京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第21412号 / 理博第4432号 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科数学・数理解析専攻 / (主査)教授 堤 誉志雄, 教授 泉 正己, 教授 上 正明 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Treatment Foster Care Oregon (TFCO) är en metod som rekommenderas av Socialstyrelsen (2020) som ett alternativ till institutionsvård för ungdomar med normbrytande beteende. Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka behandlingsfamiljsföräldrars upplevelse och erfarenheter av att använda metoden TFCO i behandling av ungdomars normbrytande beteende.  Studien baserades på fem kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med behandlingsfamiljer runt om i Sverige vilka har den gemensamma nämnaren att de alla är verksamma inom TFCO. Vi bearbetade vår insamlade empiri med tematisk analys och därefter analyserades materialet utifrån systemteoretisk utvecklingsekologi och social inlärningsteori. Studiens resultat visar att våra intervjupersoner uppskattade stödet från det professionella teamet vilket medförde att de inte kände sig ensamma kring beslut gällande ungdomen. Vidare uppskattades också den tydliga rollfördelningen inom teamet runt ungdomen vilket bland annat innebar att intervjupersonerna inte behövde ta några konflikter med ungdomen utan istället fokusera på att förstärka goda beteenden. Upplevelsen att arbeta manualbaserat hade både positiva och negativa aspekter. Positivt i form av tydlig struktur och tydligt uppsatta mål, negativt i form av flera intervjupersoners upplevelse av begränsning i det egna sociala livet. Gemensamt för samtliga intervjupersoner var att arbetet som behandlingsfamilj kändes meningsfullt och att strukturen i programmet bidrog till deras upplevelse av framgång för ungdomarna. / Treatment Foster Care Oregon (TFCO) is a method recommended by the National Board of Health and Welfare (2020) as an alternative to institutional care for young people with norm-breaking behavior. The purpose of this essay was to investigate the experience and knowledge of treatment family parents in using the TFCO method in the treatment of youth's norm-breaking behavior. The study was based on five qualitative semi-structured interviews with treatment families around Sweden who have the common denominator that they are all active within TFCO. We processed our collected empirical evidence with thematic analysis and then the material was analyzed based on systems theoretical developmental ecology and social learning theory. The results of the study show that our interviewees appreciated the support from the professional team, which meant that they did not feel alone about decisions regarding the youth. Furthermore, the clear distribution of roles within the team around the youth was also appreciated, which meant, among other things, that the interviewees did not have to take on any conflicts with the youth, but instead focus on reinforcing good behaviors. The experience of working manual-based had both positive and negative aspects. Positive in the form of a clear structure and clearly set goals, negative in the form of several interviewees' experience of limitation in their own social life. Common to all interviewees was that the work as a treatment family felt meaningful and that the structure of the program contributed to their experience of success for the young people.

Denna studie grundar sig i en förskolas variation angående deras utbud av barnlitteratur. Undersökningen utgår ifrån en kvalitativ samt kvantitativ metodansats, där den kvalitativa delen står för en djupare analys medan den kvantitativa delen står för statistik på ett antal bilderböcker. Det har gjorts en text- och bildanalys där ett normkritiskt perspektiv har intagits där fokus är genus och kulturell mångfald. Syftet är att kritiskt granska utbudet och dess variation i hur genus och kulturell mångfald representeras i förskolans bilderböcker, om det är stereotypiskt eller normöverskridande. För att få svar på detta har en analys gjorts utifrån Nikolajevas (2017) mall om vad som är typiskt kvinnligt respektive manligt inom karaktärsdrag, samt två av Salmsons (2021) mallar som beskriver etnisk tillhörighet samt religion och tro. En egen mall har tagits fram utifrån hur Josefsson (2005) samt Yoldas (2019) beskriver vad som är typiskt kvinnligt respektive manligt i dess utseende. Resultatet visar att stereotypa böcker finns kvar men inte i lika stor utsträckning, att utbudet av normkritiska böcker inom både genus och kulturell mångfald där karaktärerna är normöverskridande börjar bli alltmer vanligt. Det visas en skillnad mellan de äldre respektive de nyare böckerna; som innefattar ett mer normkritiskt perspektiv. Karaktärer deltar numera mer på lika villkor, oavsett könstillhörighet eller kulturellt ursprung. Forskningsfrågorna har blivit besvarade på ett positivt sätt, för att utbudet av normkritiska böcker är stort och att det finns variation när det gäller genus och kulturell mångfald. / This study examines the variety and diversity of children’s literature within preschools. It is based on a methodological approach, focusing on both the quality and quantity of an assortment of picture books. Deeper analysis was used for the qualitative aspect of the books, whilst a statistical approach was taken for the quantitative side. An analysis of both text and imagery was performed, which applied a norm-critical focus on portrayals of gender and culture. In order to gain insight, an analysis based on Nikolajeva's (2017) model of typical gender traits, as well as two of Salmson's (2021) models that describe ethnicity, religion and belief was performed. Furthermore, a model of our own was developed based on how Josefsson (2005) and Yoldas (2019) describe the typical physical appearance of females and males respectively. The result shows that although stereotypical books remain, such books are no longer as prevalent as in previous findings. In addition, it is becoming increasingly common to find diverse characters appearing in the range of norm-critical books including topics of gender and culture. There is a definite distinction between the past and the modern books, revealing that the latter includes a more norm-critical perspective. Characters are now shown to participate on more equal terms, regardless of gender or cultural origin. The research questions have been answered, producing the positive finding that range of norm-critical books is now vast, and that there is good variety depicting gender and cultural diversity.

