51 |
「道德臉面」威脅對選擇求助對象及考量因素的影響韓貴香, Han, Kuei-Hsiang Unknown Date (has links)
本研究採情境實驗法,探討具有「道德臉面」威脅的請託情境,如何影響個人選擇不同的求助對象。研究一操弄請託情境為「有關」vs.「無關」道德臉面的威脅。結果發現:在「無關」道德臉面威脅的情境,絕大多數的問卷填答者,選擇向情感性關係的家人求助,這時個人決定找家人幫忙的主要考量,是希望獲得「較好的協助」;反之,在「有關」道德臉面威脅的情境下,絕大多數的問卷填答者,選擇向工具性關係的陌生人求助,而此時個人主要的考量,是為了「維護面子」。不過,在「有關」道德臉面威脅的請託情境,又無陌生人可以求助的情況,問卷填答者選擇向家人或朋友求助的人數,並沒有顯著的差異。
研究二操弄威脅「道德臉面」的請託情境,事件當事人和請託者之間不同的自我關聯程度(自己vs. 家人vs. 朋友),以及此失面子事件的發生,是否有一可被接受或同情的「合理藉口」。研究發現:當「自己」就是事件當事人,且沒有合理藉口時,問卷填答者傾向選擇工具性關係的陌生人求助。反之,如果事件的發生有一可解釋的外在理由,則問卷填答者選擇向陌生人和朋友求助的人數沒有顯著差異。當事件當事人是「家人」且沒有合理藉口時,填答者同樣會選擇向陌生人求助。不過,當「家人」有可被同情的藉口時,則絕大多數的填答者,選擇向朋友求助。在當事人是「朋友」的情境,則不管事件發生的理由為何,大多數的問卷填答者,均選擇向混合性關係的其他朋友求助。與研究一相同的是問卷填答者在選擇向「朋友」求助時,考量的因素是希望能獲得「較好的協助」,反之,當其選擇向「陌生人」求助時,考量的因素則是希望能「維護面子」。
研究三則設計在威脅個人「道德臉面」的請託情境中,有一些可以讓事件當事人覺得不會沒面子的可幫助熟識者(同事)。並操弄讓當事人感到「沒面子」程度不同的求助對象選擇(同事vs.陌生人vs.家人vs.朋友)。研究發現:當有不會讓當事人覺得沒面子的對象存在時,問卷填答者多優先選擇向此對象(同事)求助。只有在沒有此對象可以選擇的情況下,填答者才會退而求其次地選擇向「陌生人」求助,在連陌生人也無法選擇的情況下,問卷填答者選擇向家人或朋友求助的人數則沒有顯著差異。分析研究的資料則發現,影響問卷填答者分別選擇向「同事」、「陌生人」、「家人」或「朋友」求助的主要因素,是因為相對而言,在該不同求助對象的選擇下,問卷填答者對該對象比較不會覺得「沒面子」。
整體而言,在威脅「道德臉面」的請託情境中,最能預測問卷填答者,選擇哪一種關係對象求助的預測變項,是其「沒面子」的感受,而非西方個人主義文化中強調的「自尊」。同時,當個人因覺得「沒面子」而選擇向陌生人求助時,其考量的主要因素是希望能「維護面子」。換言之,在會威脅自己面子的情況下,是否能獲得對方「比較好的協助」,則不是那麼重要。
|
52 |
實質消費下均衡資本資產評價 / Equilibrium Asset Pricing Based on the “Real” Consumption張俊評, Chang, Jun-ping Unknown Date (has links)
本文以完全規避通膨風險債券資產為評價基礎,推導出三因子實質消費資本資產訂價模型與s+4共同基金定理。三因子分別為實質消費成長因子、消費習慣因子以及情緒性預期偏差因子。情緒性三因子實證部份,橫斷面報酬模型平均解釋力約有61.79%,此實證結果顯示傳統消費資本資產訂價模型中訂價績效表現不佳,是忽略部份重要因素所致。
s+4共同基金為完全規避通膨風險債券資產、投機性巿場投資組合、s個規避實質狀態變數不利於投資機會集合變動之巿場投資組合、規避情緒性預期偏差風險的共同基金以及維持未來整體生活消費型態的共同基金。這之中完全規避通膨風險債券資產可減少巿場共同基金數目和降低交易成本之實質效果。 / This thesis derives an inter-temporal asset pricing model in a real-term, continuous-time model with uncertain consumption-goods prices and uncertain investment opportunity. When the inflation-indexed securities are available, a three-factor asset pricing model is derived in terms of real consumption growth, consumption-habit variation, and inflation rate change (or sentimental inflation expectation). Empirical results suggest that the derived asset pricing model in real framework can explain above a 60% of the variation in asset returns.
