With the increasing environmental problems, sustainable consumption is an important consumer behavior. Therefore, it is important to investigate further the significant drivers to and barriers against sustainable consumption, in order to increase the share of sustainable consumption and understanding of consumer behavior. This dissertation identifies two gaps. The first is in understanding consumer positive and negative anticipated emotions as an important factor influencing high-involvement sustainable consumption. The second gap relates to the lack of understanding about the associations between anticipated emotions and personal moral norms in high-involvement sustainable consumption. Against this background, the aim is to contribute to the sustainable consumption literature by investigating the roles and relations of anticipated emotions, personal moral norms, and weighing costs and benefits as drivers to and barriers against consumer adoption of a high-involvement sustainable product. A literature review and two empirical studies were conducted. Consumer adoption of alternative fuel vehicles is the specific sustainable consumption. Using quantitative methods, this phenomenon is investigated in the empirical studies conducted in Sweden. It was shown that anticipated emotions have direct effects on consumers' intention to adopt alternative fuel vehicles. Moreover, positive anticipated emotions (e.g. pride, pleasure, happiness) are drivers of sustainable consumption, while negative anticipated emotions (e.g. regret, embarrassment) are barriers against the sustainable consumption. This dissertation suggests an extension to the norm activation model, and shows that moral norms, ascription of responsibility, and awareness of environmental problems influence consumers' intentions through consumers’ anticipated emotions. For people who perceive high social norms related to decreasing the environmental impacts of car driving, the influence of positive anticipated emotions and personal moral norms are stronger. This points toward the social aspect of sustainable consumption and suggests that targeting the consumers who perceive high social norms is an important step to promoting sustainable consumption. Findings would be of relevance to marketers, policymakers and environmental organizations. Creating awareness and communicating personal responsibilities and moral norms related to the environment and consumption are important drivers for consumer adoption of sustainable products. However, it is noteworthy that consumer anticipated emotions about high-involvement sustainable products (such as alternative fuel vehicle) have also important influence on the sustainable consumption. Thus, consumer anticipated emotions should be considered in designing promotion programs.

This dissertation investigates regime-based efforts by states to cooperate in providing assistance and protection to refugees since 1648. It argues from a constructivist perspective that state interests and identities are shaped both by other actors in the international system - including norm entrepreneurs, non-governmental organizations, and international organizations - and by the broader normative environment. Refugees are a by-product of this environment. Fundamental institutions - including territoriality, popular sovereignty, and international law - formed a system in which exit was one of the few mechanisms of survival for those who were religiously and politically persecuted. This led states to recognize that people who were so persecuted were different from ordinary migrants and had a right to flee their own state and seek accommodation elsewhere. States recognized this right to leave, but did not recognize a requirement that any given state had a responsibility to accept these refugees. This contradiction creates a dilemma in international relations, one which states have sought to solve through international cooperation. The dissertation explores policy change within the United States and Great Britain at the international and domestic levels in order to understand the tensions within current refugee protection efforts. Three regimes, based in different normative understandings, have framed state cooperation. In the first, during the 19th century, refugees were granted protections under domestic and then bilateral law through extradition treaties. The second, in the interwar period, saw states taught by norm entrepreneurs that multilateral organizations could successfully assist refugees, though states remained unwilling to provide blanket assistance and be bound by international law. These issues led to the failure of states to accommodate Jewish refugees fleeing from Germany in the 1930s. The third, since the Second World War, had a greater consistency among its norms, especially recognition by states of the need for international law. Once again, this process was shaped by other actors, including the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). This regime has been challenged by increased refugee numbers and restrictions on the part of states, but its central purpose remains robust due to the actions of actors such as the UNHCR. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

