Syftet med studien var att undersöka samband mellan personlighetsdimensioner och upplevd stress på arbetsplatser utifrån fem-faktormodellen samt krav-kontrollmodellen. 128 deltagare deltog i enkätundersökningen; 58 män och 66 kvinnor mellan åldern 20-69 år. Studien var en tvärsnittsstudie med självskattningsfrågor och urvalet gjordes genom ett bekvämlighetsurval. Enkäterna besvarades på arbetsplatser i Örebro, Eskilstuna, Västerås och Stockholm. Tidigare forskning påvisar samband mellan personlighet och stress, men få undersöker detta utifrån krav-kontroll-stödmodellen. Föreliggande studie undersöker detta utifrån graden av krav och kontroll. T-test visade skillnader utifrån kön, envägs ANOVA visade skillnader i yrkestitel och ålder. Korrelationsanalyser visade positivt samband mellan krav och upplevd stress samt negativt samband mellan kontroll och upplevd stress. Resultatet visade positivt samband mellan agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness och krav samt positivt samband mellan openness och kontroll. / The purpose of the study was to examine correlations between personality traits and perceived stress at work places based upon the Five Factor model and demand-control model. 128 participants attended; 58 men and 66 women aged 20-69 years. The study was cross-sectional with self-report measures and convenience sampling. Surveys were answered at work places in Örebro, Eskilstuna, Västerås and Stockholm. Previous research show correlations between personality and stress, but few examine this through the demand-control-support model. Present study examine this through the demand-control model. T-test showed differences between gender, one-way ANOVA showed differences in occupation and age. There was a positive correlation between demand and perceived stress and a negative correlation between control and perceived stress. The results showed positive correlations between agreeableness, openness, conscientiousnness and demand, positive correlations between openness and control.

本研究之目的在於瞭解適任的內部稽核人員應具備之人格特質與技能，並探討這些人格特質與技能是否受到產業別或機構特性之影響。本研究以參加中華民國內部稽核協會例會活動之內部稽核人員為對象，於活動現場發放並回收研究問卷，以獲得相關的實證資料。 根據實證結果，本研究的主要發現與結論如下： 1.適任的內部稽核人員應具備「勤勉審慎性」之人格特質，以及「分析性技 能」與「判斷性技能」。 2.電子業內部稽核人員重視「外向性」之人格特質的程度高於金融業內部稽核人員，且較其它產業更為重視「自我調適與人際溝通技能」。 3.稽核主管重視「和善性」及「經驗開放性」兩大人格特質及「分析性技能」的程度高於非稽核主管。 4.公司營收在40億元以上之稽核主管，對其實際具備相關技能之程度最有自信。 5.稽核單位整體具備的技能低於稽核人員實際具備之技能，反映填答者對本身實際具備之技能較有信心，而對稽核單位整體具備之技能的看法則較為保守。 / The purpose of this study is to understand the personality traits and skills that a competent internal auditor should possess and to examine the industry and firm effects on these traits and skills. By means of distributing the research questionnaire to the internal auditors attending the IIA-Taiwan monthly meetings, this study gathers related data and perform various analyses. Our empirical results show that: 1. A competent internal auditor should possess the traits of conscientiousness, and the analytic and appreciative skills. 2. Internal auditors of the electronics industry attach more importance to the extraversion traits than those from the financial industry, and value the personal and interpersonal skills more than those auditors from other industries. 3. Chief audit executives (CAEs) value the agreeableness and openness to experience traits, and the analytic skills more than non-CAEs. 4. CAEs from the companies with operating revenue over forty billions NT dollars are most confident with the skills that they possess. 5. Most respondents believe that his/her internal audit department’s level of skills is less sufficient than that of individual auditors.

