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俄羅斯聯邦「新軍事準則」形成之研究朱一駒, Zhu, Yi-Ju Unknown Date (has links)
本文的研究目的,企圖從地緣政治與克里姆林宮政治研究的角度,就俄羅斯聯邦新軍事準則的形成因素作一研究與分析。
本論文發現俄羅斯聯邦新軍事準則形成的主要動因有二:
一、地緣政治惡化是促使俄羅斯調整軍事準則的根本動因。
由於冷戰結束後全球戰略格局的變遷,俄羅斯在國際地位明顯下降,地緣政治環境日益惡化,傳統勢力範圍受到侵蝕,國力嚴重衰退,為續與美國保持低水準戰略平衡以及抗衡北約東擴,確保其國家利益和國際地位。另面對解決境內及獨立國協宗教、民族衝突所爆發局部戰爭及軍事衝突,在軍事上重新制定了俄羅斯聯邦軍事基本準則由單一注重外部威脅,轉為同時注重國內、外兩種威脅,重點由世界戰爭轉向地區性衝突。這說明了俄羅斯的新軍事準則在相當大程度上受到地緣戰略的影響。
二、俄羅斯軍方的態度及國內政治生態是促使軍事準則調整變化的另一因素。
隨著俄羅斯超級大國地位的喪失、地緣政治環境惡化、軍隊地位和待遇的不斷下降及士氣日益低落,軍隊對國家的安全和強烈不滿。強烈要求重樹大國地位、恢復軍隊實力。俄羅斯軍隊一些將領紛紛公開批評外交政策和軍事政策。同時,由於在1993年10月流血事件中,葉爾欽動用軍隊戰勝議會,增大了政府對軍隊的依賴,使俄羅斯軍隊在國家政治生活中的發言權和影響力日益增大。故葉爾欽在制定安全政策和軍事準則時不得不更多地考慮軍隊的利益和主張:如在制定新軍事準則中明確保障軍人及其家屬福利、增加軍費開支、放慢軍轉民步伐、以及在境外顯示軍事存在等方面,都採取了一系列迎合軍隊主張的措施和行動。而葉爾欽為贏得民心,鞏固地位,即開始了以恢復大國地位為中心的內外政策的大調整。在這種特定的政治氣氛中,新的俄羅斯軍事準則應運而生。可見,俄羅斯軍方的態度是促使俄羅斯軍隊準則調整與轉變的重要因素之一。
在此兩個主因中以俄羅斯國內政治生態互動,特別是葉爾欽與軍隊間關係影響最大,加上冷戰後美中俄戰略三角互動的架構的國際政治格局,在此條件下,形成了俄羅斯聯邦新軍事準則。 / The purpose of the thesis is attempting to analyze the factors that exert great impact on the formation of the Russian Federation's military doctrine from the perspective of geopolitics and Kremlin politics.
This thesis is taking the position that Russian Federation's military doctrine has been shaped by two main motives:
First, the worsening geopolitical situation demands that Russia adjust its military doctrine.
Due to the changes of global strategy after the end of the cold war, the decline of Russia's international prestige, worsening geopolitical situation and the severe threat to Russia's traditional sphere of interest, Russia takes important measures to adjust its military doctrine accordingly. In order to keep minimum strategic balance with the United States, ensure its national interest and international status and settle local wars or military conflicts caused by religion and ethnic conflicts within Russia's own territory and Commonwealth of Independent States, new military thinking has to emphasize both internal and external threats.
Second, the attitude of Russian army and domestic political struggle also force Russia to adjust its military doctrine.
Owing to the loss of superpower status and the decline of army's status and wellbeing, leading generals of the Russian army became increasingly dissatisfied with government's foreign policy and military thinking. They demanded that Russia restore her great power status and restrengthen its army's forces. In the blooding event of October 1993, Yeltsin used army to defeat the parliament, for this reason Yeltsin had to depend more on army. Russian army has became more influential in politics. Yeltsin had to consider army's interests and opinions in draw up security policy and military doctrine. For example, new military thinking clearly ensures welfare of soldiers and their family, increases military expense, slows down the speed of conversion and other measures to satisfy army. Besides, in order to gain people's support and consolidate political power, Yeltsin started to adopt policy to restore status of great power.
Among these two dynamics, domestic political struggle-the relationship between Yeltsin and army-plays more influential role. Russian Federation's military doctrine was thus formulated under Kremlin politics and the interaction of strategic triangle.