Under the real framework, we demonstrate that s+4 fund separation applies. These funds may be chosen to be: (1) the instantaneously inflation-indexed bond, (2) the market portfolio, (3) the sentimental inflation-related asset, (4) the consumption habit-related asset, and (5) the s portfolios having the high correlations, respectively, with the s state variables.
|
53 |
台灣產物保險業費率自由化、市場競爭與核保績效 / Deregulation,Market Competition and Underwriting Performance in Taiwan Property-Liability Insurance吳欣樺, Wu, Hsin Hua Unknown Date (has links)
本研究探討費率自由化政策與台灣產物保險市場經營效益,利用實證資料評估產物保險公司之整體經營績效及核保利潤。本研究自保險年鑑、台灣經濟新報資料庫及保險市場重要指標,選取1998年至2006年間財務及業務資訊來進行實證分析。
依Klein (1999)分類,台灣產物保險市場屬於類似獨占性競爭市場,產物保險公司高度競爭。依實證結果顯示,實施費率自由化政策,公司自留費用率持續緩慢增加,自留綜合成本率亦呈現上升趨勢。多數產物保險公司之實際核保利潤仍大於依Fairley (1979)計算之均衡核保利潤。
實證結果摘要如下:
(1) 類似獨占性競爭市場:赫芬多指數皆小於0.1,市場呈現競爭狀態。1996年後,火險及車險之簽單保費成長率似乎每四、五年會呈現負成長。另外,1998-2003年費用率與公司規模呈現顯著負相關(p=0.01)。2004-2006年,此負相關並不顯著(p=0.1),顯示大公司漸不具有成本優勢,即產險市場之進入障礙有減少之趨勢。
(2) 成本費用支出增加:除2001年外,1998至2006年之產物保險公司自留綜合成本率介於91.09% 和 93.49%。2006年之自留綜合成本率為93.49%。2006年之產物保險公司費用率上升至40.51% 且損失率下降至52.97%。
(3) 核保利潤呈現正值:依Fairley(1979)計算之2006年預期均衡核保利潤。20家產物保險公司,17家實際核保利潤大於預期均衡核保利潤。 / This paper provides an empirical study of rate deregulation plan and profit performance in Taiwan property-liability insurance market. The data used in this study are from Insurance Year Book, Taiwan Economic Journal Data Bank, and Important Indexes of Insurance Industry (Taiwan) during the period from 1998 to 2006.
Based on the classification by Klein (1999), the market structure of Taiwan property-liability insurance industry is similar to monopolistic competitive market and the property-liability insurers are engaged in intense competition. The results of this study show that the expense ratios of insurers rise slightly from year to year and the combined ratios also follow a trend of increase. The actual underwriting profits of most property-liability insurers are larger than the expected numbers estimated by using the methodology in Fairley (1979). The empirical results are as follows:
(1) The market structure is similar to monopolistic competitive market for that the Herfindahl indexes are all below 0.1. The growth ratios of written premium on fire insurance and automobile insurance seem to become negative every four or five years after 1996. Besides, the negative correlation between expense ratio and the scale of economics in insurance market from 1998 to 2003 was significant at the p = 0.01 level. However, this correlation from 2004 to 2006 was not significant at the p = 0.1 level. It seems that larger insurers do not have significant cost advantages over smaller insurers in the recent years, namely the entry barriers decline.
(2) The expenses and costs keep increasing. Except 2001, the combined ratios ranged from 91.09% in 1998 to 93.49% in 2006. The expense ratio increased to 40.51% while the net loss ratio decreased to 52.97% in 2006.
(3) The underwriting profits of most insurers are positive. The expected underwriting profits by using the methodology in Fairley (1979) is less than the actual ones in 2006. Among the 20 property-liability insurers, the actual underwriting profits of 17 insurers were larger than their expected underwriting profits.
|
54 |
中韓自由貿易協定之研析 / Study of a free trade agreement between China and South Korea吳惠娟, Wu, Hui Chuan Unknown Date (has links)
中國與南韓正在從事自由貿易協定之洽簽程序,本篇論文的目的即在於評估其經濟效果。本文應用多國多部門之一般均衡模型,模擬二國農工商品完全自由化在靜態及考慮資本累積之動態效果。
實證效果顯示,上述二種模擬情境下,中國與南韓的整體社會福利都有正面效益,因此本文建議中韓應儘速完成可行性研究階段並開始諮商。如此,中國可以早日扮演建立東亞經濟整合的領導角色,而南韓也可以享受中韓自由貿易協定加上美韓自由貿易協定所產生之綜效。
目前亞洲任何一個已形成或是正在洽簽的自由貿易協定皆不包含台灣,故台灣應積極參與多邊體系下的貿易談判,以減低自由貿易協定所帶來的歧視,並應採納多樣化的協定而非拘泥於自由貿易協定之形式。同時應優先考量可以避免中國政治壓力及可擴大台灣經濟利益的議題,例如:雙邊投資協定及避免雙重課稅協定,以為洽簽正式之自由貿易協定鋪路。
關鍵字:中國、南韓、自由貿易協定、多國多部門之一般均衡分析 / China and South Korea are in the process of pursuing a free trade agreement. The purpose of this study is to assess its economic effects. The paper employs CGE models and the GTAP database to conduct a simulation with full elimination of tariffs in all sectors. Two CGE models are used. One is a static CGE model that captures the short-run effects, and the other captures the static effects as well as the capital accumulation effects arising from higher savings and investment induced by the static gains.