Notre recherche étudie le rapport des enseignants de l’école primaire française à l’orthographe appréhendée comme une norme sociale à travers leurs propos déclaratifs et à travers leurs pratiques enseignantes. En France, l’orthographe revêt des enjeux sociaux d’importance. Si l’orthographe est un ensemble de règles provenant du système linguistique, elle est aussi une pratique sociale qui s’impose à tous les utilisateurs. Elle appartient dès lors aux normes culturelles d’une société donnée. C’est pourquoi, nous avons cherché à apprécier l’adhésion des maitres à cette norme et à savoir s’il existait, entre eux, une certaine variabilité dans cette adhésion. Pour ce faire, nous avons opérationnalisé le concept de norme sociale. Nous avons mené 30 entretiens semi-directifs auprès d’enseignants de CM1 et CM2. Leurs réponses ont été analysées grâce à une analyse de contenu thématique et à une analyse statistique. Cela a permis de dégager cinq profils ortho-normatifs qui témoignent d’une variabilité du rapport des maitres à cette norme sociale orthographique et d’établir une typologie. Puis, nous avons cherché à percevoir ces rapports ortho-normatifs lorsqu’ils enseignent en classe auprès de leurs élèves pour éprouver les propos de Jaurès « on n’enseigne pas ce que l’on sait ou ce que l’on croit savoir : on enseigne et on ne peut enseigner que ce que l’on est » et apprécier la présence de leurs logiques d’arrière-fond (Bucheton, 2011). Chaque enseignant montre sa façon singulière d’incarner son profil ortho-normatif et de rendre présente cette norme sociale lors d’une séance d’enseignement d’un point particulier du système linguistique. Ce faisant, il construit le curriculum caché des élèves. / Our research studies how French primary school teachers deal with spelling considered as a social norm through their declarative words as well as their teaching practices. In France, with spelling, important social issues are at stake. If spelling is a set of rules linked to the linguistic system, it is also a social practice which is imposed on all users. As such it belongs to the cultural norms of a given society. That’s why we tried to estimate teachers ’adhesion to this norm and see if there was a certain variability to it among them.In order to achieve this, we operationalized the concept of social norm. We led 30 semi-directive interviews with 4th and 5th year primary school teachers. Their answers were analyzed thanks to both a thematic content analysis and a statistical one. The result highlighted the existence of five “ortho-normative profiles” which shows a variability in the relationship teachers have to this social spelling norm and enabling us to establish a typology.Then, we tried to grasp these “ortho-normative relationships” when they teach in class to test Jaurès ‘s words : “we don’t teach what we know or what we think we know, we teach and can only teach what we are” and thus estimated their background logics (Bucheton, 2011). Each teacher showed his personal way to embody his own “ortho-normative profile” and made this social norm present during a teaching session of a particular point of the linguistic system. In doing so, he builds the pupils’hidden curriculum.

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Although early reproduction within a breeding season often leads to higher reproductive success in seasonal environments, it is still not well understood how reproductive success can be influenced by climate both indirectly through the timing of breeding or by directly altering parental behaviour. In this thesis, I investigate the role of ambient temperature in reproductive success through its effects on the timing of reproduction and brooding in a population of gray jays, Perisoreus canadensis. In chapter 2, I test whether (i) female gray jays adjust laying date in response to temperature, (ii) individual or environmental characteristics constrain this plasticity, and (iii) laying date influences reproductive success. Females laid earlier in warmer years than in colder years; females partnered with older males laid earlier than females partnered with younger males at colder temperatures, but not at warmer temperatures. Early layers were more likely to rear at least one nestling and have a dominant juvenile survive the summer. These findings suggest that male experience could advance female laying date at cold temperatures and subsequently increase the probability of a positive nesting outcome. Though cold temperatures appear to limit timing of reproduction in gray jays, previous work in this system suggests that cold temperatures could better preserve perishable winter food stores. Thus, in chapter 3, I test whether temperatures during early offspring development interact with timing of reproduction to influence reproductive performance. Colder ambient temperatures during incubation were associated with larger brood sizes than warmer temperatures among late breeders, but temperature did not influence brood size among early layers, indicating that costs of late breeding may be amplified by temperatures that are unfavourable for food storage. This thesis contributes to our understanding of the environmental factors that determine reproductive performance, both through effects on timing of reproduction and after eggs are laid.

Cette thèse a pour objet d’étudier la façon dont sont constitués et utilisés les systèmes de références des acteurs politiques dans les conflits du Moyen-Orient, de telle sorte que ces références deviennent des normes, par rapport auxquelles leurs actions sont conditionnées. Ceci en prenant en compte à la fois la dimension étatique dans la création de ces normes, et les initiatives privées, et la façon dont ces deux dimensions dialoguent. Par ailleurs, compte tenu du contexte de la mondialisation, cette étude prend en compte la dimension de métissage de ces références. Pour ce faire, elle procède par l’étude des mémoriaux et musées d’une part, et d’un corpus filmique d’autre part, sur les terrains de recherche égyptien, israélien, palestinien, libanais, jordanien et turc. / The goal of this dissertation is to study the way in which references have been created and are used by political actors in the Middle-Eastern conflicts, so that these references have become norms, which are contingent to their actions. These norms can be state-created or through private initiatives, and our aim is also to study how these two dimensions interact. This dissertation also takes into account and the way these references have been mixed in the context of globalization with references from other cultural areas. This goal has been attained through the study of memorials and museums, and through the study of films, in Egypt, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to identify how norm creativity in commercials is perceived by consumers and how it affects their perception of a brand. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework for the study consists of theories of market communication, the advertising industry and brands. Methodology: The study is based on a deductible research where data collection takes place through focus groups. Result: The empirical content is collected through three focus groups, which are presented by narrative method. Conclusion: The study shows that consumers perceive norm creative commercials positively and meaningful. Consumers want to see more of this kind of commercials. This is because companies demonstrate corporate social responsibility and take on a responsibility consumers demand today. Norm creative commercials affect consumers' view of the brand both positively and negatively. Consumers argue that it has a positive impact on brands if they have good intentions and are doing it continuously, but that it may have a negative impact if the message does not go through or is provocative. The negative consequence is also linked to the fact that consumers believe brands may use this type of advertising solely for their own gain. It creates distrust among consumers and weakens their loyalty. / Syfte: Studiens syfte är att identifiera hur normkreativitet i reklamfilm upplevs av konsumenter och hur det påverkar deras upplevelse av varumärket. Teoretiskt perspektiv: Den teoretiska referensramen för studien består av teorier om marknadskommunikation, reklambranschen samt varumärken. Metod: Studien utgår från en deduktiv forskningsansats där insamling av data sker genom fokusgrupper.    Empiri: Det empiriska innehållet är insamlat från tre fokusgrupper som redovisas genom narrativ metod. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att konsumenter upplever normkreativa reklamfilmer positivt och betydelsefullt. Konsumenter önskar se mer av denna typ av reklamfilm. Detta på grund av att företag visar ett samhällsansvar och axlar ett ansvarstagande konsumenter idag efterfrågar. Normkreativa reklamfilmer påverkar konsumenters syn på varumärket både positivt och negativt. Konsumenter menar att det får en positiv påverkan om varumärken gör normkreativ reklamfilm av välvilja och gör det kontinuerligt, men att det kan få en negativ konsekvens om budskapet inte går igenom eller är provocerande. Den negativa konsekvensen är även kopplad till att konsumenter tror varumärken kan använda sig av denna typ av reklam enbart för egen vinning. Det skapar misstro hos konsumenter och försvagar deras lojalitet.