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俄羅斯戰略火箭軍裁併之研究陳建志, CHEN, JIAN-ZHI Unknown Date (has links)
本論文旨試圖透過克里姆林宮政治暨嚇阻戰略研究途徑,剖析俄羅斯將獨立軍種「戰略火箭軍」裁併至空軍編制的原因。
本論文假設戰略火箭軍遭到裁併是基於下列兩項原因:
第一、俄羅斯武裝力量本身的態度與國內幾次重大政治鬥爭,導致俄羅斯必須修正軍事準則。
由於總統葉里欽在獨立初期,並沒有為俄羅斯的外交與國家安全政策領域構築一個法制化、有效率的決策系統,造成諸如國防部、外交部、總參謀部、聯邦安全會議、國防會議與國家軍事檢察署等相關機構,彼此間不斷爭奪軍事資源、議題詮釋權,政治鬥爭頻仍。另外,在某些政治危機中,例如1993年砲轟國會事件、第一次車臣戰爭以及1996年總統大選,葉里欽需要拉攏軍方支持以應付反對勢力,這就讓俄羅斯武裝力量有機會涉足克里姆林宮政治。結果是國家安全政策領域呈現各行其道、莫衷一是的混亂局面,並且有愈來愈多的政府官員對於在國家安全政策領域中攫取政治利益躍躍欲試。
其次,俄羅斯地緣政治環境的劇烈惡化導致龐大的反軍事改革勢力。
為了要在冷戰後與美國保持最低限度的戰略均勢狀態,好保障俄羅斯的國家利益及國際地位,並且順利解決因宗教或種族要素在俄羅斯或獨立國協境內所引發的區域戰爭或軍事衝突,有些官員諸如思科可夫、謝爾蓋耶夫等人主張俄羅斯應該繼續維持強大的戰略武力,特別是著名的戰略火箭軍。他們反對軍事改革以及裁減軍備。而由於當前國防預算困窘,葉里欽與普欽必須兩害相權取其輕,整肅拒絕裁軍的官員或是部隊。
在謝爾蓋耶夫與克瓦什寧激烈的政治鬥爭結束後,最後的贏家克瓦什寧終於如願以償,將戰略火箭軍予以裁併,由軍種單位降為兵種單位。不過俄羅斯的戰略武力仍然將在未來扮演極具影響力的角色。 / The purpose of the thesis is to attempt to analyze the factors that exert great impact on the reduction of the Russian Strategic Missile Forces(SMF) in status from a separate branch of service to a separate command from the perspective of Kremlin politics and Strategy of Deterrence.
This thesis takes the position that the SMF has been reduced by two main motives:
First, the attitude of the Russian army and domestic political struggle has forced the Russian government to adjust its military doctrine.
Due to Yeltsin failing to set up a well-organized and efficient system for foreign and national security policy decision-making, so the struggle between the key ministries involved in foreign and security policy- the Foreign Ministry, the Ministry of Defense, the General Staff, the National Security Council, the Defense Council, the State Military Inspectorate- was hard. And in some political crises, such as the bloody event of Oct. 1993, the presidential election in 1996, and the crisis in Chechnya, Yeltsin needed army to defeat the counterforces. The Russian army has became more influential in politics. As a result, the decision-making process has been chaotic and confused, and various bureaucratic players have often been able to impose their their own special interests on the security policy agenda.
Second, the worsening geopolitical situation has brought about considerable resistance to the military reform.
In order to keep minimum strategic balance with the United States, ensure its national interest and international status and settle local wars or military conflicts caused by religion and ethnic conflicts within Russia’s own territory and Commonwealth of Independent States, some officials like Yuri Skokov and Igor Sergeyev advocated maintaining a strong nuclear deterrent force, especially the prominent role for the SMF. The president was likely to face considerable resistance to the reform. Owing to the current financial constraints on defense spending, Yeltsin and Putin carried out a purge of army officers who were against arms reduction.
After the hard political struggle between Igor Sergeyev and Anatoliy Kvashnin, the winner- Kvashnin demanded the SMF must be reduced in status from a separate branch of service to a separate command. But the Russian strategic force will still play influential role in the near future.
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普欽對大眾傳播媒體政策之研究,2000~2005王嘉宏 Unknown Date (has links)
本文旨在透過克里姆林宮政治研究途徑,來探討俄羅斯總統普欽對媒體政策之走向。本文認為普欽的媒體改革,為其鞏固政權的一環。
本文認為,1990年代俄羅斯媒體帝國崛起的主要驅動因素,乃是葉里欽企圖藉助於金融寡頭及其所掌控的媒體,以掃除蘇聯遺留下來的保守勢力,從而鞏固其政權;而普欽任內致力解構媒體帝國的主要驅動因素,則是普欽企圖以打擊經濟犯罪為名,打擊金融寡頭,藉以收攬人心,並從而解構葉里欽遺留下來的 「家族」集團勢力,建立以國家安全團隊為主幹的執政團隊,鞏固其政權基礎。
因此,本文認為:
一˙府會之爭導致「震盪療法」改革迅速失敗,繼之而起的執政團隊推動以大型企業為主軸的民營化改革導致金融工業集團應運而生。而官僚派系掠奪國家資產以擴張政治版圖,導致金融寡頭坐大進而建立媒體帝國。葉里欽為了鞏固政權競選連任與金融寡頭建立聯盟進而收編媒體帝國。
二˙普欽於2000年當選總統後,藉由剷除金融寡頭來收回國家資產以收攬人心;藉由剷除金融寡頭以鏟除葉里欽人馬所憑藉的權力堡壘;藉由剷除金融寡頭以接收媒體帝國從而鞏固政權。 / The main purpose of this study is to explore, through the Kremlin politics approach, the orientation of Russia’s policy on media under Vladimir Putin. In this study, the author argues that Putin’s media reforms constitute an indispensable link for the consolidation of his power.
