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中國大陸侵害發明專利權行為之研究郭俊賢 Unknown Date (has links)
本文先就中國大陸意見紛歧之侵害專利權的民事責任,特別是歸責原則的適用,做一個梳理,並提出看法。接著,本文針對大陸《專利法》第11條規定之直接侵害發明專利權行為,即製造、進口、許諾銷售、銷售與使用專利產品,以及使用專利方法和實施依照專利方法直接獲得的產品,分別討論其含義並提出本文觀點。最後係探討中國大陸在其《專利法》中,應否加入間接侵害行為的規定,並針對間接侵害的要件提出一些看法。
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以國際專利訴訟為例探討台灣廠商之專利品質 / Using International Patent Litigation as Examples to Evaluate Taiwan High Tech Industry Patent Quality陳怡婷, Chen, Yi Ting Unknown Date (has links)
專利侵權訴訟成為近年最熱門的議題之一,各國公司皆主動或被動的參與其中。台灣廠商,尤其高科技產業,近年常被報導在專利訴訟中敗訴且損失大筆權利金;然而台灣廠商所擁有的專利數量龐大,和敗訴的情形呈現對比。
專利侵權訴訟失敗的原因諸多,包含智財策略、專利權管理、專利品質等因素。本研究針對專利品質這項因素,以國際專利訴訟勝方專利為標的,探討專利品質及特性,做為台灣廠商在申請專利時之參考。
本論文針對研究對象進行基本被引證數(forward citation)分析,以及使用品質檢驗表分別檢核美國廠商及台灣廠商美國專利之品質。所得結果顯示多數研究對象之專利被引證數確實高於該年度的平均被引證數。專利品質檢驗表檢核結果顯示研究對象確實可能獲得極高分,然台灣廠商之美國專利,也有可能得分不低。
整體研究結果顯示,專利品質被多種因素影響,被引證數只是其一,其餘包含專利技術本身、撰寫品質、前案檢索等,皆影響一篇專利的品質。台灣廠商若在專利撰寫初期即注意這些特徵,應可提升其專利品質,並在訴訟方面有較佳之表現。
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企業對專利權如何經營管理之研究 / A Research of How a Enterprise Managing Its Patent Right賀華谷, Ho, Hua-Ku Unknown Date (has links)
由於專利權對企業的生存與發展,具有愈來愈重要的影響,因此企業如何經營管理專利權自然成為企業決策人員一項重要的思考因素。本研究的架構係先定義了管理的意義和目的,並說明有關之管理機能及企業機能,和如何應用管理活動落實於各企業部門的各項制度中;然後再簡介專利的意義,專利管理的目的和相關的管理活動,以及專利制度為賦予發明人獨佔權力的法律規定,雖然世界各國的專利制度因該國專利發展情況不同而有所差異,但在資訊流通快速的今日,亦藉由如WIPO等世界性組織,來規範各國專利制度的一致性。在此專利權的獨佔權力和專利制度的保障及規則下,各型企業乃可藉由各項專利管理的活動,包括發掘企業內具有專利價值之發明並提出申請,與研發工作的配合,專利資訊之收集與強化,專利權之維護與活用,因應其他公司專利之對策,國際化專利管理,以及智慧財產權之綜合管理等活動,將專利制度所賦予之獨佔權力,由無形的資產,轉變為對公司在經營上可以利用資源,應用在研發、生產,行銷等企業機能的活動上,配合各項有效的專利管理制度之實施,而幫助公司取得各方面的競爭力量,以佔領市場,得到最大的利益,此亦為企業經營的重要目的,即專利管理的目標在於為公司增加利潤者。這些專利管理活動的應用,在相輔相成的專利管理制度來落實,使公司在有規劃的系統中進行及推動所有的專利活動,因此公司必須考量本身的型態,規模和背景,以先建立專利部門組織的定位和組織結構,並且制訂完整性的各項必備的基本專利管理制度,包括提案及獎勵制度,智慧財產權相關之資訊諮詢制度,專利資訊蒐集制度和專利申請評估制度,和完備的網路通訊及監測制度等等;運用這些有系統的管理制度,形成公司的運作及指導之動力,才能推動所有的專利活動,並且真正的將專利權從無形資產轉變為有形資源,為公司提昇競爭力以及創造利潤。
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間接引證資料於專利指標的運用─間接被引證次數對企業價值影響之研究 / Relevance of indirect citation in patent indicators – The influence of the number of indirect citations received on corporate market value陳穎重, Chen, Geoffrey Unknown Date (has links)
創新無論在經濟成長或是企業競爭中,都扮演非常重要的角色,其中專利權又是保護創新的重要關鍵,但基於專利價值分佈呈離散且偏態的特性,企業在從事研發活動時,必須重視專利品質,以避免專利與技術貿易收支之矛盾情形。過去在專利品質的研究上,被引證次數是最有效的衡量指標,但目前作法卻僅考慮直接被引證次數,而忽略間接被引證次數,此作法造成三個問題:忽略了間接引證資料的攸關性、未考慮各個被引證次數的品質差異、未考慮引證專利的品質差異。因此,本研究以實證研究方法,探討間接被引證次數對企業價值的影響,進而評估間接引證資料於專利品質評估的應用。
