[pt] O principal objetivo dessa dissertação foi analisar o papel mediador do Trabalho Significativo nas relações dos Traços de Personalidade com o Bem-estar no Trabalho. Para tal, foram realizados dois estudos distintos sendo que no estudo um, o objetivo foi investigar as relações entre os fatores de personalidade, o trabalho significativo e o engajamento no trabalho, antes e durante a pandemia de COVID-19. A análise de rede da amostra de 963 adultos, com 828 respondentes antes da pandemia e 135 durante o contexto pandêmico, demonstrou que o trabalho significativo não só atuou como mediador entre os fatores abertura e conscienciosidade e o engajamento no trabalho, como também demonstrou a constância dessas relações nas duas amostras, antes e durante a pandemia. No estudo dois, o objetivo foi analisar se o trabalho significativo atuaria como mediador das relações dos fatores de personalidade com o engajamento no trabalho e a adição ao trabalho. Os resultados apontaram que o trabalho significativo apresenta uma mediação total nas relações dos fatores abertura e conscienciosidade com o engajamento no trabalho. Porém, no caso da mediação entre neuroticismo e o engajamento essa mediação foi parcial. As relações dos fatores de personalidade com a adição ao trabalho, não foram mediadas pelo trabalho significativo. Os achados desta dissertação evidenciam a relevância do trabalho significativo como um fator que impacta nas relações das características pessoais dos indivíduos com os níveis de engajamento e adição ao trabalho que esses vivenciam. Tais resultados são importantes para o desenvolvimento de intervenções clínicas que contribuam para a promoção do bem-estar e para a prevenção do adoecimento dos profissionais. / [en] The main objective of this dissertation was to test a model of mediation between meaningful work on the relations of personality traits with engagement and workaholism. To this end, two studies were carried out. In study 1, the objective was to evaluate if there was a constancy in the relationships between personality factors, meaningful work and engagement at work before and during the pandemic. The network analysis of the sample of 963 adults, with 828 respondents before the pandemic and 135 during the pandemic context, demonstrated that meaningful work not only acted as a mediator between the factors openness and conscientiousness, and engagement at work, but also demonstrated the consistency of the networks in the two samples, before and during the pandemic. In study two, the objective was to analyze whether the relationships of personality factors with work engagement and workaholism were mediated by meaningful work. This time, the results showed that the mediation of meaningful work in the relationship of the factors openness and conscientiousness with engagement at work was total. But in the case of mediation between neuroticism and engagement it was partial. Relationships of personality factors with workaholism were not mediated by meaningful work. The findings of this dissertation show the relevance of meaningful work as a factor that impacts the relationships of individuals personal characteristics with the levels of engagement and workaholism they experience.

When it comes to video games, immersion is key. All types of games aim to keep the player immersed in some form or another. A common aspect of the immersive world in most role-playing games -- but not exclusive to the genre -- is the non-playable character (NPC). At their best, NPCs play an integral role to the sense of immersion the player feels by behaving in a way that feels believable and fits within the world of the game. However, due to lack of innovation in this area of video games, at their worst NPCs can jar the player out of the immersive state of flow with unnatural behavior. In an effort towards making non-playable characters (NPCs) in games smarter, more believable, and more immersive, a method based in psychological theory for controlling the behavior of NPCs was developed. Based on a behavior model similar to most modern games, our behavior model for NPCs traverses a behavior tree. A novel method was introduced using the five-factor model of personality (also known as the big-five personality traits) and the circumplex model of affect (a model of emotion) to inform the traversal of the behavior tree of NPCs. This behavior model has two main beneficial outcomes. The first is emergent gameplay, resulting in unplanned, unpredictable experiences in games which feel closer to natural behavior, leading to an increase in immersion. This can be used for complex storytelling as well by offering information about an NPC's personality to be used in the narrative of games. Secondly, the model is able to provide the emotional status of an NPC in real time. This capability allows developers to programmatically display facial and body expression, eschewing the current time-consuming approach of artist-choreographed animation. Finally, a maze simulation environment was constructed to test the results of our behavior model and procedural animation. The data collected from 100 iterations in our maze simulation environment about our behavior model found that a correlation can be observed between traits and actions, showing that emergent gameplay can be achieved by varying personality traits. Additionally, by incorporating a novel method for procedural animation based on real-time emotion data, a more realistic representation of human behavior is achieved.