It is hypothesized in this study that the driving forces behind the rise and fall of Russia’s media empire are the efforts by Boris Yel’tsin and Vladimir Putin to consolidate their power respectively. Allying with the financial-industrial oligarchs, who had controlled Russian mess media, Yel’tsin strove for wiping out the conservative forces left by the Soviet regime in order to consolidate his power. On the contrary, Putin has sought to wipe out the oligarchs and restructure the media empire, in order to rally the popular support, to wipe out the “Family” forces left by Yel’tsin’s regime and replace them with a new ruling command of national security elite, and, consequently, to consolidate his own power.
The above-mentioned hypothesized proposition can be further developed into the following logically consequential sub-propositions:
First of all, in the wake of the “shock therapy” ruined by the conflict between the parliament and the Kremlin, the following privatization reforms orienting on the creation of big enterprises gave rise to the creation of financial-industrial groups. Consequently, the corruption committed by bureaucrats who preyed upon state-owned enterprises led to the expansion of oligarchs’ strength so as to establish influential enormous media empire. Thereafter, aiming at consolidating his power and winning the coming presidential election, Yel’tsin formed an alliance with the financial oligarchs and thus put the newly-established media empire on his orbit.
Secondly, after Putin was elected president in 2000, he strove for wiping out the financial oligarchs in order to accomplish the following three tasks: to renationalize the state properties in order to rally popular support; to wipe out Yeltsin’s power base; and, to take over and restructure media empire in order to consolidate his regime.
Key words: Kremlin politics approach, Oligarchy, Putin, Russia’s media
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蘇後俄羅斯軍方政治參與之研究(1992-1999) / On Political Participation of Post-Soviet Russian Military (1992-1999)邱國棟 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文之研究目的是企圖從前蘇聯文武關係研究途徑與克里姆林宮政治研究途徑來探討蘇聯解體後俄羅斯軍方之政治參與範疇與背後之動機。
就軍方政治參與之範疇而言,蘇聯於1991年底解體後,俄羅斯軍方在政治舞台上扮演了重要的角色。首先,我們可以從軍方在1993年俄羅斯新軍事準則成型的過程中,其強硬主張佔了主導的地位。第二、軍方在「近鄰」與前南斯拉夫維和行動的政策即便與外交部意見相衝突仍獲得最後主導權。第三、軍方在1993年10月政爭中並未完全保持中立,而最後軍方是站在葉里欽總統一方結束了此一政治危機。第四、軍方試圖從俄羅斯獨立後歷屆國家杜馬選舉中,藉由其投票行為或是主動參與競選來表達其政治態度與影響有關軍事方面之政策。
本論文以為,蘇後俄羅斯軍方的政治參與背後動機之主要原因有二。其一是蘇聯解體以後俄羅斯軍方制度利益嚴重惡化:蘇聯解體以後,軍方在軍事改革上無法有效進展、軍事預算嚴重不足、軍中生活條件惡化以及國防工業轉產上面臨了嚴重的問題。這些皆使得軍方為了自救不得不試圖從政治層面來解決軍隊之問題。其二是受到克里姆林宮政治互動之影響:葉里欽為了鞏固政軍大權,運用高超的政治手腕以及「分而治之」的統御方式,引用軍方的力量來打擊政治對手,另一方面也運用政治危機分化軍隊之團結性,使其無法在政治上形成對統治者之威脅。 / The purpose of the thesis attempts to analyze the scope and motives of post-soviet Russian military’s political participation by using former Soviet civil-military relations approach and Kremlin politics approach.
As far as the scope of military’s political participation is concerned, since the dissolution of USSR in 1991, the Russian military has been playing an important role in Russian politics. First of all, during the process of formulating Russian new military doctrine in 1993, Russian military’s hard-line position dominated this process and its opinion finally won out. Secondly, peacekeeping operation took by the Russian military in the “Near Abroad” and former Yugoslavia, especially in Kosovo, usually conflicted the peaceful option hold by the Ministry of Russian Foreign Affairs, but the Russian military still took control of the final policy initiative. Thirdly, in October 1993, the Russian military didn’t remain neutral in the political struggle between president and Congress of People’s Deputies. It sided with president and therefore ended this severe political crisis. Fourthly, in each Duma election hold after Russia’s independence, the Russian military tried to express its political inclination and exerted its influence by voting, even actively took part in the election.
This thesis is taking the position that the political participation of post-soviet Russian military is driven by two motives. First and foremost is the institutional interest of Russian military suffered great damage since the breakup of the USSR:military reform hasn’t made much progress; military budget received hasn’t sufficed the need of military; military faced the growing acute social problems within itself; the conversion of defense industry encountered difficulties. These problems made the Russian military try to preserve itself by political means. The second motive is affected by Kremlin political interaction:in order to strengthen his control over politics and military, Yeltsin used brilliant political art and managed the military by means of “divide and rule”. He used the military to attack his political opponent, on the other hand, he made use of each political crisis to split the military and therefore the military couldn’t constitute a political threat to the ruler of Russian polity.