本研究以在美積極從事專利活動的美國公開上市企業為樣本,期間為1980年至2002年,以二因子固定效果模型,觀察化學、電腦與通訊、電子與電機產業的創新活動對企業價值的影響。本研究有兩點重要發現:一、研發強度與專利產出效率與企業價值相關性低,甚至呈負向相關,而兼顧量與質的專利指標則與其呈現正向相關,表示研發必須值、量並重;二、間接被引證次數具有價值攸關性,且其影響力會逐層遞減,此結論不僅提供未來相關研究的重要基礎與新的研究方向,更表示在從事專利分析或專利指標設計時,需將間接引證資料納入考量。 / Innovation always plays an important role in both economic development and corporate competition, therefore patents that protect innovation are key. But because patent values are highly dispersed and skewed, corporations must focus on quality and not merely on quantity in R&D management to prevent a technology trade deficit while increasing the quantity of patents granted. Much literature has found that the number of citations received is a good proxy for patent quality. But most people only consider direct citations and ignore indirect citations in their research and practices. These people ignore three important facts: the value relevance of indirect citations, the weight difference of each citation count, and the quality dispersion of citing patents. As a result, this study utilizes empirical methods to discuss the influence of the number of indirect citations received on corporate market value and then assesses the relevance of indirect citation in patent indicators.
The samples used in this study are 1,624 U.S. listed firms that have been active in applying for for patents in three areas: chemical, computer and communication, and electric and electronics between the years 1980 and 2002. This study uses two-way fixed effect model to evaluate the influence of innovation activities on corporate value. The first conclusion suggests that patent indicators based on quantity and quality has positive correlation with corporate value while R&D intensity and R&D efficiency based on patent quantity both have low correlation and sometimes even a negative correlation with corporate value. This implies that corporations must develop a R&D strategy that focus both on quantity and quality at the same time. The second conclusion confirms the value relevance of the number of indirect citations received and finds the progressively declining influence of ascending citation orders. This study not only offers an important basis and brings up new issues for future related research but also confirms that taking indirect citation data into consideration is necessary.