Объектом исследования является психологическая разумность. Предметом исследования стали личностные корреляты психологической разумности. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (68 источников) и приложений, включающих в себя фрагмент программы исследовательского тренинга, бланки применявшихся методик и таблицы с результатами сравнительного анализа на сокращенной выборке испытуемых. Объем магистерской диссертации 119 страниц, на которых размещены 4 рисунка и 15 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются гипотезы, указываются методики и эмпирическая база. Первая глава включают в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме исследования. В ней представлены модели психологической разумности, методики ее измерения, а также зарубежные и отечественные исследования психологической разумности. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методик проведенного исследования, а также результатов сравнительного анализа, корреляционного исследования, регрессионного анализа и исследовательского тренинга психологической разумности. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам. / The object of the study was psychological mindedness. The subject of the study was personality correlates of psychological mindedness. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, conclusion, a list of literature (68 sources) and applications, including the fragment of the research training program, forms of applied techniques and tables with the results of the comparative analysis on a reduced sample of subjects. The volume of the master's thesis is 119 pages, on which are placed 4 figures and 15 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the development of the problem, the purpose and objectives of the research, the object and subject of the research, the hypothesis are formulated, the techniques and the empirical base are specified. The first chapter include a review of foreign and domestic literature on the topic of the study. It presents models of psychological mindedness, techniques of its measurement and foreign and domestic studies of psychological mindedness. Conclusions on the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It describes the organization and techniques of the study and the results of the comparative analysis, the correlational research, the regression analysis and the research training of psychological mindedness. The conclusions of chapter 2 include the main results of the empirical study. The conclusion includes the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses put forward.

Объектом исследования являются психологические особенности интернет-пользователей. Предметом исследования стали личностные особенности женщин-активных пользователей социальных сетей. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (172 источника) и приложения, включающего в себя бланки применявшихся методик, сводную таблицу данных, описательные статистики. Объем магистерской диссертации 123 страницы, на которых размещены 8 рисунков и 7 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются основные гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования. В первой главе рассматривалась теоретическая база таких изучаемых явлений, как интернет-зависимость, проблемное использование интернета, проводился теоретический анализ исследований посвящённых связи активности пользователей социальных сетей с их личностными особенностями. В частности был проведён обзор исследований, посвящённых личностным особенностям женщин с высокой активностью в социальных сетях. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: «Общая шкала проблемного использования интернета» (GPIUS3), «Краткий опросник Большая пятерка» (адаптация А.Б.Хромова и др), Методика «уровень субъективного контроля» Дж.Роттера. Также в главе представлен сравнительный и корреляционный анализ результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики. / The object of the research is the Psychological features of Internet users. The subject of the research was the personal features of women active users of social networks. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (172 sources) and an appendix, which includes the forms of the methods used, a summary table of data, descriptive statistics. The volume of the master's thesis is 123 pages, which contain 8 figures and 7 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the theoretical and practical significance of the work. the elaboration of the problematics, the goal and objectives of the research are set, the object and subject of the research are determined, the main hypotheses are formulated, the methods and empirical base, as well as the stages of the research, are indicated. In the first chapter, the theoretical basis of such studied phenomena as Internet addiction, problematic use of the Internet was considered, a theoretical analysis of studies devoted to the connection between the activity of users of social networks and their personal characteristics was carried out. In particular, a review of studies on the personal characteristics of women with high activity in social networks was carried out. Conclusions on the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It contains a description of the organization and methods of the study and the results obtained by all the methods used: "General scale of problematic Internet use" (GPIUS3), "Brief questionnaire Big Five" (adaptation by A. Khromov and others), Methodology "level of subjective control" J. Rotter. The chapter also provides a comparative and correlation analysis of the research results. The findings of Chapter 2 are the main results of the empirical study. In conclusion, brief results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are presented, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses. The practical significance of the study is substantiated and possible prospects for further development of the problematics are described.