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俄中軍火貿易醜聞之研究—以北方造船廠與波羅的海造船廠的競標為例 / A study on the Scandal of Russia's Arms Sales to China-A case study on the competition over tenders between Northern shipyard and Baltiyskiy Zavod shipyard陳冠宇, Chen,Guan-Yu Unknown Date (has links)
本文將以北方造船廠與波羅的海造船廠競標軍售中國「現代級」驅逐艦訂單之個案為例,透過國家安全研究途徑、國際戰略研究途徑以及決策研究途徑 ,檢視俄羅斯軍售中國政策之形成,從而探討俄羅斯軍售政策在普欽鞏固政權過程中之角色,並研析該項發展對台海安全之意涵,研究1991年至2006年期間俄羅斯軍售中國政策,並且探討其對亞太暨台海安全之衝擊,本文將闡釋從政治、經濟以及戰略層面,探討1991年至2006年期間俄羅斯對中國軍售的內外在驅動因素,及其對亞太和台海安全之衝擊。
本文認為,俄羅斯對中國軍售政策,乃是普欽鞏固權力過程之重要一環,2000年普欽上台後,俄羅斯葉里欽幫與聖彼得堡幫互相角力,競逐政經資源,以本案為例,波羅的海造船廠之最後勝出,乃是俄羅斯軍售中國政策形成之主導權從葉里欽幫 (經濟優先派/葉里欽人馬/莫斯科幫:卡西亞諾夫˙佛洛申派) 轉移到聖彼得堡幫 (國安優先派/普欽人馬/聖彼得堡幫) 手中之必然結果,因此,俄羅斯對中國軍售政策之形成,顯然有其政經與安全之考量,而其政商互動關係則為政策形成之關鍵,至於該項政策之形成與執行過程,則往往產生派系之間爭奪資源交換利益之重大弊端;而該項政策之執行結果,勢將影響亞太地區之區域安全;從而,勢將影響台海安全之均衡情勢,因此俄羅斯對中國軍售政策之形成乃是由於克里姆林宮政治勢力在內外在環境環節關聯下互動形塑而成的。
上述假設命題衍生出來下列邏輯相關的子命題:
(一) 俄羅斯對中國軍售政策之形成與執行過程,則往往產生派系之間爭奪資源交換利益之重大弊端。在軍售中國訂單的決策過程 (Decision-Making Process) 中,波羅的海造船廠(Baltiisky Zavod shipyard;Балтийский завод) 之最後勝出,乃是俄羅斯軍售中國政策形成之主導權從葉里欽幫轉移到聖彼得堡幫手中之必然結果。
(二) 軍售弊案中的派系與兩個造船廠之間政商互動關係則為俄羅斯對中國軍售政策形成之關鍵。
(三) 俄國軍售中國訂單的俄國決策階層在決策考量上及俄羅斯對中國軍售政策之形成,顯然有其政經與安全之考量,2000至2004年期間,俄羅斯對中國軍售的政策,主要是受到俄羅斯國內政治互動,經濟發展考量,以及戰略三角互動等內外在因素的驅動,俄羅斯對中國軍售政策,乃是普欽鞏固權力過程 (Consolidating Power Process) 之重要一環。
(四) 俄羅斯對中國軍售政策之執行結果,勢將影響亞太地區之區域安全;從而,勢將影響台海安全之均衡情勢。 / 本文將以北方造船廠 (Северная верфь; Severnaya Verf) 與波羅的海造船廠(Балтийский завод; Baltiisky Zavod shipyard) 競標軍售中國「現代級」驅逐艦訂單之個案為例,透過國家安全研究途徑 (National Security Approach) 、國際戰略研究途徑 (International Strategic Approach) 以及決策研究途徑 (decision-making Approach) ,檢視俄羅斯軍售中國政策之形成,從而探討俄羅斯軍售政策在普欽鞏固政權過程中之角色,並研析該項發展對台海安全之意涵,研究1991年至2006年期間俄羅斯軍售中國政策,並且探討其對亞太暨台海安全之衝擊,本文將闡釋從政治、經濟以及戰略層面,探討1991年至2006年期間俄羅斯對中國軍售的內外在驅動因素,及其對亞太和台海安全之衝擊。
本文認為,俄羅斯對中國軍售政策,乃是普欽鞏固權力過程之重要一環。2000年普欽上台後,俄羅斯葉里欽幫與聖彼得堡幫互相角力,競逐政經資源。以本案為例,波羅的海造船廠之最後勝出,乃是俄羅斯軍售中國政策形成之主導權從葉里欽幫 (經濟優先派/葉里欽人馬/莫斯科幫:卡西亞諾夫˙沃洛申派) 轉移到聖彼得堡幫 (國安優先派/普欽人馬/聖彼得堡幫) 手中之必然結果。因此,俄羅斯對中國軍售政策之形成,顯然有其政經與安全之考量,而其政商互動關係則為政策形成之關鍵,至於該項政策之形成與執行過程,則往往產生派系之間爭奪資源交換利益之重大弊端;而該項政策之執行結果,勢將影響亞太地區之區域安全;從而,勢將影響台海安全之均衡情勢。 / 因此,本文認為:
(一) 俄羅斯對中國軍售政策之形成與執行過程,則往往產生派系之間爭奪資源交換利益之重大弊端,在軍售中國訂單的決策過程中,波羅的海造船廠之最後勝出,乃是俄羅斯軍售中國政策形成之主導權從葉里欽幫轉移到聖彼得堡幫手中之必然結果:
