exportation. The high cost of fertilization and the importance of the mineral nutrition over productivity, make indispensable the use of evaluation techniques for the nutritional status as well as the foliar diagnosis. The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) uses the concept of nutrient balance, it seems to be less subject to the interference of local particularities of the environment and of the systems of plant sampling. The aim of the present work was to test different methods of DRIS calculation functions, to establish a DRIS reference norm, and to evaluate the nutritional status of soybean in the areas comprehended by the south of Maranhão and southwest of Piauí and Mato Grosso. The study used 1555 results of foliar chemical analysis and productivity of production fields in the southern areas of Maranhão and the southwestern areas of Piauí and 5734 results of foliar chemical analysis and productivity of the research fields and production of Mato Grosso. The sampling consisted in collecting the diagnostic leaf corresponding to the third or fourth leaf with petiole, starting from the apex of 50 plants per planting field in full blooming. The sub-population of high productivity, nutritionally balanced, was determined by the best correlation of Index of Nutritional Balance (INB) with the productivity of the sampling bank. The methodologies DRIS Beaufils (1973), Jones (1981), and Elwali & Gascho (1984) were tested in order to obtain the DRIS indices, for which relationships were chosen using the method of variance ratio. The DRIS indices were classified as deficient, normal, and excessive. They were compared with the criterion of the sufficiency ranges. The methodologies of calculation DRIS functions (Beaufils, 1973; Jones, 1981; Elwali & Gascho, 1984) presented similar results in nutritional diagnosis of soybean in the studied areas. The relation between the productivity and INB was better when DRIS norms were established using the reference population with productivity ≥3600 kg ha-1 for the southern areas of Maranhão and southwestern areas of Piauí and ≥4800 kg ha-1 for Mato Grosso. The method of calculation DRIS functions proposed by Jones (1981) was chosen to evaluate the nutritional status of soybean in the southern areas of Maranhão and southwestern areas of Piauí and Mato Grosso for its usefulness easiness. Copper was the most limiting nutrient for soybean productivity in the southern areas of Maranhão and southwestern areas of Piauí. Phosphorus was the most limiting nutrient for the productivity in Mato Grosso. The DRIS method using specific norms in the southern areas of Maranhão and southwestern areas of Piauí and to Mato Grosso, was efficient in the nutritional diagnosis of soybean.