Background: Links between later life depression (LLD) and adverse health outcomes are well-documented, with mental ill-health in rural older adults highlighted as a priority area for health care policy. In working age adults, models of depression show that specific psychological factors (e.g. hopelessness, neuroticism, extraversion and insecure attachment) interact with life stress to increase risk of depression. In older adults, however, the direct relationship between depression and hopelessness is inconsistently replicated. In addition, there is little evidence regarding how psychological factors interact with vulnerability to depression in older adults; and whether these factors act in the same manner as they do in working age adults. Objectives: A systematic review was carried out in order to determine the strength of the depression-hopelessness relationship, and the influence of personality traits (neuroticism/ extraversion) and insecure attachment (anxious/ avoidant) on this relationship. Next, an exploratory study was carried out to determine whether there was a direct relationship between depression and hopelessness in rural older adults living in the community and, secondly, whether this relationship was indirectly influenced by specific psychological factors (e.g. neuroticism, extraversion, and attachment styles). Methods: The systematic review was carried out using several databases (Psychinfo, Science Direct, EBCOS, Cohrane Library, PROSPERO, WEBCAT and Google Scholar). Studies relating to the variables of interest, meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria, were reviewed and evaluated for methodological biases. The pilot study asked older adults (N = 58) living in a remote and rural region to complete and return a packet of self-report questionnaires (Big Factor Inventory-10, Experiences in Close Relationships, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, and the Beck Hopelessness Scale). Results: The systematic review identified twenty-one studies; four examining the depression-hopelessness relationship and seventeen investigating the effects of neuroticism, extraversion and insecure attachment styles on wellbeing, depression and/ or hopelessness. Findings from the pilot showed a direct relationship between depression and hopelessness in rural community dwelling older adults, with only neuroticism indirectly influencing this relationship. Conclusions: The systematic review suggests that it is not possible, as yet, to draw robust conclusions from the existing evidence base regarding the influence of psychological variables on depression and hopelessness in older adults. The findings were particularly sensitive to methodological limitations (e.g. variability between sampling methods and small effect sizes). Despite this, studies suggest some evidence for attachment and personality influencing on the depression-hopelessness relationship. Likewise, findings from the pilot study are limited by the small sample size and cross-sectional nature of the data. Preliminary findings, however, suggest that neuroticism, and not beliefs about insecure attachment, strengthens the relationship between depression and hopelessness in non-clinical, rural older adults. These findings are consistent with research on working age adults and could, potentially, represent an emerging relationship in non-clinical older adults. Further research, however, is required as to whether the same patterns are observed in clinical populations.

This research thesis has researched about how employer branding and its relationship to person - organization fit. It focuses on personality traits of applicants and how it can impact their attractiveness of the organization advertised in job adverts. The purpose of this research thesis is to explain what relationship employer branding via job advertisements has when it comes to establishing P - O fit. In this case between future business students and organizations. The thesis had a deductive approach a cross - sectional research design was applied. A quantitative research method (logistic regression) was used and came from primary data. The research findings show that employer branding has a positive relationship to creating attractiveness of firms and also has an impact upon person-organization fit. Our findings also indicated that personality characteristics is hard to categorize in order to see what specifically in employer value proposition can attract a specific employee preference. The limitations were the number of respondents, a larger sample unit could have impacted the results more. Also, using a qualitative method in terms of semiotics could give a more detailed output on respondents’ personality traits. The original value of the research thesis is that it focused specifically on business students and to what degree employer value proposition is related to person-organization fit.

Two major purposes existed for this study. The first purpose was to compare how persisters and nonpersisters in the first year of a two-year nursing program differed in locus of control, selected personality traits, and seven demographic variables. The second major purpose was to develop a predictive model for the persisters and the nonpersisters. The particular personality variables examined were intelligence, superego strength, extraversion, anxiety, tough poise, and independence as measured by the 16PF. The summary findings were that persisters had significantly higher scores on the NDRT and the B and G traits, significantly lower externality, and were generally younger with no previous nursing experience, and more likely not to have prekindergarten age children than the nonpersisters. The major significance of this research comes from its use of data gathered at the beginning of an educational program to make predictions which can be available to teachers, counselors, and administrators who may make use of the information to improve the chance potential nonpersisters have of completing the nursing program, or perhaps to assist students in reexamination of their career choice.