2001年4月,北廠把公司的控股賣給了俄羅斯國際工業銀行(Межотраслевой промышленный банк; Mezhprombank) ,進而使俄國造船局 (Российское агентство по судостроению; Russian Shipbuilding Agency) 在北方造船廠的事先運作下而受到影響,因此俄國造船局屬意由北廠得標,由於將自己的親信安插在俄國武器出口公司與國防部內且加強國防部在對外軍售與武器輸出管制上的權力,並且克里姆林宮在2001年底前就已宣布有關軍售中國訂單的醜聞的計劃,根據最早的計劃,俄克里姆林宮掌握了中國造艦案訂單的最早決議是由俄國造船局與北方造船廠之間所共同做出的決定,在2002年1月3日契約簽訂之前是由俄國造船局擔任訂單招標的決定機構,但在2002年1月3日契約簽訂之後,訂單招標的決定機構就變成俄國武器出口公司擔任訂單招標的決定機構,於是波羅的海造船廠的主張與策略是透過團結黨在國家杜馬議員別赫金 (Владимир Пехтин; Vladimir Pekhtin) 審查北廠漏繳國庫案,打擊北廠,並且透過對克列巴諾夫副總理的遊說,而使克列巴諾夫重新重啟招標,因此聖彼得堡幫與波廠獲取這次爭食訂單的勝利。
2000年普欽上台後,俄羅斯葉里欽幫與聖彼得堡幫互相角力,競逐政經資源。
俄羅斯對中國軍售政策之形成與執行過程,則往往產生聖彼得堡幫及葉里欽派(Yeltin bloc)之間爭奪資源交換利益之重大弊端,在波羅的海造船廠對聖彼得堡幫的遊說下且北方造船廠在葉里欽派的支持下,雙方相互爭奪俄國軍售中國武器的訂單,對兩大派系而言是爭取軍售及軍售決策政府單位的決策主導權,因此俄羅斯對中國軍售政策之形成與執行過程產生北方造船廠與波羅的海造船廠爭食訂單之重大弊端,葉里欽親信在葉里欽總統下台後頓失舞台,葉里欽親信為了保其殘存勢力的延續而與新寡頭結合,葉里欽親信與新舊寡頭結合後與普欽的親信派爭權奪利導致了俄中軍售弊案的發生。 / (二) 軍售弊案中的派系與兩個造船廠之間政商互動關係則為俄羅斯對中國軍售政策形成之關鍵:
俄國造船廠與克里姆林宮政治派系利益掛勾,在對中國軍售上為了贏得訂單而運用其政商關係,在軍售弊案中,沃洛申 (Волошину Александру; Alexander Voloshin) 集團與北方造船廠 (Северная верфь; Severnaya Verf) 之間的政商互動關係以及聖彼得堡幫 (St. peterburg bloc) 與波羅的海造船廠 (Балтийский завод; Baltiisky Zavod shipyard) 之間的政商互動關係則為俄羅斯對中國軍售政策形成之關鍵,沃洛申集團 (Voloshin clan;Yeltin clan; Economic Advice bloc (經濟優先派/葉里欽人馬/莫斯科幫:卡西亞諾夫(Касьянов Михаил Михайлович; Mihail Mihaylovich Kasyanov)與沃洛申派) 的形成與成員是以葉里欽時期金融寡頭及軍企寡頭等的親中勢力為主,聖彼得堡幫是普欽總統的人馬與派系,聖彼得堡幫的成員遍及軍企、媒體、俄國武器出口部門、國會及政府內閣與總統辦公廳內部,經濟顧問派的龍頭則為總理卡西亞諾夫:安全顧問派的龍頭則是克列巴諾夫 (Клебанова Ильи; Ilya Klebanova) ,在這兩大派系的背後,又都各擁有一個龐大的財團支持。與卡西亞諾夫聯盟的財團與公司則是波塔寧 (Потанин Владимир Олегович; Vladmir O.Potanin) 與謝爾蓋‧普加契夫 (Sergey Pugachev) 支持的北方造船廠;與克列巴諾夫聯盟的財團與公司是波羅的海造船廠。 / (三) 俄國軍售中國訂單的俄國決策階層在決策考量上及俄羅斯對中國軍售政策之形成,顯然有其政經與安全之考量,2000至2004年期間,俄羅斯對中國軍售的政策,主要是受到俄羅斯國內政治互動,經濟發展考量,以及戰略三角互動等內外在因素的驅動,俄羅斯對中國軍售政策,乃是普欽鞏固權力過程之重要一環:
1.經濟因素影響了俄國對中國軍售政策的形成:
在普欽的認知與觀點上,俄中戰略夥伴關係是用來賺錢的工具且是在俄中戰略夥伴關係架構下軍火貿易的平台上而有賺錢的機會,俄羅斯在經濟領域的國家利益是最主要的國家利益,只有在穩定發展經濟的基礎上才能解決與俄羅斯國家利益有關的問題, 俄羅斯軍售中國賺取外匯挹注經濟發展,才有可能達成軍事現代化且使俄羅斯賺取外匯以準備發展新一代核武器和高精尖武器裝備。
為了國防工業轉產、國內經濟大幅衰退、賺取外匯挹注經濟發展:軍售中國是為了因應俄羅斯國內政治生態與經濟發展互動的需求。普欽希望能爭取到軍事工業集團的支援,特別是軍工企業旗下的大批工人;因為軍售中國可以創造相當數量的就業機會。
因為俄國總統普欽希望能夠爭取到軍火利益團體的支持,在俄國國內政治勢力與俄國軍工企業向俄國政府的要求下,所以普欽政府大量的軍售中國,普欽的目的是要換取俄國軍工企業的支持, 扶持軍事工業以收攬軍工複合體(военно-промышленный комплекс; Military-Industrial Complex) 勢力是普欽經濟發展的策略之一,事實上,軍售中國是為了因應俄羅斯國內政治生態與經濟發展互動的需求,普欽希望能爭取到軍事工業集團的支援,特別是軍工企業旗下的大批工人;因為軍售中國可以創造相當數量的就業機會。