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att försöka blottlägga eventuella sociala konstruktioner (normer) i relation till religionen kristendom som återfinns i bildmaterialet för läroböcker i religionskunskap för gymnasieskolan. Anledningen till att vi undersöker detta är på grund av den särställning som kristendomen fått i den senaste läroplanen från 2011. Vi vill undersöka om detta har härlett till att kristendom inte problematiseras i läroböckerna.För att göra detta har vi använt oss av en semiotisk bildanalys på tre läroböcker i religionskunskap för gymnasiet. Det vill säga att vi har sett på bilder och dess innehåll som ett sätt att förmedla genom symboler, sammanhang och associationer. Tillsammans bildar dessa ett meddelande. På den semiotiska bildanalysen har vi applicerat ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv. Det vill säga att de meddelandena vi funnit i bildmaterialet har vi sett ur ett perspektiv där dessa meddelanden speglar olika sociala konstruktioner i samhället, som i sin tur skulle kunna bilda en slags norm. Detta har vi sedan jämfört med det som tidigare forskning syftar på är norm. På så sätt har vi kunnat se om denna är problematiserad eller enbart följer “normen”.Vårt resultat visade att det fanns vissa återkommande teman i bildmaterialet som är i enlighet med det som vår tidigare forskning och teori menar är “normen”. Även om det fanns inslag av problematiserade inslag i bildmaterialet menar vi fortfarande att normen kan anses vara utgångspunkten.

The purpose of the study was to expose the economic norm on which the teaching rests to see if the governing documents and teaching materials give students the nuanced and multifaceted picture of economics that social studies and the Swedish school require. Based on the international research situation's indication of the neoclassical and market liberal norm as governing, the study started to take shape in dialogue with these results. With the help of Norman Fairclough's (2015) critical discourse analysis, curricula, and teaching materials for social studies were analyzed and interpreted. The result indicates that a neoclassical and market-liberal discourse is enormously prominent in social studies. The consequences are, among other things, that students' ability to achieve the overall goal and purpose of social studies is significantly hindered. In addition, the results show that the students were raised ideologically in line with a market-liberal discourse without the opportunity to take their ethical positions on the matter.

Abstract: This thesis investigates the recursive relationship between strategic culture, security policy-making, and Swedish security policy, aiming to provide further insights into change and continuity in policy norms and practices. Using a case-study methodology, and Bloomfield’s (2016) norm-dynamic framework, it analyses the Swedish Parliament deliberations regarding two, ‘mid-range’ defence and security cooperations with NATO.  The  results show how security policy is influenced by political actors, who actively assume roles to defend and contest security policy, depending on temporal and institutional contexts. Furthermore, the study has proven valuable for understanding both what lies behind a smaller state’s policy status quo, and its steps towards more momentous security-policy decisions. The recursive relationships within and aspects of security policy-making, underscores the significance of strategic culture as contextual. The thesis hopes to invite research into other ‘mid-range’ decisions for broadening this insight.