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專利權撤銷制度之比較研究謝岳龍 Unknown Date (has links)
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專利權之衡量與評價-以某記憶體模組公司為例 / Measurement and valuation of patent-by taking memory module company for example蕭鈞昱 Unknown Date (has links)
隨著知識經濟時代的到來,無形資產對於企業決策的重要性與日俱增,其中無形資產裡的專利權是企業維持競爭力的一大利器,因此對於專利權進行衡量與評價是未來每個企業都必須面對的課題。
專利品質之衡量透過專利品質衡量表之設定,透過資料庫數據與專利說明書內容以及客觀存在之事實,客觀衡量標的專利之專利品質;輔以透過訪談與作者主觀判斷所得之主觀性衡量結果,綜合主客觀衡量結果,衡量出專利之品質。
專利之評價首先透過可評價性測試進行評價模式媒合,找出適合之評價模式,再為適合之評價模式設定出各項評價參數並實際計算出專利權價值數字,將評價與衡量結合,建立一套完整的專利權價值評估系統。
本研究分別以不同特性之專利組合為研究標的。經主客觀考量後,決定專利品質。評價上專利組合透過可評量測試後分別以市場法與收益法進行評價,針對各項參數進行設定說明與假設進而計算出實際數字並分析之。
經過衡量與評價後,本研究將針對各項衡量指標做出一適用性結論,並選出最適用於實務界之評價模式。
關鍵字:專利權、衡量、評價 / With the era of knowledge economy, intangible assets play an important role in corporate decision-making.Intangible assets in which the patent is the company to maintain a major competitive weapon, so the measurement and valuation of patents which every business must face in the future.
Patent quality is measured through the setting of data such as database about patent and the content of patent specifications and the existence of objective facts.By enforcing the measurement way I mentioned so that I can get a objective outcome.
The valuation of patent start from valuation test.The purpose of valuation test is matching a suitable valuation mode to valuate.After valuation test,I will set out the parameters to calculate the actual number of patent value.Finally,I will combine measurement and valuation to establish a patent evaluation system
Through objective and subjective consideration,I make a conclusion for patent quality. After valuation test,I chose market method and income method to valuate.Through the setting of parameters and assumption,I calculate the actual number to approve the feasibility of valuation mode.
After measurement and valuation, I will focus on the applicability conclusion of the measurement index and select the most suitable valuation model for practitioners.
Key words:Patent、Measurement、Valuation
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公眾審查制度與專利品質之關聯性研究 / Study of the relationship between public participation in patent examination and patent quality朱浩筠 Unknown Date (has links)
法律面向之專利品質,係指專利申請案符合法定專利要件與否而定,因而專利審查品質幾可決定專利品質,故專利品質可由審查機關所審查之專利申請案符合法定專利要件的比例來衡量。然而由於審查人員所能獲取的先前技術資訊範圍與法定的先前技術資訊範圍存在相當的差異,因而客觀上無法確認足以影響專利申請案准駁之先前技術文件是否存在,也就無法精確評價專利品質之優劣,充其量只能在審查人員所能獲取的先前技術資訊範圍中確認其審查意見之適法性,而公眾審查制度相對於專利品質之意義在於提供第三人適當的管道來彌補專利審查上先前技術資料的侷限性,並可影響專利品質之評價指標。
比較各國之法定公眾審查制度,以及透過網際網路之新興公眾審查制度後,發現我國雖已導入專利早期公開制度,但卻未明定有專利核准前的公眾參與審查管道,而舉發制度雖具有矯正專利審查過程之功能,然此種事後的公眾審查方式無疑較為浪費行政及社會成本,考量到我國目前審查實務現況,建議應明訂專利核准前之公眾參與審查機制並針對專利核准後的舉發制度進行若干修正。
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專利檢索系統與分析方法之探討與革新 / The review and reform of the bygone systems retrieving and the methods analyzing for patents林家聖, Lin,Chia Shen Unknown Date (has links)