Verksamheter inom den kommunala sektorn befinner sig i ständig förändring och måste hela tiden utvecklas för att anpassa sig till nya direktiv och förutsättningar. De flesta kommuner står inför utmaningen att införa heltid som norm inom bland annat vård och omsorg utan att försämra arbetsmiljön för undersköterskorna. Inom vård och omsorg är sjukfrånvaron ofta hög och möjligheten att få in nya vikarier minskar hela tiden. Heltid som norm är ett sätt att få de undersköterskor som arbetar att arbeta mer vilket löser en del av resursproblemet. En av orsakerna till ohälsa och sjukfrånvaro är höga krav i kombination med begränsade resurser. Syftet med studien är att belysa hur underskö­terskor i hemtjänsten upplever att med kort varsel byta enhet inom kommunen. En kva­litativ metod har använts och undersköterskor inom kommunal hemtjänst har intervjuats utifrån en semistrukturerad intervjuguide. Författarna redovisar studiens resultat under de kategorier som utkristalliserats under studiens gång. Rubrikerna på kategorierna är följande: Organisering av arbetet, Förutsättningar, Tillräcklig kunskap och kompetens och Bekräftad genom samarbete. Resultatet visar att det finns både positiva och nega­tiva aspekter att ta hänsyn till när nya arbetssätt ska implementeras. Några av de förde­lar som framkommer i resultatet är ökad hjälpsamhet mellan undersköterskor och olika arbetsgrupper samt att lära av varandra. En av de negativa aspekterna är minskad konti­nuitet hos vårdtagarna och att det kan skapa stress hos undersköterskorna om det brister i informationsöverföring och introduktion. Resultatet visar också att underskö­terskorna kan ha olika personliga förutsättningar för att hantera ett förändrat arbetssätt även om utgångsläget inte skiljer sig åt.

The purpose of this non-positivistic mixed-methods study is to examine parental attitudes towards the use of computer and video games in their child’s classroom and to investigate how the sociocultural contexts in which parents live affect those attitudes. The research was conducted using a mixed-methods triangulation design, including both quantitative and qualitative techniques. First, the study tried to identify which groups of parents were better positioned to accept and support digital game-based learning and which groups were less likely to have a positive attitude toward integrating digital games into the classroom. This study tried to determine if socioeconomic status, age, education level, and/or cultural background could serve as a predictor of parental attitudes toward digital game-based learning. Second, the study tried to recognize how social and cultural contexts in which parents live affect their attitudes toward digital games in the classroom. Many researchers agree that parents play an important role in students’ and eventually, educators’ attitudes toward gaming. It has been argued that if parents accept a certain non-traditional (digital) learning tool, then their children would most likely have a similar attitude toward it. Parents might be the support system that educators need in order to ensure that students are able to see the educational value of video games and are willing to think critically and draw connections between what they learn in a gaming environment and core subject areas.

Sjuknärvaro är ett globalt fenomen som har negativa följder för individer och organisationer. Under Covid - 19 pandemin har även konsekvenser som smittspridning på grund av sjuknärvaro aktualiserats. Studien syftade till att undersöka hur anställdas attityder, säkerhetsspecifikt ledarskap, anställningsotrygghet, personliga ekonomiska svårigheter och anställningsform kan tänkas leda till anställdas sjuknärvaro. Enkätundersökning (N = 177) visade att normativa attityder till sjuknärvaro kan leda till starkare intentioner för att komma till arbetet trots sjukdom. Emellertid visade studien att det inte fanns något samband mellan individers attityder till smittorisker med Covid -19 på deras arbetsplats och intentioner för sjuknärvaro. Inte heller personliga ekonomiska svårigheter eller anställningsform hade någon relation med intentioner för sjuknärvaro. Anställningsotrygghet var positivt associerad med normativa attityder medan säkerhetsspecifikt ledarskap hade en negativ relation med upplevelser av smittorisker.