Research pertaining to personality traits has largely focused on broad dimensions that define personality configurations, rather than on specific actions and behaviours that people engage in every day. While trait theorists hold the belief that individuals' personality traits predict their behaviours, there is no thorough conceptualization of behavioural manifestations of personality traits in the existing literature. The first goal of the present dissertation was therefore to conceptualize a model of behavioural manifestations of the Five Factor Model (FFM) traits. To achieve this goal, in the first article, a taxonomy of behavioural expressions of FFM traits was operationalized through the development of an instrument: the Behavioural Expressions of Traits Inventory (BETI). Results from Study 1 (N = 454) and Study 2 (N = 297) validated the proposed taxonomy by means of both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The final version of the BETI comprised 30 items (6 items/subscale) that presented a clean factor structure. Concurrent validity results revealed that the taxonomy of behavioural expressions could be distinguished from FFM traits. The BETI also displayed good construct validity, satisfactory internal consistency values of all subscales, and no issues with social desirability. The second goal of this dissertation was to use this conceptualization of behavioural expressions of traits advantageously to examine an important fundamental topic: the processes at play in the associations between FFM personality traits and motivation through the lens of Self-Determination Theory (SDT). Results from emerging studies consistently revealed positive associations between beneficial FFM traits (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness) and autonomous motivation. Conversely, negative associations were obtained for neuroticism, a detrimental trait. The second article of this dissertation aimed to further our understanding of the associations between FFM traits and autonomous motivation by examining two potential mediators of this relationship: behavioural expressions of FFM traits and basic psychological need (BPN) satisfaction, a well-known antecedent of autonomous motivation. Two motivation domains central to the lives of undergraduate students were examined: academics and friendship. In Study 3 (N=635), undergraduate students completed online questionnaires. Structural equation modelling revealed a series of direct and indirect effects, as evaluated by Sobel's test of indirect effects: (1) FFM personality traits were positively associated with their corresponding behavioural expressions; (2) behavioural expressions of beneficial personality traits (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness) were positively associated with BPN satisfaction (autonomy, competence, and relatedness), while neuroticism was negatively associated with BPN satisfaction; (3) BPN satisfaction was positively associated with (a) autonomous academic motivation and (b) autonomous friendship motivation; (4) behavioural expressions of personality traits mediated the relationships between their corresponding trait and BPN satisfaction; (5) BPN satisfaction mediated the relationships between behavioural expressions of personality traits and (a) autonomous academic, and (b) friendship motivation and (6) behavioural expressions of personality traits and BPN satisfaction acted as sequential mediators of the associations between personality traits and (a) autonomous academic, and (b) friendship motivation. The sequential action of behavioural expressions of traits and BPN satisfaction as processes that explain the relationship between FFM personality dimensions and autonomous motivation is a novel idea that was put to a successful empirical test herein. Taken together, this research contributes to further our understanding of the intricacies involved in the joint study of the FFM model of personality traits and motivation as conceived by SDT.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka om gymnasieungdomars upplevda stress prediceras av personlighetsegenskaper, val av programinriktning och känsla av sammanhang (KASAM). För att uppnå studiens syfte har frågeställningen Skiljer sig gymnasieungdomars upplevelse av stress beroende på KASAM, personlighetsegenskaper och programinriktning? varit utgångspunkt. Vår första hypotes för att besvara den var att det finns en skillnad mellan programinriktning och graden av stress. Den andra hypotesen var att KASAM och personlighetsegenskaper predicerar stress hos gymnasieungdomar. För att kunna besvara hypotesen delades ett enkätformulär ut till 298 gymnasieungdomar på två skolor, varav 97 var män, 210 var kvinnor och 1 var icke binär. Analys genom en envägs-ANOVA visar på en generellt hög stressnivå, dock finns ingen statistisk signifikant skillnad mellan programinriktningarna. Vidare regressionsanalys visar ett statistiskt signifikant samband där hög KASAM predicerar lägre upplevd stress (p < .001) hos gymnasieungdomarna. Sammanfattningsvis predicerar KASAM stress, medan programinriktning och personlighetsegenskaper inte gör det. / The purpose of this study was to investigate if high school students perceived stress is predicted by personality traits, high school programme, or perceived sense of coherence (SOC). To achieve the purpose of the study the question “Does high school students' experience of stress depend on SOC, personality traits or programme?” has been used as a starting point. The first hypothesis was that the degree of stress is dependent by programme. The second hypothesis was that SOC and personality traits predict stress for high school students. In order to answer the hypothesis, a questionnaire was distributed to 298 high school students, of which 97 were men, 210 were women and 1 was non-binary. The one way-ANOVA analysis of the results shows a general high level of stress, but there is no statistical significant difference between the high school programmes. Further regression analysis shows a statistically significant difference in relationship between SOC and stress. High SOC predicts lower perceived stress (p < .001) among high school students. In summary, SOC predicts stress but programme and personality traits don´t.