Ce mémoire situé en sociolinguistique, et plus particulièrement en dialectologie perceptive, prend un intérêt particulier pour les phénomènes de variation, de norme(s) et des attitudes de la communauté vénézuélienne envers les parlers de son pays. Au travers de l’analyse quantitative et qualitative des réponses de 380 locutrices et locuteurs de l’espagnol vénézuélien à un questionnaire sociolinguistique semi-dirigé en ligne, notre objectif final est de répondre à trois questions de recherche : peut-on observer une norme pour l’espagnol vénézuélien ? Peut-on déterminer si un domaine (phonétique, lexical ou grammatical) se prête significativement mieux à l’analyse dialectologique ? Enfin, où peut-on localiser la norme de l’espagnol vénézuélien, et comment peut-on expliquer nos résultats au regard de la littérature ? Nous commençons donc par nous demander si l’on peut observer une norme pour l’espagnol vénézuélien. En quantifiant et qualifiant les attitudes et les opinions linguistiques, nous trouvons qu’il existe des différences significatives entre nos variables phonétiques-phonologiques, lexicales et morphologiques-syntaxiques qui permettent de les stratifier et de les regrouper par variables plus ou moins favorisées pour l’appartenance à la norme de l’espagnol vénézuélien oral. Ayant été en mesure de comparer les résultats des trois domaines phonétique-phonologique, lexical et morphologique-syntaxique, nous avons déterminé pour notre deuxième question de recherche que les questions portant sur le lexique (plutôt que sur la prononciation ou la grammaire) généraient plus de réponses que le volet grammatical, et permettaient de conduire des analyses légèrement plus significatives que celles du volet phonétique-phonologique. Enfin, dans un volet différent du questionnaire, nous souhaitions localiser la norme de l’espagnol vénézuélien dans le pays et comparer ces résultats à ceux de la littérature. Nous concluons que, dans le sens des observations diverses trouvables dans les travaux antérieurs, le Venezuela semble doté d’une norme bicéphale, quoique nos données ne permettent pas de déterminer s’il s’agit des normes des deux aires dialectales auxquelles appartient le Venezuela (la caraïbe et l’andine) ou s’il existe deux normes concurrentes chez l’ensemble de la population. / This thesis in sociolinguistics, and more specifically perceptual dialectology, takes specific interest in the topic of variation; the definition of norm(s); and the attitudes of the Venezuelan community towards the speech of its country. Through quantitative and qualitative analyses of the answers of 380 Venezuelan Spanish speakers to a semi-structured online sociolinguistics questionnaire, our final goal is to answer three research questions: can we observe a norm for Venezuelan Spanish? Can we determine whether the phonetical, lexical or grammatical level yields more statistically significant results when it comes to dialectological analysis? Finally, where can we localise the norm for Venezuelan Spanish, and how can we explain our findings with regard to previous literature? We begin with addressing whether we can observe a phonetical, lexical, or grammatical norm for Venezuelan Spanish. After collecting and analysing our sample’s opinions both quantitatively and qualitatively, we find it possible to identify significant differences between our phonetical/ phonological, lexical, and morphological/syntactical variables. This finding allows us to group them into stratified groups, from least to most favoured when it comes to belonging to the norm of spoken Venezuelan Spanish. As for our second research question, once we compared results from all three domains (phonetics/phonology, lexicon, and morphology/syntax), we determined that the questions we asked about vocabulary returned more spontaneous comments than those about grammatical features, and yielded more significant statistical analyses than those about phonetic features. Finally, with a different section of the questionnaire, we aimed at locating the norm of Venezuelan Spanish within the country and comparing our results with literature. We conclude that, in line with previous studies, Venezuela seems to deal with a bicephalic norm, although our data do not allow us to determine whether we are in the presence of two norms for the two dialectal areas Venezuela is a part of (the Caribbean and the Andean ones), or if there are two competing norms for the whole of the population. / Esta tesina se ubica en sociolingüística, particularmente en dialectología perceptual. Se interesa por los fenómenos de variación, por la(s) norma(s) y por las actitudes de la comunidad venezolana acerca de las hablas de su país. Se basa en el análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de las respuestas que 380 hablantes del español venezolano nos entregaron a través de un cuestionario sociolingüístico semiestructurado en línea. Proponemos responder a las siguientes tres preguntas: ¿puede observarse una norma para el español venezolano? ¿Puede determinarse si un campo (fonético, lexical o gramatical) produce resultados más significativos para el estudio dialectológico? Y, por último, ¿dónde se puede ubicar la norma del español venezolano, y cómo se pueden explicar nuestros resultados con respecto a la literatura previa? Empezamos por preguntarnos si se puede observar una norma para el español venezolano. Tras cuantificar y cualificar las actitudes y opiniones lingüísticas, encontramos que sí existen diferencias significativas entre nuestras variables fonético-fonológicas, lexicales y morfológico- sintácticas que permiten estratificarlas y agruparlas según si se ven más o menos favorecidas en cuanto a su pertenencia a la norma del español venezolano oral. Dado que fuimos capaces de comparar los resultados de los tres campos fonético-fonológico, lexical y morfológico-sintáctico, en el marco de nuestra segunda pregunta de investigación, determinamos que las preguntas acerca del léxico generaban más comentarios espontáneos que las de la sección gramatical, y permitían realizar un análisis levemente más significativo que las de la sección fonética-fonológica. Finalmente, en una sección diferente del cuestionario, quisimos ubicar la norma del español venezolano en el país y comparar nuestros resultados con la literatura previa. Concluimos que, de acuerdo con las varias observaciones que se encuentran en trabajos anteriores, Venezuela parece contar con una norma bicéfala, aunque nuestros datos no permitieron determinar si se trata de las normas de cada una de las áreas dialectales a las que Venezuela pertenece (la caribe y la andina), o si existen dos normas concurrentes para el conjunto de la población.

