近年來，資訊科技的進步，改變了人類溝通的方式、知識的管理和傳承、資訊的散播和儲存，對人類社會產生革命性的影響。檔案館開始面對大量的電子文書，並將原有的珍貴館藏轉換為數位物件典藏。然而，看似穩當的數位典藏方式，即使建立了適當的儲存環境，做好各種安全控管，未必能保證數位物件可供長期使用。為了長久保存數位物件並提供使用，除了轉存、轉置、技術模擬等廣受認同的保存方法外，還需要保存後設資料的配合，國際間已有許多相關研究。本研究以RLG、NLA、Cedars、NEDLIB四發展機構所提出的保存後設資料項目為比較對象，得出核心項目，再配合中研院近史所檔案館的需求，建置適用的保存後設資料項目。 經過比較發現，RLG、NLA、Cedars、NEDLIB所提出的保存後設資料項目，因為定位及應用目的不同，在規模、項目及描述層次上有差異，但描述重點仍有某種程度的共識。其中，NLA詳細記載歷次更動相關事項，並針對不同型態數位檔訂立不同的描述項目的做法，值得參考。 考量需求與館藏數位檔特性，中研院近史所檔案館保存後設資料項目雖以四種保存後設資料核心項目為基礎，在建置時仍做了部分修正與更動。(1) 保存後設資料的功能以協助保存決策制定及執行為主，不考慮提供使用的部分，也儘量不與原有後設資料重複；(2) 描述層級訂在系列層級；(3) 更動史項目，綜合NLA及Cedars之優點。限於系統功能限制，保存後設資料仍無法自動產生，也暫時不與數位檔及原有後設資料連結。 根據研究結果，對近史所檔案館及其他典藏機構提出下列建議：(1)制定數位保存政策及計畫；(2) 測試保存方法及保存後設資料項目；(3)留意相關科技及標準的發展趨勢；(4) 保存後設資料應儘量以自動、同步方式產生；(5) 明確定義描述規範。此外，對於數位保存後設資料及保存方法應再深入了解，並尋求跨領域合作機會。

檔案是紀錄人類文明發展的重要史料，也是行政機關執行業務過程的重要憑據，先進國家對於檔案的管理都極為重視，且均已興建現代化的檔案館來保存珍貴的國家檔案，設置適足的空間與設備以提供優質的應用服務，這不僅有助於文化資產之保存，也是國家發展進步的重要指標與象徵。我國現代化之檔案管理制度係師承歐美各先進國家，參酌國情後制定並予以立法規範，就長遠觀之，雖然已在2015年啟用首座永久性之國家檔案庫房，然而，這只能算是完成了因應典藏空間需求的近程目標，未來在制度面方面仍需建構完整的國家檔案管理體系，爭取興建獨立且多功能之館舍，讓珍貴的國家檔案得以妥適典藏並提供各界應用，發揮檔案存在的價值與功能。 　　檔案保存維護策略之擬訂，需掌握空間規劃、環境控制、修護處置、複製儲存及風險管理等要項，各要項皆有賴相當的專業能力方可成就，國家發展委員會檔案管理局為我國檔案中央主管機關，依法負有管理國家檔案之責，由於數量龐大且因年代久遠、原保管條件不佳等因素，檔案接管時多已嚴重劣損，更需要儘速研訂保存策略以為作業準據。本研究之目的，即以世界各先進國家之國家檔案館業務概況為探究目標，針對各國國家檔案館發展之保存策略加以研析，並就保存維護工作之範圍與業務重點比較其內涵之異同，據以研議適合我國國家檔案之保存策略，建立一致性、完整性、正確性之處置作業標準，提供未來國家檔案館規劃之參考，達到提升國家檔案典藏效益與作業品質之目的。本研究之重要成果與建議，歸納如下： 　一、國家檔案館興建刻不容緩 　　 本次研究調查發現，屬嚴重劣化的受損檔案多達一成以上，可合理推估具永久保存價值之國家檔案在尚未移轉前，恐有滅失之危機；據統計現有100公里以上之國家檔案尚待移轉，然受限於典藏空間不足而無法加速移轉作業之進行。因此，無論是從國際趨勢或是保存珍貴國家記憶的角度來看，興建國家檔案館都是未來首要推動的工作目標。 　二、國家檔案保存維護優先順序有待建立 　　國家檔案數量龐大，媒體型式及材質種類又十分多元，在資源有限情形下，除了必須爭取經費持續進行預防性保護相關作為，亦應衡酌檔案的價值性、應用性、保存性等條件，建立客觀的評量標準，研訂國家檔案保存修護及數位化等優先處置原則，兼顧檔案長期保存與便捷應用之需求，提升國家檔案管理效益。 三、國家檔案保存維護作業人力亟待充實 　　面對數量龐大且媒體類型多元的檔案，若無經費、人力、設備等資源的持續挹注，實難完成。為有效提升國家檔案保存維護工作的執行績效，未來仍應加強人力的支援，並思考業務傳承方式，使是項工作得以順遂推動。 四、各機關檔案人員保存維護正確觀念有待加強 　　國家檔案移轉前在各機關保存時間長達數十年，若原管有機關未善盡保存維護之責，或是施以錯誤的保管方式，等到檔案徵集移轉時再來搶救，恐為時已晚。為了讓檔案能夠延長保存壽命，進而減輕國家檔案移轉後所需花費的修護成本，應透過培訓、輔導等方式強化各機關檔案人員對於保存維護觀念的正確認知，宣導檔案保存環境控制與保管作為的有效作法，才能有效降低國家檔案劣化的數量與嚴重程度。 / Archives are not only important records of the development of human civilization but also concrete proofs of the works of government agencies. All the advanced nations attach great importance to the management of archives. They have therefore set up modernized buildings to house and preserve such precious archival materials, and have provided adequate space and facilities for quality service to users. By doing so, precious cultural assets can be best kept. These actions significantly symbolize the progress of a nation. In formulating correct strategies of archival preservation, we need to carefully take into consideration space planning, environment control, repair & restoration, duplicate & storage, and risk management. All of these rely on professional expertise. The National Archives Administration (NAA) under the Cabinet-level National Development Council is accountable for overall management of national archives in Taiwan. However, many of the archival materials had been damaged or deteriorated even before having been transferred to NAA due to their long history and the poor handling by the original agencies. Preservation of such archives urgently need efficient strategies. This dissertation therefore aims to conduct some researches on the operations of national archives agencies in advanced nations, analyze their