本文旨在探討當前中國大陸城鎮職工與農民工等具有勞工性質的群體，其退休養老保險制度發展過程的政治經濟分析。所要回答的問題有三：一、中國大陸退休養老保險的歷史進程為何？有何特徵？二、中國大陸農民工與城鎮職工的退休養老保險制度現今運行情況為何？可能的整合方向是？三、中國大陸退休養老保險基金的財務當前運行情況是？有何隱憂？以上三點構成了本文的問題意識。 文中檢視中國大陸自1950年代所出臺的《中華人民共和國勞動保險條例》至今所有關於農民工與城鎮職工養老保險法規的演變，並比較2011年《社會保險法》出臺後，關於農民工與城鎮職工養老保險的實質發展。此外，本文以北京、上海、廣東、河南各省的「退休養老保險金的收支結餘」做為基礎，使用各省的「歷史債務」、「經濟發展水準」、「勞動力流動」等面向分析養老金區域失衡的原因與長期發展的隱憂，以歸納出當前中國大陸城鎮職工與農民工養老保險制度發展的個案省份分析。 本文發現，中國大陸農民工與城鎮職工養老保險的發展有著明顯的「路徑依賴」特徵，自《中華人民共和國勞動保險條例》出臺以降，關於中國大陸的社會保障歷經了單位保障到社會保險，最後則是具備中國特色的「社會統籌與個人帳戶相結合」制度的建立。關於中國大陸退休養老體制的改革過程是中國社會主義傳統下與改革開放後強調經濟發展相互激盪下的結果。 中共以戶籍制度作為區分城鄉勞工的主要手段，在社會福利制度上形成了差異化的現象。本文認為關於農民工的社會保障制度在過去的社會保險體系發展中乏善可陳，與受到政府保障的城鎮職工形成對比的現象。中共當局開始正視農民工的問題是在改革開放後所形成的龐大民工潮問題，隨著時間的推移，政府也必須替「第二代農民工」建設更公平的社會保障制度進而達成「城鎮化」的目標。 中國大陸的社會保障制度發展有著明顯的地域差異，其財政的制度也高度分權，具體反應在社會保障制度的改革上。北京、廣東與上海享受著改革開放以來的經濟成果，在吸引外來勞動人口上有著先天優勢，相對河南的人口外移有著明顯的對比。背後的意涵代表了富裕省份對於後發省份在社會保障資源上的「榨取」，不利於後發省份養老保險的長期發展。本文認為，2011年《社會保險法》出臺後，對於農民工的社會保障確實有所提昇，也使具有「穩定就業」身分的農民工納入到了城鎮職工養老保險體制內，不過仍然需要觀察其後具體的發展態勢。中國大陸之後的退休養老制度發展，本文認為應該要向實現「全國統籌」的目標邁進，也可以藉由中央分配養老金，使地區養老金收支不均的現象可以有效紓緩。 / This thesis aims to explore the characteristics of labor groups in China, which include urban workers and migrant workers. It also discusses the political economical analysis in the course of development for retirement pensions. There are three important questions that have to be addressed: First, what is the historical course on the Chinese retirement pension? What are the features? Second, how is the retirement pension run for urban workers and migrant workers today? What is the direction for integration? Third, what is the financial situation in running the pensions? Are there any concerns? Above three questions constitute the main issues that will be discussed in this thesis. It is evident that there are changes to today’s law and regulations of endowment insurance for urban and migrant workers. This thesis will use Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, and Henan province for “Balance of Revenues and Expenditure in Endowment Pension Insurance” as a basis. Also use each province’s “Debt records”, “Standard Economic Growth” “Labor Mobility”, etc. to analyze. In this thesis it also indicates the development of the endowment insurance for migrant workers and urban workers appears to be having a “path dependency” feature. China’s social security has gone from a unit security to a social security. The social welfare system creates a phenomenon of discrepancy in the system. This thesis deems that in the past, migrant workers’ social security reform development is not effective compared to the government security the urban workers received. The government must help “Second generation migrant workers” create a fair social security system and reach “urbanization” as a goal. China’s social security growth has a noticeable regional difference; there is also a high separation of powers in the finance system, which reacts on the reform for social security. Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai enjoy the economic gain after the reform, and attract many foreign labors, gives them dominant advantage. In contrast, Henan, there is big difference in number for migrate workers. Behind this, there is an implication that prosperous provinces create an “extortion” of resources to those less prosperous, meaning there is no care for their endowment insurance growth. Overall this system still has potential for improvement.