在政治因素上,俄羅斯國內的軍火工業從業人口佔有相當大的比例,普欽為了贏得下一屆總統選舉,勢必要為軍火工業製造利多消息,藉以換取軍火工業人口的選票,因此普欽企圖以軍售中國爭取軍工集團的支持,以爭取軍工企業工人選票,普欽企圖以軍售中國賺取外匯挹注經濟發展,才有可能達成軍事現代化的目標,以此訴求爭取軍方支持,軍售中國是俄國國內政治的要求,因為俄國總統普欽希望能夠爭取到軍火利益團體的支持,特別是軍火業雇用大批工人,對俄國經濟來說非常重要,此外,它也能資助俄國軍力的現代化,而這正是普欽的另一重要意圖, 普欽認為軍售中國能資助俄國軍力的現代化,因此普欽及其親信為了要擴大權勢以及要控制軍工領域而使普欽可以徹底而確實的推動一系列的的國防工業體制改革與軍事改革而須掌控軍工企業,俄羅斯希望經由對中國的武器出口交易及軍事科技轉移,來吸取中國在軍轉民用政策上的經驗,以有效掌握其技術和資金,積極推動俄國龐大的軍企在民用化方面的成效,從而改善人民的生活,增加俄軍財源,以補充其軍費, 緩解軍工企業困難,為其進一步發展積累啟動資金,增加外匯收入,緩解國內經濟危機。
2. 國家安全因素是俄國軍售中國訂單的俄國決策階層在決策時的考量:
普欽軍售中國的國家安全考量乃是為了挽救俄羅斯衆多的軍工企業與科研機構不致於陷入舉步維艱的境地且減少對於俄羅斯國防實力和國家安全上的直接威脅,普欽為了減低軍方在國家安全方面的疑慮,承諾軍售中國將會有所限制,中國在採購大量的俄制軍備後,有可能反噬俄羅斯,再加上中國威脅論的推波助瀾,俄羅斯未來在對中國的軍售上勢必會多加考慮。
3. 國際戰略因素是俄國軍售中國訂單的俄國決策階層在決策時的考量:
就戰略觀點來看,俄國決定銷售精密複雜的武器 (sophisticated weaponry)給中國,乃是基於俄國的國家利益 (national interests) ,及俄國的整體國家經濟 (overall economic) 和地緣政治 (Geopolitics) 等因素制約驅使所致。
俄中軍火貿易是俄中戰略協作的一環,俄羅斯當前的外交策略是東西並重,而非過去的一面倒向西方,藉由對中國的軍售來拉攏中國,以增加俄羅斯對西方世界談判的籌碼,提高國際地位,增加對國際事務的影響力,俄希望在國際軍事衝突中,交戰雙方都使用俄製武器,這樣在解決國際事務過程中手中就多了一張可討價還價的政治籌碼,有利於俄對國際事務施加影響。俄羅斯對於印度與中國兩國的軍火交易有相當大的差異,相較於印度並未與俄羅斯直接相鄰,中國與俄羅斯有相當長的國界相鄰,俄羅斯再出售武器給予中國的同時必須顧及到將來若與中國發生衝突的可能性,俄羅斯出售軍備給予中國,但不可避免的,必須去面臨日益強大的中國在俄羅斯東部所形成的威脅,因此俄羅斯在出售武器給予中國的同時也出售軍火給予印度,俄羅斯提供武器給與印度具有很大的戰略考量,俄羅斯提供給印度的武器較中國先進,對於俄羅斯來說,這樣的差異,是基於考慮到提供印度較為先進的武器可以牽制中國的勢力,俄羅斯聯合中國互為奧援,對於俄羅斯提昇國際地位的努力,不失為是一項最佳的選擇,此外,近年來俄羅斯求在經濟上有所作為,把中國視為主要的軍火銷售對象,俄中睦鄰友好合作條約 (The Russia-China Friendship and Cooperation Treaty) 的簽訂,無疑將有助於增進雙方的軍火交易, 同時由於俄國政府採取親美以削弱親中勢力的政策,2002年簽訂俄美削減攻擊性戰略武器條約 (Strategic. Offensive Reductions Treaty, STORT) ,並建立了美俄戰略夥伴關係,俄國此舉乃是為了要擺脫中國之戰略羈絆。
4.克里姆林宮政治 (Kremlin politics) 影響了俄國軍售中國訂單的俄國決策階層的決策:
俄羅斯聖彼得堡幫及葉里欽幫互相競逐俄羅斯軍售中國政策形成之主導權,雙方為了要削弱對方的勢力,普欽時期的軍企寡頭 (Arms sale oligarchy) 嚴重影響了軍售中國訂單的決策,安全體系官僚 (National Security bloc) 與經濟體系官僚 (Economic Advice bloc) 兩個派系與軍企寡頭在軍售弊案中的政商關係及利益交換影響了俄羅斯對中國軍售政策之形成,普欽整肅葉里欽遺留下來的軍企寡頭勢力,建立以國家安全團隊為主幹的軍售中國的決策執政團隊,以鞏固其政權基礎,普欽上任後有計劃得為了擴大鞏固權勢而整頓國防體制與整肅寡頭,因此將自己的親信安插在俄國武器出口公司 (Рособоронэкспортом; Rosoboronexport) 與國防部 (Министерство обороны, РФ; Ministerstvo oborony, RF) 內且加強國防部在對外軍售與武器輸出管制上的權力,在普欽於西元2000年當選俄國總統後,克里姆林宮政治勢力與新興的財團勢力相結合,成為主導莫斯科決策動向的新寡頭,普欽作為一個成功的權力平衡者,必須隨時掌握派系政治的動向,以合縱連橫的政治藝術,來鞏固其政權,普欽上任後有計劃得為了擴大鞏固權勢而整頓國防體制與整肅寡頭,因此將自己的親信安插在俄國武器出口公司與國防部內且加強國防部在對外軍售與武器輸出管制上的權力:普欽的親信人馬正在積極搶奪葉里欽派系人馬所控制的政經資源,雙方鬥爭激烈,與中國的驅逐艦合約也變成了這場鬥爭中的一個籌碼。
