Si certains héritiers de la phénoménologie ont cherché à libérer l'apparaître des normes qui lui étaient imposées, il en allait autrement chez Husserl. Les normes étaient d'abord appliquées aux visées de sens elles-mêmes, lesquelles étaient dites « correctes» ou « incorrectes». Autre façon de dire que la phénoménologie ne pouvait faire l'économie des normes : point de description sans prescription, et sans prescription à la description. Dire que le projet phénoménologique est essentiellement descriptif, c’est cependant admettre que les normes s'y tiennent en retrait. Le premier défi d'une phénoménologie des normes est donc de les mettre au jour. De plus, en son versant critique, la phénoménologie des normes doit justifier notre droit de les poser et de les appliquer normativement. À ce titre, elle sera une phénoménologie du caractère normatif des normes . Suivant les traces de Husserl, nous considèrerons d'abord les enjeux normatifs liés à la logique, puis les autres normes reconnues par lui. Ces normes étant assimilées à l'obtention d'une évidence ou d'un certain type d'évidence, elles avaient toutes un usage théorique. Nous ferons cependant l'hypothèse que certaines normes peuvent avoir un usage pratique. Cette hypothèse se heurtera à un obstacle de taille chez Husserl, qui proposait de justifier les devoirs pratiques grâce aux valeurs et non par les normes. Déconstruisant chacun des présupposés normatifs ayant conduit Husserl à recourir aux valeurs en éthique, nous paverons la voie à une éthique phénoménologique, normative et suspensive. / If some of phenomenology's heirs sought to free that which appears from the norms imposed upon it, it was not Husserl's main concern. He applied norms foremost to sense itself, which was then said to be «correct» or «incorrect». This was another way of saying that phenomenology could not avoid norms: no description without prescription, and without prescription to description. To say that the phenomenological project is essentially descriptive is to admit that norms keep out of the limelight in phenomenology. The first challenge of a phenomenology of norms is therefore to shine a spot upon them. Moreover, in its critical orientation, a phenomenology of norms must justify our right to posit and apply them normatively. As such, it is a phenomenology of the normative character of norms. Following Husserl's reflection, I will first consider the normative stakes linked to logic and then the other norms he recognized. As norms were assimilated to evidence or to some type of evidence, they all had a theoretical use. I will assume, however, that some norms may have a practical function. This hypothesis will encounter a major obstacle, as Husserl proposed to justify practical ougths by means of values instead of norms. By deconstructing each of the normative presuppositions that led Husserl to rely on values in ethics, I will pave the way for a phenomenological, normative and suspensive ethic.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-15T11:46:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 337158 bytes, checksum: afe6aba5da9618c6fdc4d945e9b294e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The notion of lineability emerged in the eighties, albeit its essence is quite older, as a method to measure the existence of linear structures in a priori nonlinear frameworks. More precisely, a subset of a topological vector space is lineable (spaceable) if it contains, except eventually for the null vector, an infinite-dimentional subspace (infinite- dimensional closed subspace). In this work we investigate lineability and spaceability in the context of norm attaining operators and sequence spaces. / A noção de lineabilidade surgiu nos anos 80, embora a essência da ideia seja bem anterior, como uma forma de medir a existência de estruturas lineares em ambientes a priori não lineares. Mais precisamente, um subconjunto de um espaço vetorial topológico é lineável (espaçável) se ele contiver, exceto possivelmente pelo vetor nulo, um subespaço (subespaço fechado) de dimensão infinita. Neste trabalho estudamos resultados de lineabilidade e espaçabilidade no contexto de operadores lineares que atingem a norma e também em espaços de sequências.

C-level Thesis in International Relations Course.