preservation strategies, and compare the differences of their works and emphases. More importantly, this author tries to come up with standard operation procedures, which are coherent, complete and accurate, for Taiwan to preserve our national archives. Hopefully this will offer reference in planning for a new national archives hall, so as to enhance the efficiency and upgrade the quality of national archives preservation. The major study results and suggestions are as follows: I. There is urgent need for a national archives hall. This study finds out that seriously damaged or deteriorated archives in different agencies account for ten percent of the total archives. It can therefore be estimated that national archives worth preserving might be lost before being transferred to NAA. Statistics show that there are over 100-km long national archives waiting to be transferred. Yet, due to the limited space in NAA, it is impossible to speed up the transfer process. Therefore, in view of international trend or the need to retain precious national memories, to build a new national archives hall is top on the agenda. 2. Priorities should be set to best preserve national archives. National archives are not only large in quantity but also diverse in media types and material sorts. With limited resources, NAA has to allocate budgets to continue preventive protection measures. Meanwhile, it needs to establish objective criteria for assessing the value, usage, and preservation of different national archives before setting priorities for the restoration and digitalization of each sort. It is equally important to ensure long-term preservation and offer convenient service to users, so as to enhance the management efficiency of national archives. 3. The quality and quantity of workforce in national archives preservation need to be strengthened. Faced by the challenges in both large number and different types of national archives, NAA assuredly needs more financial, workforce and equipment support to continue fulfilling its missions. In order to more effectively preserve national archives and keep the operation going smoothly, more professionals are needed, and skills and experiences must be passed down to new staff members. 4. The preservation-related knowledge of staff members in different agencies needs to be strengthened. The current national archives had been kept by different agencies for several decades before having been transferred to NAA. If the original agencies failed to do their jobs well or kept their archives in a wrong way, it would be too late to rescue those archives after transfer. Therefore, in order to prolong the life of archives and reduce the expenses on repairing them after transfer, staff members in all agencies should receive training and assistance to gain better knowledge of archival preservation. After that, they can together take correct, effective measures as environment control and careful preservation to significantly reduce the number and degree of deteriorated archives.