While consumer awareness of benefits of adequate nutrition has noticeably surged in recent years, developing countermeasures against improper eating habits still represents a public health priority in view of the growing prevalence of diet-related diseases. Eating behaviours are complex phenomena driven by a spectrum of biological and environmental factors, wherein (chemo)sensory perception is reckoned amongst the most influential. Analogously, chemosensation is affected by a myriad of determinants, and this warrants the commonly observed large variation in how tastes and smells are perceived among individuals. Given how such variability intimately relates to dietary habits, deciphering its underlying mechanisms is paramount to promoting healthier food choices. In this vein, emerging evidence suggests that human eating behaviours can also be affected by interactions between the gastrointestinal microbiota and the chemosensory systems. Despite growing interest, the sensory-oriented microbiome field suffers from obvious limitations due to its recent emergence. As a result, little efforts has been devoted to elucidating: a) the associations between the oral microbiota and olfaction or known psychological mediators of sensory perception; b) the links between the distal gut microbiota and taste functioning; c) the consequences of interactions between chemosensation and the gastrointestinal microbiota on dietary intakes. Against this backdrop, this thesis aimed at expanding the current knowledge on the interplays between domains of sensory perception and the gastrointestinal microbiota and how these might mirror variations in habitual food habits. In detail, four studies probing the associations a) between a psychosocial correlate of sensory perception (food neophobia), olfaction (Chapter 2) and the oral microbiota (Chapter 3); and b) between distal gut (Chapter 4) or oral (Chapter 5) microbiota, taste functioning and dietary intakes are here presented. In Chapter 2 and 3, a healthy cohort of 83 individuals (57.8 % women; aged 22-68 yo) remotely filled out the common Food Neophobia Scale and the trait anxiety subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory prior to providing a salivary sample for subsequent metataxonomic analysis (16S rRNA gene sequencing). Next, volunteers were tested for orthonasal olfactory functioning via the Sniffin’ Sticks battery, and monitored for retronasal aroma release while consuming a strawberry jelly candy by nose-space analysis (Selected-Ion Flow-Tube Mass Spectrometry). In Chapter 4 and 5, instead, 100 young adult volunteers (52 % women; aged 18-30 yo) attended a 7-day lasting remote protocol where responsiveness to genetically-mediated bitterness of 6-n-propylithiuracil (PROP), hedonics and intensity of oral sensations elicited by ten commercially-available food products, a battery of food-related psychological traits, a 4-day food record, and one salivary and one stool sample (sequenced by targeting the 16s rRNA gene) were collected. Overall, results substantially strengthen past evidence suggesting: a) that pronounced neophobic tendencies translate into higher levels of (negative) emotional activation or arousal towards foods; b) the existence of homogenous groups of individuals with generalized hypergeusia towards oral stimulations; c) that hyperresponsiveness to a peculiar taste quality is a barrier to the intake of foods evoking such sensation; d) that habitual consumption of dietary fibers and simple carbohydrates can shape both the gut and oral microbial ecology, respectively. Intriguingly, food neophobia and poor olfaction were positively associated with oral microbial markers of dysbiosis (e.g., Porphyromonas gingivalis), whilst a Clostridia-enriched salivary microbiota co-occurred with low responsiveness to alarming oral sensations (astringency, bitter, sour) elicited by real foods. Similarly, an ample panel of commensal gut bacterial genera mainly allocated to the families Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae was found to be enriched in individuals exhibiting lower acuity to both tastes (bitter, salty, sour, sweet) and trigeminal sensations (astringent, pungent). Besides taxonomically annotating a range of microbial taxa tied to sensory perception, putative metabolic pathways used by salivary and gut microbial communities to modulate taste perception were inferred and discussed. To conclude, this thesis supports the notion that the gastrointestinal microbiota is an additional candidate to explain interindividual variations in taste and smell perception, and provides novel important insights into the aetiology of eating behaviours. More importantly, this work also offers methodological cues to robustly assess the associations between chemosensation and host-related non genetic factors, and paves the way for future interventional studies targeting the efficacy of sensory-related microbial taxa as potential modulators of dietary habits.

With the introduction of technology, our existence became different. Today we use technology for every aspect of our lives. We can study, work, communicate, and entertain ourselves. We find it very convenient to communicate via e-mail, text messaging, WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Myspace, and Snapchat to connect with people in work, school, social and familial networks. Mark Zuckerberg proclaimed that Facebook's new mission is to "bring the world closer together" (Zuckerberg, 2017). The means of accomplishing that is through technological communication. According to research on close relationships and the use of technology as a way of communication, "mobile phone-based channels had stronger associations with friendship closeness" (Liu & Yang, 2016). However, it is also possible that something essential is lost in these electronic interactions. It is possible that both the value and meaning of the interaction changes when using technology rather than human communication. The primary purpose of this research was a) to examine whether technology use makes people feel more connected to others or lonelier, b) to discover how relationships are affected by online communication, particularly as it relates to satisfaction or closeness, and c) to see if people's personalities play a role in their technology use. It is essential to continue to expand and explore this research. Technology continues to develop and change at an increasingly fast rate. The impact of how we use and interact with this dynamic product can only be fully understood through continued examination and research.