Nesta pesquisa, estuda-se o uso do particípio na construção de tempo composto e voz passiva no português do sul do Brasil. Os objetivos específicos são (1) verificar qual a forma mais produtiva/recorrente do particípio em formações verbais; (2) tentar verificar a influência de fatores lingüísticos e extralingüísticos na opção do falante pelo uso da forma regular ou da forma irregular de particípio e; (3) realizar uma análise comparativa entre a norma ditada pela Gramática Tradicional e o uso do particípio nas formações verbais em situações reais de fala. A metodologia utilizada na pesquisa é a análise quantitativa de dados. O corpus é constituído de dados de duas naturezas: dados de 24 informantes com até 9 anos de escolaridade, provenientes de entrevistas do Projeto VARSUL, por caracterizarem o uso do particípio na fala espontânea; e dados de 22 informantes com ensino superior completo ou em andamento, provenientes de testes de produtividade, porque desejávamos levantar usos específicos do particípio irregular, como tinha chego, por exemplo, o que dificilmente seria alcançado nas entrevistas do VARSUL. Para a análise dos dados, fizemos um uso adaptado dos programas que compõem o Pacote VARBRUL. Considerando que nossa pesquisa não trata de um fenômeno variável, mas, sobretudo, investiga a regularidade de um fenômeno tipicamente alternante, optamos por aproveitar somente as informações referentes à freqüência (porcentagem) de aplicação do objeto em estudo. Os resultados preliminares mostraram que os tipos de verbos e as formações presentes nos dados do Banco VARSUL favoreceram o uso predominante do particípio regular, ainda que o irregular tenha aparecido em contextos específicos. Já nos resultados preliminares dos Testes, com os verbos e as formações verbais utilizadas, o uso do particípio se mostrou predominantemente alternante, isto é, os falantes alternaram as formas regulares e irregulares de particípio em formações com voz passiva e tempo composto, porém, algumas vezes, o uso do particípio manifestou-se como variável. / In this research, the use of participle in the building of the compound tense and the passive voice of southern Brazil Portuguese language is studied. The specific objectives are (1) verify what the most productive/recurring participle form in verbal formations is; (2) try verifying the influence of linguistic and extra-linguistic contexts when the speaker has to choose whether using the participle regular or irregular form; (3) conduct a comparative analysis between the rule prescribed by the Traditional Grammar and the use of participle in verbal forms of corpora. The methodology used in the research is data quantitative analysis. The corpus is made up of data from two different sources: data from 24 subjects with up to 9 years of study in school, deriving from interviews of the VARSUL Project, for characterizing the use of participle in the spontaneous speech; and data from 22 subjects, who were either graduate or undergraduate students, deriving from productivity tests, as we wanted to identify specific uses of irregular participle, as tinha chego (had arrived), for example, which would be hardly obtained from the interviews in VARSUL. For the data analysis, we made an adapted use of the programs that compose the VARBRUL Package. Considering that our research is not related to a variable phenomenon, but, above all, to investigate the regularity of a mainly alternate phenomenon, we decided to make use of only the information referring to the application frequency (percentage) of the subject in study. The preliminary results showed that the types of verbs and the formations present in the data in the VARSUL database favored the predominant use of the regular participle, although the irregular form was evident in specific contexts. Yet, in the preliminary results of the tests, with the verbs and the verbal formation used, the use of participle showed to be mainly alternate, i.e., the speakers alternated the use of regular and irregular forms of participle in formations with the passive voice and with the compound tense, however, the use of participle showed to be variable, at times.