普欽在2000年高票當選俄國總統,普欽高票當選,地位鞏固;普欽手腕靈活,讓國家杜馬 (Gosudarstvennaya Duma;Государственная Дума) 形成親政府的穩定多數派,並使其人馬進駐國家安全強力部門;從而普欽可以順利推動對外政策方針與對中國軍售決策,兩家造船廠後面的財閥集團和官方幫助兩家造船廠積極對承辦軍售案的相關人員進行關說活動,俄羅斯對中國軍售政策之形成與執行過程,則往往產生派系之間爭奪資源交換利益之重大弊端。
俄國出售先進武器給中國似是違反俄國國家安全,但是普欽的主要目的是藉此取得國內軍火利益團體的政治支持,因為軍火業可製造較多的就業機會,有助於強化俄國的經濟以及軍事現代化, 對外軍售對於普欽 (Путин Владимир Владимирович; Vladimir Putin) 而言,也是振興經濟的選項之一,出售軍火具有經濟以及政治上的利益,在經濟上可以藉由出售軍火快速獲得大量的外匯,以此便可以暫時舒緩經濟上的困境,而在政治上,普欽以軍售挽救俄羅斯軍火工業將可以贏得軍火工廠員工的支持,而支持也將會在選舉中化為選票,同樣的,提振了經濟也有助於普欽及團結黨 (Unity) 在大選時的支持度,但是出售軍火給予中國首先必須面對軍方的強烈反彈,為此,普欽進行一連串的軍事改革及經改與軍企改革,進而普欽可以用軍售中國賺取外匯挹注經濟發展,才有可能達成軍事現代化的目標,來爭取以此訴求爭取軍方支持,普欽藉俄羅斯對中國軍售政策以鞏固政權 (Consolidating Power) 。 / (四) 俄羅斯對中國軍售政策之執行結果,勢將影響亞太地區之區域安全;從而,勢將影響台海安全之均衡情勢:
由於俄國決定軍售給中國高科技武器的決策,並且在普欽政府的控制下,包括該訂單在內的所有高科技武器將引起亞太各國的不安與影響台海安全,從而使兩岸關係進入軍備競賽且使俄國得以藉由軍售中國制衡美中關係,從而牽制中美兩國。我國的因應必須是加強我國在國防軍購上加強對美國及他國的武器購買,同時要求各國對俄國大量軍售中國一事的重視。 / The main first purpose of this study is to explore, through National Security Approach ,International Strategic Approach and decision-making Approach explore Russian arms sales scandal. The main level of The thesis is to explore and study scandal on sino-Russia arms sales by International politics system level of analysis, National system level of analysis and Decision-making level of analysis.The method of The thesis is to explore and study scandal on sino-Russia arms sales with a case study which Northern shipyard and Baltiisky Zavod shipyard struggle for order of tender for arms sales Sovremenny Class destroyers--Project 956 toward P.R.C in 2002 and the main second purpose of this study is to explore pro-China clan and pro-USA clan of Russia struggle for leading right of formation of decision-making in Russian arms sales policy toward P.R.C. and explore formation of decision-making in Russian arms sales policy toward P.R.C.. the main third purpose of this study is to explore inner-extra cause and Context of Vladimir Putin’s arms sales policy toward P.R.C. and explore what role and funcation of Russian arms sales policy toward P.R.C. is in Consolidating Power process of Russia president Vladimir Putin. the main fourth purpose of this study is to explore the impact on Taiwan Strait security by Russia–Chain’s military exchange.