In an era when sustainability is of great importance it is necessary to seek ways to make peopleact more sustainably when it comes to consumption. From this the concept of proenvironmental behavior has arisen as movements that benefit the planet but also refraining frombehavior that cause harm to it. To be able to change consumption behavior and adopt proenvironmental behavior, one possible solution is to influence consumers to act more sustainablyduring the decision-making process through nudging techniques. We focus on the personal careindustry that has not gotten the same attention as the fashion industry when it comes tosustainability despite being large and influential in Sweden. For that reason, this study aims to investigate how different personality traits affect thereceptiveness of Swedish consumers to green digital nudges when making an online purchase,more particular when purchasing a facial cream and lip balm. To bridge the identified researchgaps, the following research question has been formulated: What are the effects of personality traits on the receptiveness to sustainability–focused nudgingtechniques within the personal care sector in Sweden? Following a literature review, we applied quantitative quasi-experimental research design andcollected data through an online survey that specifically focused on the relationship betweenpersonality traits, nudging and the feelings towards nudging. The survey was distributedthrough a non-probability sampling method, namely, a convenience sample via social media. It resulted in 160 answers which also represents the study´s sample size. The main findings of the study revealed that people who possess higher level of GreenValuesare significantly more receptive to digital sustainability-focused nudging techniques, whereasthose who are Skeptical are less receptive to nudges. Respondents who possess an openpersonality trait were receptive to the nudged lip balm but not the facial cream. The feelingstowards nudging showed that, in general, the respondents felt contemplative, attentive, andskeptical, which can be said that people do not know that nudging exists and by participatingin this study we opened up more knowledge about that. When it comes to the specific traits,GreenValues are associated with being attentive, excited, and annoyed. Skeptical withhappiness and Openness with being skeptical, attentive, happy, critical, and offended. Additionally, the personality traits GreenValues and Openness, but not Skepticism, have astatistically significant effect on finding the eco-labels and nudged product description helpfulin making the product choice.

Denna studie undersökte huruvida nyfikenhet som generell egenskap eller personlighetsdrag uttrycker sig i nyfiket beteende i specifika områden. Med nyfiket beteende i specifika områden menas i denna studie att man uppoffrar tid eller pengar för mer information om svaret eller utfallet i en specifik uppgift, utan att svaret eller utfallet har något annat direkt värde än som information. Ett exempel är att uppoffra pengar mot att få information om vilka svarsalternativ som är felaktiga i ett logikproblem som man försöker lösa. De data som användes i denna studie härrör från tre tidigare studier som har utfört experiment med inslag av de avvägningar som nämnts. Samtliga 90 deltagare var rekryterade i anknytning till Umeå Universitet. Deltagarna har efter experimenten besvarat instrumentet Big Five Inventory (BFI-44) som mäter generella personlighetsdrag, samt instrumentet Curiosity and Exploration Inventory II (CEI-II) som mäter nyfikenhet som egenskap. Resultatet replikerade tidigare samband mellan personlighetsdrag och nyfikenhet som egenskap. Däremot predicerade varken nyfikenhet som generell egenskap eller personlighetsdrag nyfiket beteende i specifika områden. En tolkning gällande det icke-existerande sambandet är att människor har specifika intressen, huruvida de blir och upprätthåller nyfikenhet har inte med grundläggande drag att göra utan med andra orsaker. Möjligen bör konstruktvaliditeten för nyfikenhet som generell egenskap ifrågasättas. / This study examined whether curiosity as a general trait or personality trait expresses itself in curious behavior in specific areas. With curious behavior in specific areas, this study means that you sacrifice time or money for more information about the answer or outcome of a specific task, without the answer or outcome having any other direct value than as information. One example is to sacrifice money to get information about which answer alternatives are incorrect in a logic problem that one tries to solve. The data used in this study derives from three previous studies that performed experiments with elements of the trade-offs mentioned. The 90 participants were recruited in connection with Umeå University. After the experiments the participants answered the instrument Big Five Inventory (BFI-44) that measures general personality traits, and the instrument Curiosity and Exploration Inventory II (CEI-II) that measures trait curiosity. The result replicated previous relationships between personality traits and trait curiosity. However, neither curiosity as a general trait or personality traits predicted curious behavior in specific areas. An interpretation of this non-existing relationship is that people have specific interests, whether they become and maintain curiosity does not have to do with fundamental traits but with other reasons. Possibly the construct validity of curiosity as a general trait should be questioned.