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第15662号 / 工博第3320号 / 新制||工||1501(附属図書館) / 28199 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 鉾井 修一, 教授 髙橋 大弐, 教授 原田 和典 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間･環境学) / 甲第20819号 / 人博第838号 / 新制||人||201(附属図書館) / 29||人博||838(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生文明学専攻 / (主査)教授 高妻 洋成, 准教授 山崎 健, 教授 小椋 大輔 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Climate change is natural process that refers itself to variations in weather caused by nature or human activity, mainly due to fossil combustion and deforestation that had raised the amount of gas emissions of the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere. Due to geographical situation some countries are more sensitive to these changes than others. Adapting to the new climate conditions becomes a challenge that entails economic costs and resources that affect significantly to countries in their economic development conditions. There is a need for solutions to create a proper setting to generate long-term sustainable growth strategies. Recent studies have pointed out that the most affected area by this phenomena will be Central America and among that region El Salvador . This research will be directed to the possible outcome that climate change will have in agriculture and for that in food security. El Salvador has been an agriculture base economy that has experienced minor changes throughout time. There have been different kinds of crops that been extremely important in Salvadoran economy, one of them is Corn. It constitutes almost half of the dietary pattern of Salvadoran families. The reintroduction of Agriculture could be a viable alternative for the country’s economy to regain its strength. The main objective of this research is to analyze the relationship between the economic growth model, climate change and the scarce demand of corn consumption in El Salvador.

学位プログラム名: 京都大学大学院思修館 / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(総合学術) / 甲第22612号 / 総総博第12号 / 新制||総総||2(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院総合生存学館総合生存学専攻 / (主査)准教授 DEROCHE Marc-Henri Jean, 教授 山敷 庸亮, 教授 高妻 洋成, 泉 拓良 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy / Kyoto University / DGAM

本研究旨在探討國家圖書館數位保存計畫之促成因素與相關問題，藉由比較研究之描述、解釋、併排與比較四步驟，研究美國與澳洲國家圖書館數位保存計畫之內涵，瞭解美國國會圖書館與澳洲國家圖書館在數位保存活動中扮演的角色、任務、法定寄存制度、數位保存計畫背景與促成因素等，歸納數位保存策略與典範，以提出我國發展數位保存計畫之建議與參考。 研究結果歸納促成美國與澳洲國家圖書館數位保存計畫發展的15項共同因素與3項不同因素。共同因素為：1.兩國皆因著作權法促成國家圖書館擔負法定寄存的責任；2.重視數位保存問題；3.重視數位資源法定寄存；4.數位資源採自願寄存協議；5.落實國家數位保存計畫；6.落實網站典藏保存計畫；7.採合作蒐集數位資源的策略；8.研訂所需描述性後設資料標準；9.採用多種Metadata架構；10.研訂保存性後設資料標準；11.數位保存技術策略；12.採用唯一的數位保存官方標準OAIS參考模式；13.採用HTTrack網站擷取工具；14.重視數位資源的永久取用；15.合宜的數位資源取用策略。不同因素為：1.國家數位保存計畫發展方式不同；2.網路資源典藏計畫不同；3.數位資源選擇決策不同。 本論文結論歸納發展國家數位保存應考量下列議題：1.國家圖書館數位保存的重要性；2.法定寄存制度與數位資源寄存問題；3.數位保存計畫推動；4.數位資源館藏政策與選擇指南；5.網路資源編目標準；6.Metadata標準；7.描述性後設資料；8.保存性後設資料；9.數位典藏庫；10.數位保存策略；11.數位保存取用與服務；12.數位保存成功因素與策略。 最後建議：1.加強原生數位資料研究；2.國家圖書館推動我國數位保存計畫；3. 建置我國網站典藏先導計畫；4.訂定數位館藏發展政策；5.訂定數位保存政策。 / The purpose of the study is to analyze the factors that helped to materialize the national library digital preservation projects. Through description, interpretation, juxtaposition, and comparison, this study research the concepts of the digital preservation projects from Library of Congress and National Library of Australia, which include the role, the mission, the legal deposit policy, the background, and the relevant factors of the digital preservation standards and strategy. Finally come up with the suggestion of the digital preservation projects of our own. The results of this study include 15 common factors and 3 different factors. The common factors are: 1.The national libraries are responsible for