It is hypothesized in this study that Russian arms sales policy toward P.R.C. is a part of Consolidating Power process of Russia president Vladimir Putin, pro-China clan and pro-USA clan of Russia struggle for leading right and resource of process of decision-making of politics and economy and each public policy,in the case study that Northern shipyard and Baltiisky Zavod shipyard struggle for order of tender for arms sales Sovremenny Class destroyers--Project 956 toward P.R.C in 2002, That Baltiisky Zavod shipyard final get the tender is leading right of formation of decision-making in Russian arms sales policy toward P.R.C. transfer to pro-USA clan (National Security bloc/ Putin Bloc/ St. Petersburg Bloc) from pro-China clan (Economic Advice bloc/ Yeltin bloc/ Moscow bloc: Kasyanov and Voloshin Bloc),therefore, Considerations on formation of decision-making of Russian arms sales policy toward P.R.C. is including of politics, economy and strategic and relations between business, oligarchy and politican in process of decision-making of Russian arms sales policy toward P.R.C. is the key-point, formation of decision-making and process of activity of Russian arms sales policy toward P.R.C. gives rise to abuses which struggle for money and political power and economy interests and exchange and collective self-interest, the final ending of the decision- activity of Russian arms sales policy toward P.R.C. ought to effects regional security in Asia Pacific area and effects Cross- Straits Security ,therefore , cause of formation of decision-making of Russian arms sales policy toward P.R.C. is that interaction of clans of Kremlin politics in the internal and external factors under Vladimir Putin.
This hypothesis can be further developed into the following logically consequential sub-propositions:
1. Formation of decision-making and process of activity of Russian arms sales policy toward P.R.C. gives rise to abuses which struggle for money and political power and economy interests and exchange and collective self-interest,in decision-making of tender in Russian arms sales policy toward P.R.C., Baltiisky Zavod shipyard final get the tender is leading right of formation of decision-making in Russian arms sales policy toward P.R.C. transfer to pro-USA clan (National Security bloc/ Putin Bloc/ St. Petersburg Bloc) from pro-China clan (Economic Advice bloc/ Yeltin bloc/ Moscow bloc: Kasyanov and Voloshin Bloc).
2. Clans of arms sales scandal and relations between business, oligarchy and politican of two Shipbuilding plant is the key-point of formation of decision-making of Russian arms sales policy toward P.R.C..
3. Considerations on formation of decision-making of decision-making level of Russian arms sales policy toward P.R.C. is including of politics, economy and strategic, During 2000-2004, Russian arms sales policy toward P.R.C. has been driven by Russia’s internal and external factors, such as the interaction of strategic triangle politics; Kremlin politics and economic development and Russian arms sales policy toward P.R.C. is a part of Consolidating Power process of Russia president Vladimir Putin.
4. the final ending of the decision- activity of Russian arms sales policy toward P.R.C. ought to effects regional security in Asia Pacific area and effects Cross- Straits Security.
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俄羅斯遠東石油管線爭議案之研究-- 國內、決策層次分析吳子維, WU, TZU WEI Unknown Date (has links)
911事件後,阿富汗戰爭與第2次海灣戰爭改變國際石油能源板塊,激化大國間的能源爭奪。遠東石油管競標案之爭議,顯示中日積極尋求海灣國家以外之替代來源,中日爭奪遠東石油管線的過程,可視為21世紀亞洲的石油戰爭。該政策之發展勢將影響東北亞各國能源政策之走向,與區域國際關係。
本文乃層次分析法之個案研究,分別從國際層次、國家層次、決策層次等面向切入,探討遠東石油管線案峰迴路轉之深層因素。就國際層次而言,遠東石油管爭議案是日本與中國爭奪石油管線的角力過程;就國家層次而言,遠東石油管爭議案是俄羅斯官方打壓金融寡頭的過程;就決策層次而言,遠東石油管爭議案是俄羅斯行政內,不同派系政爭的過程,以及克里姆林宮內經濟顧問派與安全顧問派爭奪國家發展方向的過程。 / This article is a case study of levels of analysis. It is a researching about Russian pipeline dispute in North East Asia from the view of nation state and decision-making levels. The case offers a step in direction to realize power struggle between 2 families in Russia After 2000. For the long-time, Russian politics has hassled for the national develop line: Security or Economy. Under the policy argument, different groups struggle to control the politic right to speak, and future direction of country. As a top leader of security system, President Putin(Putin Vladimir Vlaimirovich, Владимир Владимирович Путин)has no chose but incriminated into the ero-sum struggle. The result can affect Russian domestic affairs, foreign and security policy, even the development of national line after 2008 and the order of CIS and Eastern-North Asia. We hypothesize that: (1) Power struggle during Yeltsin Period: Power transition in Russia after 2000 is not the change of Russian president, but also the substitution among different interest groups. The war has started even before Putin came to power. And, it is still on going now. (2) State Duma: In state duma, in the election in the end of 2003, United Russia party draws much of its strength from administrative resources. Duma become legislative bureau of Putin. (3) In executive administration, Putin controls Kremlin after fall of Aleksandr S. Voloshin in 2003, and, controls administrative system after fall of Kasyanov in 2004. Finally, controls military system after fall of Anatoli kvashnin in 2004. And, the pipeline is the victim of political struggle.
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