Consuming alcohol can affect the mental and physical health, lead toaddiction and affect the development of the brain before the age of 25.Nevertheless binge drinking remains a widespread problem amongstuniversity students. Drinking norms in people's surroundings can affect theirdrinking habits. This study aims to understand why students consume alcohol and the apprehension of the drinking norm on a campus by doing semi-structured interviews with eight students who are living on a campus. The data is analysed through Theory of Planned behaviour and the focal pointsare injunctive, descriptive norms and associations. The result shows thatcampus students consume alcohol because they think it is fun, it helps themsocialize and to avoid or let go of stressful things and negative thoughts. Wecan interpret from the interviews that the drinking norm on campus is thatstudents are expected to drink alcohol at social events. The result also showsthat students tend to value the positive effects of drinking alcohol more thanthe negative consequences. The interviewed students had more mutualpositive associations towards drinking than mutual negative associationswhich implies that drinking norms affects drinking habits and associationstowards drinking.

With this study, we intend to seek knowledge about how educators perceive and relate to norm conflicts in preschool. The aim of the study is to focus on what educators say about norm conflicts based on their work and how they believe that they can create relationships between children and their parents and colleagues among themselves. In this study, we have chosen to start from the following questions: How do educators perceive norm conflicts, what are they about and how can they arise? How do norm conflicts affect the work of educators in preschool activities? What do educators think is needed to deal with norm conflicts? We have chosen to do a qualitative study based on qualitative interviews with eight educatorsin preschools located in different geographical areas in Stockholm - Sweden. By educators we mean four preschool teachers and four educator workers. The result of our study is based on analyses from the social constructivist theory and perpectives on interculturality. Social constructivist theory is a social science perspective that has its basis on people reproducing new perceptions of reality and self-understanding in interaction with each other and with the environment around them. Interculturality can be explained by Pirjo Lahdenperä as a social interaction, a process, or an overstep, since "inter" means interpersonal interaction and"culture" means meaning systems of meaning, which gives meaning and a special focus in aperson's life. The result of the study shows that all informants, regardless of position, are aware of the meaning of norms and values and agree that everyone should start from everyone's equalvalue. The social consensus theory that has helped us to understand the informants' different perceptions of norm conflicts that were highlighted as social phenomena, from the linguistic interaction to understand why individuals clash with norm conflicts due to language difficulties and misconceptions in communication in collegiate work.

Since the 1990s, EU has used human rights clauses as conditions in their trade agreements. In this thesis I will examine how these clauses has been utilized in agreements with Mexico, Morocco and Peru, how they differ from each other and furthermore study the effects that these may have had on the human rights situation in the countries. For the first part of my thesis I compared the content and the terms of clauses with each other, and the result was that they were quite similar but some important differences. In Mexico's agreement, there was an article which stipulated what cooperation on human rights should look like. In Peru's agreement, there was a section on labor rights. But besides that, it was the Universal declaration of human rights that all the clauses were based on. The second part of the thesis is to understand the impact that these agreements may have had on the different countries. The study showed that some improvements have been made, but they have been slow. From the material it could be deduced that there have been more improvements in Peru and Morocco than in Mexico. In the final step of my study, I wanted to link the results to a Press Freedom Index from Reporters Without Borders. This was to get a final indicator on the human rights situation. From the index it’s clear that the situation has not improved in Mexico, while it seems to have stagnated in Morocco and Peru.