The study finds that both South Korea and China will enjoy the welfare gains from the deals. We suggest that China and Korea complete feasibility studies and start the negotiation process at the earliest possible time for the purposes that China can play a leading role in building an East Asian economic integration and that Korea can enjoy the effects of multiple FTAs due to the Korea-China FTA plus Korea-US FTA. In addition, none of the bilateral agreements in Asia includes Taiwan. Taiwan should aggressively engage in trade negotiations under a multilateral system to decrease the discrimination caused by the free trade agreements and adopt diversified forms of agreements instead of focusing on “FTAs” only. Besides, Taiwan should prioritize the issues that can avoid the political pressure from China and expand Taiwan’s economic benefit, such as Bilateral Investment Agreement and Double Taxation Agreement, in order to pave the way for a formal FTA.
Key words: China, South Korea, Free Trade Agreement, GTAP
|
55 |
東協自由貿易區形成對我國經貿之影響-可計算一般均衡分析 / The Economic Impact of ASEAN Free Trade Area On Taiwan -- CGE Analysis許炳(方方土), Hsu, Ping-Kun Unknown Date (has links)
東協自由貿易區(AFTA)即將於2002年成立。本研究應用之模型為美國普渡大學發展之全球貿易(GTAP)模型,此為一多國多部門之一般均衡模型。從可計算一般均衡分析方法(CGE)的模擬分析,說明東協自由貿易區之形成對我國經貿的影響。
本文實證結果顯示,東協自由貿易區之形成對台灣總體經濟的影響十分有限。就國內生產而言,將使台灣的GDP下降0.01%,物價水準下降0.07%。台灣的出口量和進口量將分別小幅下降0.07%和0.21%,貿易順差增加約1千3百萬美元。貿易條件小幅降低0.08%,以Hicks等價變量所衡量的社會福利約減少1億4千8百萬美元。
東協自由貿易區之形成對台灣各產業的影響程度也不大。生產受到不利影響程度最大的是紡織業。出口方面,石油產品的出口增加率最大,飲料菸酒的降幅最可觀。進口方面,所有產業的進口量均下降,降幅最大的為石油產品。台灣各產業出口地區結構方面,出口到東協國家的比重大多呈現下降的情形,但是對區域外國家的出口比重則增加,很多原本出口到東協國家的產業都將移往中國大陸、北美地區、歐盟、和日本。
|
56 |
不完全財務市場下一般均衡的存在性與資本資產定價模式之研究黃銘世, Hwang Ming-Shyh Unknown Date (has links)
以往財務理論在討論財務市場行為時,均是在完全市場( e market)的假
設上做分析。但是從現實的角度來看,由於時間 (time)與不確定(uncertainty)
等因素,導致市場往往是不完全的(incomplete);亦即資產或證券的數目往往小
於未來各種可能發生的不確定狀態的數目。當各種不同狀態事件發生時,如果沒有足夠的
資產或證券工具來涵括(span)所有投資人所欲達成的跨時所得移轉,則有某些風
險因子不能以既有的財務工具來複製,此時投資人將無法完全地規避該項風險。
本文的分析方法屬於微分拓樸數學工具的應用。從基本可微分流行(differentiable
manifold) 性質,我們可得到整體性的觀點,優於以往在歐氏空間,Hilbert 空
間等拓樸空間只考慮在局部的性質.首先由最基本平滑流形(smooth manifo-[念
切入,介紹平滑流形與歐氏空間的關係。再由市場均衡的定義找出均衡流形(
equilibrium manifold)。結合Debreu(1970)與Balasko(1976,1988) 建立的正
規經濟,探討其性質.加入財務市場時,透過正規經濟的理論,證明不完全財物
市場均衡generic 存在性。最後,利用不完全財務市場均衡generic的存在性,證明單
一商品及多商品的資本資產定價(CAPM);並且建立一以消費為基礎的資本資
產定價模式。
|
57 |
兩種通貨經濟體系下之通貨競爭 / Currency Competition in a Two-Currency Economy林淑芬, Sue-Fen Lin Unknown Date (has links)
Abstract
The controversy about the monetary regime of the EC between the Britain and the other member countries made economists to study currency competition and currency substitution widely.