Context: Pre-project Requirements Engineering (RE) decisions are considered as very complex in Market Driven Requirements Engineering (MDRE). The complexity and economical impact of RE decisions motivates the need to support and understand RE decisions in MDRE. The purpose of Pre-project activities is to gather, analyze, select, and plan requirements for future releases of the software product in MDRE environment. Correct and timely pre-project decisions (for example initial requirements selection) are dependent on the quality and the availability of the provided decision material (for example requirements, business cases etc) for RE decisions. A Requirements Engineering framework called NORM (Needs Oriented Framework for Producing Requirements Decision Material) in collaboration with Ericsson AB is previously created with the intention of facilitating and speeding up the RE processes by ensuring that the right and sufficient decision material is available at the right time for pre-project RE decisions. NORM needs to be validated in software companies practicing MDRE in order to make it generally applicable in industry. Objectives: NORM framework was partially validated with informal interviews at one business unit within Ericsson AB but needed to be tested or validated in different environments (Telecom, e-commerce etc) in software industry to make sure that it becomes generally applicable in industry. The scope of this master's thesis is to investigate how to tailor NORM to improve a company's requirements engineering processes with the help of value stream mapping (VSM), and to evaluate the effort required and impact of this tailored process. Two MDRE based companies are chosen in this thesis work in order to validate NORM framework in software industry. Methods: There are two main research methods in this research work; Interviews and Document Analysis. In two MDRE based companies, we conducted interviews of employees involved in pre-project RE decision activities in a product, and accessed the requirements documents for the same product in order to initiate the NORM framework. Finally, an email was sent to the interviewees in both companies involved in RE with less than 10 questions in order to confirm our findings for validation of NORM framework. Results: With the information of initiation of NORM framework and using VSM we are able to chart the current decision points (DP) or decisions in the company’s RE process and the decision material that is used for each DP. We then have investigated what decision material is just enough, and when do a company need to produce it so that it is ready when the decision should be taken. We have looked at things such as waiting times, utilization and usefulness of produced decision material, and finally it is suggested to companies how their RE decision process in MDRE environment can be improved. Conclusions: Interviewees provided us the positive feedback on NORM, and they liked our novel research work in the form of NORM framework. Interviewees felt that the provided NORM structure of presenting pre-project decisions and its steps of identifying Appropriate Decision Material (ADM) is useful and usable, scalable and is according to industry relevance. It is concluded that the validation of NORM framework achieved positive feedback and results. / Blekinge Institute of Technology SE-371 79 Karlskrona Sweden Ph.: +46 455 38 50 00

Antalet skadade cyklister i trafiken har ökat. Detta medför, utöver lidande för den enskilde individen, en samhällsekonomisk kostnad. Det är få studier som tidigare fokuserat på om personer som tagit körkort har ett annat beteende och strategier jämfört med personer utan körkort. En studie genomfördes för att undersöka om cyklister med erhållen körkortsutbildning, i högre utsträckning följde väjningsplikt vid cykelpassager. Det undersöktes samtidigt om cyklister utan körkort oftare använde deskriptiva normer. Samtidigt undersöktes eventuella skillnader i beteendet mellan dessa grupper vid cykelpassager. Tio testdeltagare cyklade sammanlagt drygt fyra kilometer i normal trafikmiljö och passerade totalt 40 stycken cykelpassager. Studiedesignen bestod av video- samt ljudinspelning av trafiksituationerna, där testdeltagarna fick tänka högt under testet. Testdeltagarna fick även fylla i ett frågeformulär angående väjningsplikt efter cyklingsmomentet. Resultatet indikerade att testdeltagarna med körkort tog trafiklagar i beaktning under cyklingen i större utsträckning än testdeltagarna utan körkort, men att beslut vid cykelpassagerna främst fattades på tidigare erfarenhet. Erfarenheten av att deskriptiva normer brukade fungera vid cykelpassager. Det indikerade även att cyklister med körkort hade större avsökningsområde gällande både längd och bredd i körriktningen

Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att bidra med kunskap om hur Norrland och norrlänningar skildras i TV-serien Rebecka Martinsson, samt om Norrland skildras från ett inifrån- eller utifrånperspektiv. Metoden som använts är fallstudie och data har insamlats genom egna observationer med Faircloughs tredimensionella analysmodell som teoretisk ram. Resultatet pekar mot att Norrland och norrlänningar förvisso skildras på ett stereotypt sätt i Rebecka Martinsson, men att det också förekommer en stor mängd nyansering där människormed norrländskt ursprung också tillåts att bryta mot den rådande diskursen. I diskussionssegmentet lyfts blicken och där görs jämförelser med andra populärkulturella verk. I det segmentet diskuteras också studiens styrkor såväl som svagheter, bland annat att det utvalda materialet är relativt litet och att med ett annat urval hade resultatet eventuellt kunnat bli annorlunda. Som förslag till fortsatt forskning ges att göra en undersökning på samma utvalda material, men med annan metod, alternativt använda samma metod och teoretisk ram men välja ut annat eller en större mängd material att analysera.