專利檢索與分析對於企業、研發機構、學術單位等等不同性質的專利權人,在智慧財產經營與管理上扮演著決策參考的重要角色,由於目前存在著許多似是而非的方法與理論,透過適當的檢索方法及分析架構、利用方便的工具進行專利檢索,應用實際的方法進行專利分析,將技術與專利佈署的靜態資訊,授權、訴訟、轉讓、設質等動態資訊這些龐大資料轉化成具有結構化、系統化的統計資料,藉以分析專利權人佈署專利的軌跡,並且提供作為商業決策之參考的分析流程更顯出相當程度的困難,這些種種的困難點出了專利檢索與專利分析正確與客觀的重要性。
因此本研究之目的將包括以下各點:
一、檢討既有國內外專利檢索系統、專利地圖分析方法之優缺;研究國內外數個相關專利檢索系統(國內:Patent Guider、Patent Pilot,國外:Derwent、Delphion)的現況,分析界面、功能的差異,並且探討系統中對於專利分析方法的優缺。
二、檢視過去專利檢索的迷思與探討使用者對於專利分析方法的需求與期望;根據現有專利檢索系統的設計、專利檢索的方法、檢索結果的解讀,提出在整個檢索流程所引發的迷思,衍生探討使用者對於專利檢索與專利地圖的需求與期望;從不同使用者的角度探討專利檢索與專利地圖所應提供的訊息與功能,針對該些需求予以定義,並且分類、分級群組化;並從本章所研究的兩個主題綜合起來,將現狀的專利檢索迷思與使用者需求作為問題探討的重點,並試著在第四章提出檢索流程的步驟與專利分析的新方法。
三、解析專利地圖檢索流程,專利檢索的步驟與流程不外乎如下「釐清檢索的目的、界定檢索的範圍、善用檢索的工具、客觀的檢索方法、呈現檢索的結果」,先判斷使用者的需求在哪裡為出發點,並且還原產業鏈、價值鏈、供應鏈與產品、產值、地區、公司的交互關係,從中尋找深入研究或分析的目標產品、地區、公司,此時方能根據產品組合開始進行技術結構的拆解與專利的對應,若缺乏以上步驟,將會落入過去專利檢索的迷思,也達不到任何作用。
四、設計客觀的專利分析方法,提出新的報表與設計的概念及分析方法,分別界定表格的組成、不同的欄位定義、資料來源、操作界面與方式、限制條件,並且與前章所探討的使用者需求做連結,新設計的報表以產品組合、技術結構作為專利檢索的核心,利用樹狀階層關係展開產品或系統的模組、元件、結構、製程和對應的衍生技術,清楚地界定檢索標的,搜尋正確的專利資料後,還需要客觀可靠的分析方法,從使用者的需求對應設計報表所需的欄位和非專利資料來源,設定表格的定義,最後在解讀表格中數字與欄位的意義。
在檢討了過去專利檢索系統與分析的方法之後,整理出四項現有問題「專利數量迷思、數量指標公式、依賴專利分類、專利導出市場」,這些問題嚴重影響了既有的專利地圖正確性、客觀性與可行性,且本論文歸納提出五個革新「資料來源豐富化、操作界面整合化、檢索流程模組化、檢索方法彈性化、分析方法客觀化」,為了追求專利地圖能對使用者有著更為實際的幫助,應屏除過去的缺失,以嶄新的觀念與方法進行專利檢索與分析以獲得更為正確、客觀且可行性高的豐富結果。
關鍵字:專利檢索、專利分析 / The patent retrieval and the analysis acts an important character as policy-making reference in the intellectual property management regarding the enterprises, the research and development institutions, the academia and so on the other difference assignees. At present, there are many specious methods and the theories about the region. Therefore, it appears difficult to utilize an appropriate tool with an objectively analysis method for transforming static and corresponding dynamic information of patent into structured and systematized data so as to analyze patent disposition path of each assignee. What described above emphasizes the important of accurate patent retrieval and objective patent analysis.
Therefore goal of the this thesis includes 4 subjects as below:
First, the analysis methods of bygone patent map are studied through reviewing 4 patents retrieval system including domestic and foreign ones. I researched 4 patents retrieval systems which domestic: Patent Guider, Patent Pilot, overseas: Derwent, Delphion, and addressed differences between them by comparing each other’s present situation, data sources, user interface, functions, and so on.
Second, the fallacy of the past patent retrieval procedure is inspected. According to the existing patent retrieval system design, the patent retrieval method, and how to read out from retrieval result, this thesis proposes some problems in the past patent retrieval procedure and discusses in detail the user’s demand and expectation for the patent retrieval and analysis.