Submitted by Luís Fernando Varotto (lvarotto@ig.com.br) on 2015-03-30T14:56:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE Luís F Varotto - Franchisor- franchisee relationship and performance.pdf: 5577752 bytes, checksum: c2c0a5c8e14cab676f16eb65bfeaa9b3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by PAMELA BELTRAN TONSA (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2015-03-30T14:56:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE Luís F Varotto - Franchisor- franchisee relationship and performance.pdf: 5577752 bytes, checksum: c2c0a5c8e14cab676f16eb65bfeaa9b3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-30T14:57:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE Luís F Varotto - Franchisor- franchisee relationship and performance.pdf: 5577752 bytes, checksum: c2c0a5c8e14cab676f16eb65bfeaa9b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Literature in franchise has virtually ignored the role of psychological aspects on firm interorganizational results, despite its influence on firm level results and relationship quality. Therefore, the present study aims to examine the influence of franchisees’ personality and entrepreneurial drive on franchisor-franchisee relationship quality and financial performance over time. The study also investigated the role of the time of relationship on the relationship quality and financial performance. This study used a self-report survey conducted by mail to collect data from a sample of 342 franchisees selected from 3 franchise networks. Personality was represented by the Big-Five personality traits (IPIP-B5 scales): extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and imagination. Entrepreneur drive was represented by the Carland Entrepreneurship Index (CEI). Relationship quality was conceptualized through a 23-item second-order construct (incorporating trust, commitment, and relationship satisfaction), while financial performance was represented by using a scale measuring sales growth and profitability. Time of relationship was measured by the months of relationship between franchisee and franchisor. A Partial Least Squares (PLS) structural equation model, mean analysis, and regression analysis were conducted to test the hypothesized relationships. Three of the five personality dimensions produced the predicted effect on the outcome variables of relationship quality – agreeableness (positively), emotional stability (positively), and imagination (positively). Financial performance was affected as predicted by conscientiousness (positively), emotional stability (positively), and imagination (positively). As expected, relationship quality presented a positive and significant effect on financial performance. Entrepreneurial drive showed the predicted positive effect only on performance. Time of relationship presented the positive predicted effect on the franchisor-franchisee relationship as regards relationship quality and financial performance; however, the hypothesized shape of the relationship phases could only partially be confirmed, since only between two phases (routine and stabilization) mean analysis showed significant differences. Results indicate that personality does in fact influence relationship quality and performance, but the manner in which this occurs differs from the Brazilian context where this research was conducted to the findings of research conducted in Australia, suggesting that factors such as culture and market stability may have influence on the relationship between personality traits and both relationship quality and financial performance. Entrepreneurial drive appears to positively influence franchisee performance, but its influence proved not to produce a significant impact on relationship quality. The present study’s results also indicate the importance of the time of relationship needed to foster relationship quality and performance. Moreover, long-term relationships are related to better franchisee relationship quality and financial performance assessments. Limitations of this work and suggestions for future studies are also discussed. / A literatura em franchising tem virtualmente ignorado o papel de aspectos psicologicos nos resultados interorganizacionais das empresas, a despeito de sua influencia nos resultados das organizações e da qualidade de relacionamento. Este estudo, portanto, tem por objetivo analisar a influência da personalidade e do potencial empreendedor na qualidade de relacionamento e desempenho financeiro na relação franqueador-franqueado, ao longo do tempo, sob a perspectiva dos franqueados. Este estudo analisa também o papel do tempo de relacionamento sobre a qualidade de relacionamento e o desempenho financeiro. Foi utilizado neste estudo um questionário de auto-preenchimento, enviado por e-mail, com o objetivo de recolher dados de uma amostra de 342 franqueados de 3 redes de franquias. A personalidade foi mensurada por meio dos “Cinco Grandes” traços de personalidade (escalas IPIP-B5): extroversão, agradabilidade, consciencia, estabilidade emocional e imaginação. O potencial empreendedor foi mensurado por meio do índice CEI (Carland Entrepreneurship Index). A qualidade do relacionamento foi estruturada como um constructo de segunda ordem, composto por 23 itens (incorporando confiança, comprometimento e satisfação com o relacionamento), e o desempenho financeiro foi representado por meio de uma escala de mensuração de crescimento de vendas e de rentabilidade. O tempo de relacionamento foi medido por meio dos meses de relacionamento entre franqueado e franqueador. As hipoteses foram testadas por meio de modelagem por equações estruturais, com a utilização do método de mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS), análise de regressão e análise de médias. Três das cinco dimensões da personalidade apresentaram o efeito previsto sobre as variáveis qualidade do relacionamento – agradabilidade (positivamente), estabilidade emocional (positivamente), e imaginação (positivamente). O desempenho financeiro foi influenciado, como previsto por consciência (positivamente), estabilidade emocional (positivamente), e imaginação (positivamente). Como esperado, a qualidade do relacionamento apresentou efeito positivo e significativo em relação ao desempenho financeiro. O potencial empreendedor apresentou o efeito positivo previsto apenas sobre desempenho. O tempo de relacionamento teve o efeito positivo esperado sobre o relacionamento franqueador-franqueado, em relação à qualidade do relacionamento e o desempenho financeiro, mas as diferenças entre as fases de relacionamento propostas foram apenas parcialmente confirmadas, uma vez que em somente duas fases (rotina e estabilização) a análise de médias mostrou diferenças significativas. Os resultados indicam que a personalidade influencia a qualidade de relacionamento e o desempenho, mas a meneira pela qual isso ocorre é diferente no contexto brasileiro, onde esta pesquisa foi realizada, dos achados da pesquisa conduzida na Austrália, sugerindo que fatores como cultura e estabilidade de mercado podem ter influencia sobre a relação entre traços de personalidade e qualidade de relacionamento, e traços de personalidade e desempenho financeiro. O potencial empreendedor parece influenciar positivamente o desempenho do franqueado, mas a sua influência não foi significativa em relação à qualidade do relacionamento. Os resultados também indicam a importância do tempo no desenvolvimento da qualidade de relacionamento e desempenho. Além disso, os relacionamentos de longo prazo estão relacionados a melhores avaliações de qualidade de relacionamento e desempenho financeiros por parte dos franqueados. As limitações do trabalho e sugestões para estudos futuros também são discutidos.