This dissertation constructs a one-good, two-currency Brock model in discrete time. In the determinate model, we show the Gresham’s Law results as those in Weil’s. And we demonstrate the existence and uniqueness of a class of first-order Markov stationary sunspot equilibria. The existence of sunspot equilibria expresses another situation of currency competition that future situations may depend on the possibility of people’s expectations, not the growth rates of currencies and tries to provide another explain for the phenomena above.Britain and the other member countries made economists totudy currency competition and currency substitution widely .his dissertation constructs a one - good , two - currencyrock model in discrete time . In the determinate model , wehow the Gresham' s Law results as those in Weil's . And weemonstrate the existence and uniqueness of a class of firstorder Markov stationary sunpot equilibria . The existencef sunspot equilibria expresses another situation of currencyompetition that future situations may depend on the possibi-ity of people' s expectations , not the growth rates of cu -rencies and tries to provide another explain for the pheno -ena above .
|
58 |
權力抗衡到政治均衡:以近代愛爾蘭經濟與外交策略為例 / From balance of power to political equilibrium: in the case of modern Irish economic and diplomatic strategy陳建豪, Chen, Chien Hao Unknown Date (has links)
本文首先討論權力平衡與政治均衡的差異。以Waltz為代表的新現實主義是力學式、演繹邏輯的國際觀;而Schroeder的政治均衡則是生物學式、整體式、歸納的國際觀。權力平衡與政治均衡構成本文的分析架構。本文採歷史研究法,以愛爾蘭為例,說明愛爾蘭在受到「國家」、「人」、「國際體系」的影響後,放棄抗衡的策略後,均衡的國際觀才為愛爾蘭帶來和平與繁榮。
愛爾蘭自十二世紀起成為英國的殖民地,累積八個世紀的恩怨情仇在二十世紀初爆發。愛爾蘭政治家de Valera採用抗衡式的經濟外交策略,即使愛爾蘭成為歐洲的乞丐也在所不惜。1959年接手主政的Lemass對國家利益則有完全不同的見解。取消閉關自守的經貿政策、大膽與英國簽訂英愛自由貿易協定,促使愛爾蘭在1973年順利加入歐洲共同體,開啟了塞爾特之虎的序幕。
文末則是回到兩岸關係的探討。台灣與愛爾蘭相似點在於,同屬小國且也同樣面對同文同種的強敵威脅。台灣或可以愛爾蘭為鏡,走出成功的小國國際政治。
|
59 |
政府支出之生產與最適公債比例 / Government expenditure in production and the optimal debt ratio莊仲霖, Chuang, Chung Lin Unknown Date (has links)
2011年,美國政府在經歷次級房貸和高軍事支出的雙重壓力下,爆發高度財政赤字的問題,造成歐巴馬政府面臨調高債務比例與債務上限的壓力。然而,在眾多的輿論聲中,美國民主黨與共和黨在八月底達成下列協議,減少政府支出、提高債務比例以及增加債務上限等;但是,是否這些方式將改善美國經濟?本篇文章在動態隨機一般均衡(DSGE)架構下,建立一個封閉經濟體系,並將政府支出加入私人廠商部門,透過公共投資,幫助私人廠商增加產出;並且在政府僅採行公債和徵稅融通下,找出一個最適的債務持有比例,使國內福利為最高。而本文發現政府進入生產部門時,將影響最適債務持有比例。即是,隨著政府支出生產彈性越大,最適債務持有比例也會上升,而在基準參數下,我們將會得到最適債務持有比例為百分之十的結論。 / In 2011, under the pressure of subprime mortgage and high military expenditure, the U.S. government accumulated high fiscal deficit, and the Obama government faced the pressure of raising debt ratio and raising debt ceiling. However, among the huge debates, the Republican Party and Democratic Party reached the deal in August which included cut-down government expenditure, raise debt ratio, raise debt ceiling, and so on. But, will these ways improve the U.S. economy? This paper follows the dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) framework to construct a closed economy,
which the government helps private firm to production through public investment. Besides, given that government only undertakes debt financing and tax financing, we try to find an optimal debt ratio which makes the highest domestic welfare. In our finding, if the government enters private production sector, the optimal debt ratio will be influenced. That is, the optimal debt ratio will increase with the production elasticity of government expenditure. Under the benchmark parameter, the optimal debt ratio is 10 percent.
|
60 |
発展途上国の高齢化と年金制度改革SOMEYA, Masakazu, 染矢, 将和 29 March 2012 (has links)
No description available.
|
Page generated in 0.0257 seconds