Third, I researched and analyzed the patent retrieval procedure so as to emit a new process. The patent retrieval procedure in steps is nothing more than as follows "sort out a clear goal, limits a reasonable scope, utilize a proper tool, adopt an objective method, present the retrieval result”. It gauges user’s demands first, then finds target products, areas, and companies to be researched and analyzed deeply later from the alternately relations of the actual industry chain, the value chain, the supply chain, the target products with their output value, different areas, and companies. Based upon the new process, the patent retrieval process and result will be clear and useful, if the technical structure of target products is expanded to find out the correspondence between patents and market information.
Fourth, chapter 4 of the thesis presents an objective method for analyzing patents. This paragraph proposed new analysis forms with its data sources, definitions, user interface, and the limiting conditions within the analysis method linked to the user’s demand. The core of patent retrieval in the new analysis forms is the technical structure that is expanded as modules, components, structural technology, and process technology in a hierarchical way within the target product. After stacking out the retrieval target, the method defines every analysis forms and non-patent material using an objective and reliable way.
After examined past patent retrieval system and the analysis method, the thesis reorganizes four existing questions "the fallacy of patent quantity, the quantitative index formula, the over dependence on patent classification, the patent derives the market". These questions have seriously affected accurateness, objectiveness, and the feasibility of the bygone patent map. Therefore, in order to pursue the patent map to be able to have a more actual help to the user, we should eliminate the past fallacy to carry on the patent retrieval and analysis by the brand-new idea and the method.
Besides the conclusion, the thesis also inducts 5 innovations "diversifying the data sources, integrating the user interfaces, modularizing the retrieval process, the flexible retrieval method, the objective analysis method".
Keywords: patent retrieval, patent analysis
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利用專利檢索與分析提供產品發展方向-以靈芝產業為例 / Utilzation of patent search and patent analysis as a tool to aid product development: an empirical study of Ganoderma Industry周書瑜 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究利用專利檢索與分析來探討靈芝產業中專利佈局情況,技術領域現況及發展重點,產業中的競爭者、合作者及廠商,以及得知靈芝於全球、區域或不同國家的產品應用情況。研究範圍以廣泛使用之靈芝(Ganoderma lucidum)及松杉靈芝(Ganoderma tsugae)為主要研究對象,分析範圍包括其子實體、菌絲體及擔孢子各部位外,亦包含其所含之各種活性成分及各類相關應用。
透過分析PCT、美國、台灣及中國大陸之靈芝相關專利,將專利件數、國際專利分類表分析(又稱為IPC分類分析)及專利權人分析等結果製成圖表並對照產業資訊後可得知:(1)韓國及中國大陸為主要的靈芝消費市場,其中中國大陸消費市場正逐年擴大,且產品種類繁多,為全球最重要的靈芝消費市場;(2)靈芝普遍以醫藥品開發及保健產品應用為最主要的技術發展方向,而醫藥品研發則以抗腫瘤及治療免疫或過敏疾病為主要治療的疾病;(3)不同國家靈芝研發領域有些許差異,美國及歐洲國家主要針對特定細胞株或特定疾病之醫藥品開發,而韓國或中國大陸則是以靈芝保健食品開發或傳統複方製劑為主要產品開發方向;(4)靈芝產業中的競爭國家有美國、日本、中國大陸及韓國;(5)台灣有數家廠商於不同國家進行專利佈局,其中中央研究院內靈芝多醣體團隊其專利產出最為亮眼,為國際上具有相當研發能力之機構;(6)台灣靈芝相關的研發能力仍優於中國大陸,專利品質較佳,故於靈芝產業中台灣廠商仍具有相當之優勢;(7)靈芝醫藥品開發之專利佈局以美國最為完整,而中國大陸則是在靈芝子實體栽種及茶代用品的專利數量較其他兩國家為多。 / This study is to explore the use of patent search and patent analysis in understanding the situation of current patent portfolio, technology mainstream development, competitors, collaborators, and their applications within the Ganaderma industry at the national, regional as well as international levels. Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma tsugae are the subjects in this study. The areas of investigation included different forms of fruiting bodies, mycelium, basidiospores, their active components as well as their respective applications.