the legal deposit policy due to the copyright act；2.Emphasize on the digital preservation；3. Emphasize on the legal deposit policy；4.There is no common agreement on digital resources deposit policy；5.Carry out national digital preservation projects；6.Execute the web capture projects；7.Adopt the strategy of collecting digital resources together； 8.Construct the descriptive metadata standards；9.Adopt several metadata schemas； 10.Construct preservation metadata standards；11.Digital preservation strategy；12. Adopt official digital preservation standard OAIS；13.Adopt HTTrack web capture tool；14.Emphasize on the permanent access of the digital resources；15.Appropriate digital resources access strategy. The different factors are: 1.The development of the national digital preservation projects；2.The collection of the web-based resources projects；3.The selection decision of the digital resources. The conclusions of the study are: 1.The importance on digital preservation of a national library；2.The issues of legal deposit policy and the deposition of the digital resources；3.Successfully promote the development of a digital preservation project；4.Digital resources collection policy and selection guidelines；5.Web resources cataloging standards；6.Metadata standards；7.Descriptive metadata；8.Preservation metadata；9.Digital repository；10.Digital preservation strategy；11.Access and services of digital preservation；12.Succesful factors of promoting digital preservation projects. The study makes final suggestions as follows: 1.Emphasis on the research of born digital materials. 2. Promote national central library to develop our national digital preservation projects. 3. Construct the web-archiving pilot project. 4. Establish the digital collection development policy. 5. Establish the digital preservation policy.

國內過往對於古蹟的保存手法，造成古蹟去生命化的後果，原因除了其忽視再利用面向之經營規劃外，純粹性的觀光政策也簡化了古蹟的社會文化功能。故 「再利用」一詞，於近幾年問被各界提出與熱烈討論，試圖去轉變「古蹟」的消極功能。但事實上，現今國內古蹟保存政策法令，在支援「再利用」此概念時，仍有不足之處。《文化資產保存法》自民國七十一年公佈施行以來，歷經四次之增訂修正，對古蹟保存之發展提供改善的空間。然而對於再利用工作，始終未能有突破性的規範，導致古蹟保存工作就在體制不全的情況下，未能積極發揮其角色所蘊含的意義。緣此，本研究旨在分析自四○年代以來，國內古蹟保存政策之歷程，隨著社經環境的變遷，瞭解現階段古蹟保存政策法令與經營管理上之不足，並擬議古蹟保存再利用之整體配套策略，提供當前古蹟保存政策之參考。 首先，本研究藉由整理分析文獻資料與論述古蹟再利用之意義，進而依據時間序列，探討各階段之古蹟保存政策重點；並分別就行政、立法與社會結構面向，說明古蹟保存的當前困境。此外，藉由問卷調查方式，以釐清再利用機制應參酌的相關面向；並輔以個案調查訪談，以瞭解現行古蹟保存再利用工作之執行情形，作為研訂古蹟保存再利用策略之參考。最後，規劃古蹟保存再利用策略機制，確認古蹟保存再利用之目標，並建立再利用階段性策略，以對國內古蹟保存困境提出改善之道。 本研究結果在現況課題解決方面，建議釐清再利用之定義、建立行政資源統籌部會與修正私有古蹟委託管理相關條文規定；在問卷調查與個案研究方面，發現私有古蹟衝突有待化解、保存誘因不足、欠缺公開透明的再利用經營管理審查機制與經營管理方式欠缺監督與彈性化之問題；另於再利用機制之配套法令方面，建議應提高再利用計畫之執行位階、釐清再利用、修復工程計畫與經營管理工作三者間的關係，並且規範管理再利用收益事項。本研究參酌問卷調查結果，研擬再利用策略之執行機制，在參與主體對象上，建議古蹟所有權人、政府機關與非營利組織之投入；在推動方式方面，建議以社區總體營造、公私合作與商圈再造方式進行；於再利用階段性策略上，共分為三階段：前置基礎階段建議進行古蹟調查研究，以建立完整的歷史資料庫；第二階段強調再利用計畫與修復工程建設的平行協調；第三階段進行古蹟經營管理維護計畫，建構古蹟經營管理機制。期以上述之建議與策略機制，對國內古蹟保存工作有所助益。 關鍵字：古蹟保存政策、再利用、古蹟經營管理、文化資產保存法 / As for the historical preservation in Taiwan, we overlook the fact that preservation is to "reuse" a historical monument by management and planning, and the tourism policy only focused on "one dimension@Tourism", which simplified the social and cultural functions of historical monuments. As a result, we fail to revitalize our historical monuments. The catchphrase "reuse", in an attempt to transform the passive function of historical monuments, has been the center of attention among communities in recent years. However, the laws regulating the protection