Revisorns oberoende är sedan länge ett omdiskuterat ämne. Brist på oberoende har tidigare orsakat flera större företagsskandaler och lett till att allmänheten förlorat förtroende för revisionsprofessionen. Därefter har ett flertal förändringar skett genom att olika regleringar har införts, vilka bland annat har syftat till att stärka oberoendet. Syftet med denna studie är att förklara huruvida det finns ett samband mellan revisorers personlighetsdrag och deras förmåga att bibehålla oberoendet. Denna studie undersöker hypoteser som har skapats utifrån befintlig teori och har därmed en kvantitativ ansats. För att undersöka revisorers personlighetsdrag har femfaktormodellen använts, som består av fem olika dimensioner vilka undersöker en individs grundläggande personlighetsdrag. För att undersöka oberoendet har tre vinjettfrågor tillämpats. Vinjettfrågorna lyckades inte mäta graden av oberoende tillsammans och således bör studiens resultat tolkas med försiktighet.  Resultaten av denna studie indikerar att personlighetsdragen neuroticism, öppenhet för erfarenhet och vänlighet skulle kunna ha en påverkan på revisorers förmåga att bibehålla oberoendet. Sambanden som återfinns är emellertid svaga. Vidare återfinns inga samband mellan extraversion samt samvetsgrannhet och oberoendet, vilket talar för att personlighetsdragen påverkar oberoendet i mycket låg utsträckning. Slutligen är revisorers personlighetsdrag ett forskningsområde som kan vidareutvecklas. / The independence of the auditor is since a long time a debated topic. Lack of independence has earlier caused several major corporate scandals and led to the public losing trust in the audit profession. Afterwards, several changes have been made through implementation of various regulations which among other things aim to strengthen the independence. The purpose of this paper is to explain whether there is a relationship between auditors’ personality traits and their ability to remain independent. This study tests hypotheses which have been created through existing theory and thus, has a quantitative approach. To examine auditors’ personality traits, the five-factor model of personality traits has been used which consists of five dimensions that explain an individual's fundamental personality traits. To examine the independence, three vignette questions have been used. The vignette questions did not manage to measure the level of independence together and consequently, the study’s results need to be interpreted with caution.  The findings of the study indicate that the personality traits neuroticism, openness to new experience and agreeableness might have an impact on the auditors’ ability to maintain the independence. However, the found relationships are weak. Furthermore, no relationships can be found between extraversion, conscientiousness and the independence which suggests that personality traits affect the independence to a very low extent. Lastly, the auditors’ personality traits are a research area that can be further developed.