In this study, Ganoderma related patents in US, Taiwan, China as well as international patents under PCT (Patent Corporation Treaty) were searched and studied. By incorporating the industrial information together with visual display of the related patent information using tables and graphs, the following conclusions can be obtained: (1) Korea and China are the main consumer markets of Ganoderma in the world, especially China market is expanding every year with various categories of product; (2) the mainstream technologies are health related products such as dietary supplements and medicinal preparations for the use as antineoplastic, immunological or allergic agents; (3) Ganoderma is investigated in various fields among varous countries; for example, the focus of United States and European countries are concentrated in medicinal use of Ganoderma for specific cell line and treatment of diseases whereas China and Korea are concentrated in the dietary supplements and classical complex mixture preparation development; (4) the United States, Japan, China and Korea are the major marketers as well competitors among each other in Ganoderma industry; (5) several firms in Taiwan own patent portfolio in more than one country, and among them Academia Sinica is considered one of the best in the world; (6) the quality and strength of Taiwan patents is considered better than China; as such Taiwan Ganoderma industry should have superior capability in technology development compared to China; (7) in the field of medicinal product development and treatment of diseases, United States is the distinct leader in the patent landscape whereas China patents are concentrated in Ganoderma fruit body cultivation and their use as tea substitutes.
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軟體可專利性相關問題之研究 / A Study on Software Related Patentability Issues林金東 Unknown Date (has links)
隨著電腦化的普及,軟體程式控制的機器或日常生活用品亦成為經濟活動的主流。美國最高法院在1981年Diamond v. Diehr案中開啟電腦軟體程式可專利之先河。該案所請求之電腦軟體程式雖係利用數學公式計算橡膠固化的完成時間,但法院認為其專利請求並非主張該數學公式之獨占(pre-empt)使用權。相對的,發明人係主張排除他人使用該公式與該請求程式中所有步驟之聯結關係。本案對於軟體專利的標的適格(patent subject matter eligibility)作了相當明確的闡述與界定。
1998年聯邦巡迴法院State Street Bank案提出「有用、具體、且實體的結果(UCT, useful, concrete and tangible result)」作為檢驗軟體專利的檢驗方法之後,聯邦巡迴法院在2008年的Bilski案又宣稱此一檢驗方法將不再適用於軟體專利審查。Bilski案與State Street Bank案的主要差別在前者專利範圍內,隻字未提是否使用電腦或其他硬體之技術手段或裝置(means),以達成其發明之目的。其所請求專利方法之行為模式是否具有可重複性(repetitiveness)或具體性(concreteness)因此受到質疑。
2007年發生AT & T控告微軟(Microsoft)侵犯其軟體專利權,本案經紐約地方法院及聯邦巡迴法院審理皆認為,微軟將包含AT & T語音文字轉換軟體在內的視窗作業系統光碟,交給國外電腦製造廠商複製安裝於電腦中出售,侵犯AT & T之專利權。雖然最高法院依據現行美國專利法271(f)規定,認為微軟僅交給原版光碟並未侵犯AT & T專利權,外國電腦廠商將微軟作業系統複製安裝於其他電腦出售係屬治外法權(extraterritoriality)法律適用問題。但最高法院亦表明,國會未來若能在271(f)加註組件另包括"資訊,指令"或"可用以產生組件之工具",則上述情況即可能改觀。本案爭訟過程引發軟體實體性(tangibility)的廣泛討論。