Denna rapport redogör för det examensarbete som genomförts på uppdrag av designbyrån Spektra Design. Arbetet gick ut på att skapa en hemsida till den latinamerikanska filmfestivalen Panoramica, som anordnas för första gången i Stockholm i september 2015. Jag har skapat designen till hemsidan samt utvecklat sidan från grunden i Wordpress. Panoramica har en vision om att bilda ett underlag för ett distributions- och marknadsföringsnätverk som sprider latinamerikansk film i Sverige. De vill att festivalen ska bli ett ansikte utåt för latinamerikansk film i Sverige och arbetar för att ”stimulera utbyte och dialog mellan olika etniska grupper i Sverige genom att uppdatera utbudet av berättelser från Latinamerika.” En stor del av en webbsida är dess design. Designen bidrar till det övergripande intrycket av hemsidan, men också om den uppfattas som lättförståelig eller komplicerad. Denna uppsats undersöker hur man kan tillämpa normkritisk teori i en praktisk designprocess. Jag har även undersökt principer kring användarvänlighet och Användarupplevelse. Resultatet av arbetet är en färdig hemsida där fokus ligger på festivalens fokus: film. Det är enkelt att läsa om varje film, se trailers och skapa sitt eget program. Färgerna och typografin är kraftig och karaktäristisk och tillåts ta plats, i ett försök att bryta mot den västerländska minimalistiska formgivningstrenden och lyfta det latinamerikanska. Under arbetet har jag kommit fram till att det inte är ett måste att bryta normer eller konventioner för hur en sida bör se ut. Det viktiga är att ha med sig frågor om vem som får synas, vad som är normen i ett sammanhang och vem designen är till för. Det är viktiga frågor att ha med sig i en designprocess även om de är svårbesvarade. / This report describes the work commissioned by design bureau Spektra Design. The task was to create a website for the Latin American Film Festival Panoramica, organized for the first time in Stockholm in September 2015. I have created the design for the website and developed the site from scratch in Wordpress. Panoramica has a vision to form a basis for a distribution and marketing network spreading Latin American film in Sweden. They want the festival to become a public face for Latin American film in Sweden and works to "promote exchanges and dialogue between different ethnic groups in Sweden by updating the range of stories from Latin America." A large portion of the website is its design. The design contributes to the overall impression of the site, but also if it is perceived as easy to understand or complicated. This paper examines how one can apply critical theory in a practical design process. The outcome of the work is a complete website where the focus is on film. It's easy to read about each movie, watch trailers, and create your own program. The colors and the typography is strong and distinctive and is allowed to take place, in an effort to break the Western minimalist design trend and highlight the Latin American aspects of the design. During the work I have come to the conclusion that breaking norms or conventions of how a web page should look like is not necessarily a must. The key is to keep asking yourself: Who is represented, who is the norm and who is the design for? These are important issues to bring into a design process even if they are difficult to answer.