A presença de traços de personalidade em familiares de pessoas com diagnóstico de Transtornos do Espectro do Autismo (TEA) parece corresponder a algumas das características comportamentais de indivíduos com TEA, apontando para a alta herdabilidade dessa condição. Esta área de estudos é referida como aquela que investiga o fenótipo ampliado do autismo (FAA). A presente pesquisa é composta por dois estudos: o primeiro teve como objetivo apresentar uma revisão crítica da literatura, especialmente sobre os aspectos comportamentais ligados ao FAA, abordando-se os traços de personalidade e diferenças de gênero, nos genitores. O segundo investigou a presença desses traços em genitores de crianças com o diagnóstico de TEA, através de um delineamento de estudos de casos múltiplos, utilizando instrumentos nacionais e internacionais. Os resultados apontam para a presença de traços autísticos nos genitores, especialmente em relação à área de Interação Social Recíproca e Comportamentos Repetitivos e Estereotipados. Esta pesquisa alinha-se a outras, ao identificar alguns traços de personalidade em pais e mães de crianças com autismo, que parecem corresponder, em algum nível, aos encontrados no TEA e, por isso, podem representar o fenótipo ampliado do autismo. / The presence of personality traits in relatives of people diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) seems to correspond to some of the behavioral characteristics of individuals with ASD, pointing to the high heritability of this condition. This area of study is referred to as one that investigates the Broader Autism Phenotype (BAP). This research consists of two studies: one aimed at reviewing the literature, especially on the behavioral aspects related to the BAP, approaching the personality traits and gender differences in parents of children with autism. Second, we investigated the presence of these traits in these parents through a design of multiple case studies, using national and international measures. The results indicate the presence of autistic traits in these parents, especially in relation to the area of Social Interaction and Repetitive and Stereotyped Behaviors. This research aligns to other studies of the field, to identify some personality traits in parents of children with autism, which seem to correspond to some degree, those found in ASD and therefore may represent the broader autism phenotype.

The aim of this study was investigate the development of behaviour of common vole in usually used personality test - Open Field test. This study also used a new behavioural approach ? behavioural reaction norms - to investigate the relationship among personality traits, behavioural plasticity and body weight and chosen social characteristic. There were found the effects of adult body weight and litter size on individual behavioural plasticity and also the negative correlation between personality traits and behavioural plasticity, signaling the different level of habituation dependent on personality traits.

The aim of this thesis was to empirically examine one of the theories regarding the laws of intraspecific variability in animal behavior, which assumes that differences in behavior are directly related to individual differences in the rate of growth. One of our most common rodents, common vole (Microtus arvalis) was chosen as a model species, mainly because lots of previous studies on this species have demonstrated, among other things, presence of consistent differences in behavior.