本文主要目的在探討有關軟體可專利性標的之適格(patentable subject matter eligibility),包含實用性(applicability)、具體性(concreteness)及實體性(tangibility)等問題,從正反意見之比較分析中,希望能提供問題爭點一個更清礎的全貎,促成相關產學界對軟體專利作進一步的探討,供國內專利主管單位未來修法的參考,茲依序說明如下:
第一章 緒論
就本文研究之背景、動機、方法及目的分別加以說明。
第二章 軟體專利相關發明之概念
討論軟體可專利性之概念,對於相關軟體專利案例加以分析,探討可專利性之解釋依據及其範圍限制。
第三章 軟體專利標的之適格問題
從各國電腦相關軟體之專利規範出發,比較各國專利標的適格審查之異同,探討軟體專利標的適格之判別方式。對於專利之具體性(concreteness)、實體性(tangibility)及實用性(applicability),透過各國審查規範之比較加以研究。關於可專利性之標的適格規範,我國與歐洲之專利法皆採用法定除外事項及負面表列方式,美國則採正面規範解釋,形成解釋空間上的差異。我國與歐洲在專利標的適格之解釋上雖較自由,美國則相較受拘束,但從各國公布的軟體專利審查基準的內容加以比較,其內容仍以美國之審查基準為主導。
第四章 軟體專利要件之審查
從各國專利審查基準之規範分析專利審查准駁之要件,並從實務觀點對專利審查提出評析意見。由於我國與歐洲之專利法係以產業利用性為授予專利權之基本原則,因此,本章亦一併與專利要件之新穎性、進步性及充分揭露等規定事項一起討論,探討其間之差異性與優缺點。
第五章 軟體專利之法律適用
2008年10月聯邦巡迴法院在Bilski案的判決中宣稱軟體專利須符合一定條件才能取得專利,對於1998年State Street Bank案以具體性、實體性、實用性的檢驗方法,今後將不再適用。在2007年發生之AT & T與MICROSOFT的侵權訴訟,其中對於軟體是不是一種實體的組成元件(tangible component)有相當詳細的說明與爭辯。本章希望從相關判決理由中,獲致軟體專利較明確的法律關係。對於軟體專利侵權之實務方面,本章亦以TGIP與AT & T之侵權訴訟,探討美國在專利範圍解釋(claim construction)及均等論(doctrine of equivalence)之應用及其實務上發生之法律適用。
第六章 結論與未來展望
軟體創作屬著作權保護的對象之一,通常以目的碼的比對作為軟體著作權侵權與否的判別依據。自1970年代開始,軟體專利一直圍繞著有關可專利性標的適格(patentable subject matter eligibility)的問題打轉,美國從1981年的Diehr案到2008年的Bilski案歷經二十幾年的時間與爭訟,仍無法獲致明確的結論可供公眾遵循。本文探討軟體的標的適格問題,以及涉及軟體專利本質的實體性問題,從各國軟體專利法制之比較,希望能提供前述爭點一個清礎的原貎,促成相關產學界對軟體專利作深入的探討,作為將來國內專利修法的參考,使我國軟體專利法制能站上世界科技產業競爭的高點。 / After years of debates over the patentability of software related patent, the first software related patent was finally allowed in the United States in 1981. And in 1998, the Federal Circuit decided in State Street case that the software patent is patentable if it passes the test, namely, to produce “useful, concrete and tangible (UCT) result.” However, in 2008, the Federal Circuit reasoned in Bilski case that it would be inadequate to adopt that test in the future, and decided not to use it any longer. While focusing on the subject matter of patentability issues, the Microsoft v AT & T case is being selected herewith for its full scale debates over the essence of software tangibility. Although the Supreme Court held that Microsoft's conduct falls outside 35 USC 271(f)'s compass would be resolved by the presumption against extraterritoriality, the holding also revealed that Congress might have included within 271(f)'s compass “information, instructions, or tools from which those components readily may be generated.” It did not.
This thesis aims to deliberate on the patentability of software related patent, primarily on the applicability, concreteness and tangibility of the software patent. The author wishes to provide a comprehensible scenario on the patentability of software related patent through analysis and comparison of the subject matters presented in the context of the thesis.
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