Notre recherche utilise comme source les enluminures des manuscrits de la littérature profane produites aux XIVe et XVe siècles dans les ateliers de France. Elle s’intéresse plus particulièrement aux représentations des êtres étranges qui foisonnent dans la littérature du Moyen âge, qu’elle soit proprement médiévale, le roman arthurien par exemple, ou qu’elle tire son inspiration de l’Antiquité pour les contes mythologiques ou les récits de voyage. Ces personnages s’ils appartiennent à des catégories diverses, comportent un degré d’humanité et d’imaginaire très variable, et mettent en évidence toute l’ambivalence de la nature humaine. Au travers de l’analyse d’un corpus extensif de ces images, nous souhaitons poser la question de la figuration du corps dès lors qu’il sort des normes : normes de mensuration (les géants et les nains), normes morphologiques (anomalies de parties du corps), hybridations et métamorphoses. Que représentent dans l’imaginaire médiéval ces êtres qui transgressent les règles par leur apparence et par l’ambiguïté de leur rapport au règne animal ?Notre recherche s’appuie nécessairement sur les textes des manuscrits et le rapport à l’image, en raison de leur évidente relation de réciprocité. Elle s’appuie également sur les conditions de production des enluminures et le public auquel elles s’adressent. Par cette approche nous tentons de repérer les fonctions de ces images de l’altérité, ainsi que leurs évolutions significatives ou les impasses auxquelles elles peuvent aboutir dans les modes de figuration, tout au long de la période étudiée. / Our research is based on the illumination of manuscripts from the secular literature produced in French workshops in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It focuses more precisely on the representation of strange beings, which abound in literature in the Middle Ages, whether it is strictly medieval like the Arthurian novel for example, or whether it derives its inspiration from Antiquity in mythological tales or travel stories. Although these characters belong to different categories, they present a very variable degree of humanity and fantasy and point out all the ambivalence of the human nature. Through the analysis of an extensive corpus of those pictures, we wish to raise the question of the figuration of the body from the moment it differs from the norm : norms of size (giants and dwarves), morphological norms (abnormal parts of the body), hybridizations and metamorphoses. What do these beings that transgress rules by their appearance and by the ambiguity of their relation to the animal kingdom represent in the medieval cultural imagination?Our research is necessarily based on the texts of the manuscripts and the relation to the picture on account of their obvious relation of reciprocity. It also based on the conditions of production of illuminations and on the people they were addressed to. By this socio-cultural approach, we try to determine the functions of those pictures of alterity as well as their significant evolutions or the stalemates they can reach in the figurative modes, all along the period under study.

La grande faille de l’utopie, selon la critique, c’est la mort. Le présent travail analyse la place accordée et les réponses apportées aux morts/à la mort par les utopies littéraires françaises et francophones de l’âge classique (1616 à 1765), et ce en deux temps. Une première partie étudie le niveau qui a surtout retenu la critique, à savoir le niveau de la norme, à la fois norme descriptive de l’utopie-texte et norme institutionnelle de l’utopie-État. Notre objectif est d’analyser les stratégies de « normalisation » de la mort mises en œuvre par l’utopie, trait majeur du genre selon plusieurs critiques, cette « normalisation » étant à la fois synonyme de « dédramatisation » (ou « neutralisation », ou encore « apprivoisement ») et de « ritualisation ». Un examen approfondi des textes permettra de nuancer ce propos, tout en étudiant la mort non simplement comme un thème, mais aussi à travers ses articulations littéraires. Celles-ci feront l’objet spécifique de la seconde partie, qui se penche sur les séquences narratives de l’utopie littéraire, où réapparaît une mort exceptionnelle et parfois fortement dramatisée. Nous chercherons alors à comprendre les raisons de ce réinvestissement de la mort, qui semble contredire la tentative de « normalisation » de la mort par l’utopie. / According to the critic, utopia’s major flaw is death. This work analyses the place allocated to death and the dead, and the responses to this, by literary French and Francophone utopias of the classic era (1616 to 1765), and does so in two stages. The first stage examines the state of the norm, both the descriptive norm of the text utopia and the institutional norm of the state utopia, privileged by the critics of utopian literature. Our aim is to analyze the strategies used to “normalize” death, which, according to numerous critics, are characteristic of the utopic genre; a “normalization” which seems to have a double meaning, both “attenuation” of its impact (or “neutralization” or “taming”) and “ritualization”. Thanks to an in-depth examination of each text, we will be able to offer a more nuanced picture of death in utopia, which we analyze not only from a thematic but also from a literary perspective. The second stage focuses on the narrative sequences of literary utopia, wherein death reappears, often characterized as extraordinary and sometimes heavily dramatized. We seek to understand the reasons behind this repositioning of death within the utopia, which appears to contradict the utopia’s attempt to normalize death.