of historical monuments are not fully supportive to the concept of "reuse". "Cultural Assets Protection Law" enacted in 1982, had undergone four revisions due to the need to improve the development of historical preservation. Even so, we hardly see any breakthrough of the laws for the works of "reuse". The current legal system fails to take an active role in terms of historical preservation. Concerning this, the thesis aims to analyze the development of historical preservation policies since 1951. With the changes of social and economic environments, we need to understand the insufficient respects of policies or regulations in terms of management in the current stage, and propose a set of compatible strategies as a reference to the policies of historical preservation. At the first stage, the thesis is to compile and analyze existing documents looking for the significance of reusing historical monuments. Furthermore, in a chronological order, it studies the measures and policies of historical preservation in different stages in order to draw a picture of the difficulties that have been encountered in administrative, legislative and, social structural levels. In addition, the supplement of questionnaires is to clarify different perspectives that should be considered in terms of "reuse". Also, this study provides with individual interviews of the execution of "reuse" mechanism, to further understand the current situation and to offer reference to the policy makers. In the end, the thesis offers a framework to achieve the "reuse" mechanism and to confirm the goals of both preservation and reuse. With the establishment of reuse policies in different stages, the thesis offers a solution to improve the current difficult situations. As to the solution of existing problems, the thesis suggests that we clarify the definition of "reuse", establish a department for the administrative management, and revise the articles as well as clauses regarding private historical monuments. From the questionnaires and case studies, we find problems like the conflicts of private historical monuments, the lack of incentive for preservation, the absence of a transparent mechanism for examining reuse management, the absence of the inflexibility and the supervision over the management. As to the laws related to reuse mechanism, we suggest to raise the priority of implementing reuse projects, clarify the relationship among reuse, monument-repair projects, and administrative works, as well as regulate and manage the profits from reuse projects. Based on the result of the questionnaires to frame the implementation mechanism of the reuse strategies, we suggest participation of reuse by the owner, government and the NPOs, and community empowerment, public-private partnership and commercial region reconstruction to set into action. There are three stages on reuse strategies. First, we recommend monuments investigation and studies to establish the complete database; second, strengthening the parallel relationship of reuse projects and monument-repair projects; third, executing monument management project and construct its mechanism Based on above strategies, we believe historical preservation would benefit. Keywords : Historical Preservation Policy Reuse Historical Monument Management Cultural Assets Protection Law

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(工学) / 乙第13012号 / 論工博第4137号 / 新制||工||1650(附属図書館) / 32940 / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科文化・地域環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 鉾井 修一, 教授 髙橋 大弐, 教授 山岸 常人 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

隨著再生醫學研究的蓬勃發展，幹細胞也成為未來醫療的焦點，長生不老、青春永駐，將不再是夢想；慢性疾病、罕見疾病等的治癒都可預期。其中臍帶血幹細胞的移植已可取代骨髓移植治療惡性血液疾病、免疫疾病，成功率與預後狀況都比骨髓移植更好。所以將臍帶血保存下來的觀念，已普遍成為產前衛教的一課，台灣約有一成以內的父母會自費將寶寶的臍帶血保存下來。 活動理論是俄國心理學家Vygotsky（1978）所提出的，強調主體必須透過工具才能達成客體目標，並架構人類基本活動的六個元素：主體、中介工具、客體、規則、社群與分工。單一活動中各元素為動態的互動關係，會隨著時間軸改變。 本研究深入訪談六位臍帶血保存戶後，透過活動理論元素強度分析比較臍帶血保存戶的生活脈絡，了解其關鍵點，同時也將業界行銷做法與活動理論進行比對分析，再參酌人性中「理性」與「非理性」的心理反應，做為未來行銷策略的參考。 結果顯示，客戶的生活脈絡中「主體-工具-客體」之三角關係最強，其中工具扮演不可或缺的角色；「主體-客群-客體」之三角關係次之，社群仍是活動中互動最密切的一群；規則與分工對生活脈絡的影響較小，反映出臍帶血保存是一個新產業，法規與分工都還沒有深入發揮影響力。在訪談業代與分析業者行銷策略後，瞭解未來在行銷保存臍帶血時，需兼具產品與服務的特性，並加強研發的能力，強化在再生醫療中的角色，才能讓此產業更蓬勃發展。 活動理論可將思維結構化並進行盤點，使離散的概念統整，對整個活動有一個清楚的全貌。應用在例行思考上，不論是事前評估規劃，或是事後執行檢討，均可迅速而清晰的將藍圖完整呈現。 / The use of stem cells becomes a key area of research and therapy followed by the fast development in regenerative medicine. Because the existence of stem cells, immortality or staying young forever will no longer be just a dream, and serious diseases and rare disorder are expected to be cured. Umbilical cord blood transplants have higher success and recovery rates than Bone Marrow transplants in treating blood disorders and diseases of the immune system. The concept of ‘cord blood storage’ has become an instruction prenatally. There are about 10% of parent will keep their baby’s cord blood in private cord blood banks at present in Taiwan. ‘Activity Theory’ was initiated by Lev Vygotsky（1978）in the 1920s. He created the idea of mediation. Following to the activity theory, Leont’ev (1981) structured the general context model into six elements: Subject、Tool、Object、Rules、Community and Labor Division. The interaction among elements for each activity is dynamic and can be changed over time. Six customers stored the cord bloods of their babies were interviewed in this study. The life contexts were studied and the strength of the six elements was compared among these customers based on the activity theory to analyze the reason of storing their baby’s cord blood, and to build the activity theory model. In addition, the marketing methods in the industry were compared and analyzed with the activity theory, and the psychological responses of reasoning and nonreasoning in human nature were further referred to build the future marketing strategy. The relation among Subject-Tool-Object was found to be the most important part in the model, where tool played the key role. The relation among Subject-Community-Object was the second important, where community interacted closely with activity. Rules and Labor Division were the less effective elements. This result indicates that private Cord Blood Bank is a new business, which is not affected by Rules and Labor Division yet. In the future, product and service characters should be combined, and the significance of R&D of stem cells in cord blood should be enhanced in Regenerative Medicine to promote the development of this business. Activity theory was proved beneficial in seeing a whole picture of activity by structuralizing the thinking and integrating the diverse ideas. A clear blue print in routine thinking can be seen either in the beforehand evaluation or the post-implementation review.