本文係在我國勞退新制改以個人帳戶制及年金保險制中併行下，針對其中年金保險制度之爭議、規範缺失做一整理研究，並參酌美國ERISA對於企業退休計畫之相關法制提出相關建議。 自立法機關確定勞退新制將揚棄過去確定給付制之設計，改以確定提撥制作為企業退休制度之主軸起，勞動法學者即針對確定提撥制對勞工之保障不足，新舊制轉換等爭議提出諸多質疑與討論，但對於其中年金保險制之規劃多僅止於條列介紹而未多加著墨。本研究以敘述性、回顧性之方式將我國與美國之退休金制度作歸納探討，針對目前年金保險制中較有疑義之部分，以比較法之方式進一步檢討，最後提出若干建議。 本研究共分為四個部分，第一部份為我國勞工退休制度之變革。針對我國由確定給付制發展為確定提撥制之風險轉換作一分析，次介紹新制之規範內容。第二部分以美國ERISA法案為中心，對美國企業退休計畫之發展及基本實質規範進一步整理探討，以為後續我國年金保險規範分析之參考。第三部份探討我國企業年金保險之法制爭議，以現行之勞工退休金條例年金保險實施辦法及企業年金保險保單示範條款為基礎，剖析其與保險法及相關子法間之互動。並針對其中有關最低保證收益、非退休給付及退休金運用管理人之忠誠義務等議題，參酌美國之規定進行深入探討。第四部份為結論及相關立法建議。 / This thesis analyzes and examines various issues regarding the anuuity insurance scheme under the modified Taiwan Labor Pension Act (hereinafter the “Act”), which together with the individual account scheme forms the keynote of the retirement scheme under the Act. Moreover, this thesis also provides several suggestions on the Act and relevant regulations with special reference to the Employment Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. Beginning with the announcement that the prevailing defined benefit retirement program previously in effect under the Act would be discarded and replaced by a new retirement program adopting the spirit of the defined contribution program, scholars specializing in labor law ceaselessly questioned and discussed the inherent deficiency of the proposed defined contribution program as well as various issues regarding transitional measures. Most articles pertaining to the newly presented annuity insurance scheme, however, merely introduced its operation mechanism and provided little commentary. This thesis descriptively and retrospectively studies the pension system of Taiwan and the United States and reviews the discrepancy and other issues in a comparative way. Finally, this thesis will provide several suggestions for relevant issues. This thesis is organized into four parts. First is the reformation of the labor retirement scheme in Taiwan. This section begins with a risk analysis between a defined benefit and defined contribution program and further elaborates on the related content of the Act. The second part introduces the development of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) in the U.S. and discusses the fundamental regulations of the plan. The third portion of this thesis probes into the legal issues arising from the current annuity insurance scheme, mainly the Enforcement Rules of the Annuity Insurance Scheme under the Labor Pension Act and the Example of the Annuity Insurance Clauses, both being promulgated by the Financial Supervisory Commission, Executive Yuan, and how those regulations coordinate with the Insurance Law and its ancillary regulations. Issues arising from guaranteed minimum returns, non-retirement benefits and fiduciary duty were analyzed through comparative research with special reference to the similar provisions under ERISA. The final portion of this thesis contains concluding statements on the above analyses and offers several suggestions with respect to the current regulations of the annuity insurance scheme.

長久以來，我國在偵辦民刑事案件時，調閱相關人等之銀行帳戶資料通常是必要作法之一，表面上看來行之有年、理所當然，但深究後卻發現未臻完善、有待改進，其中尤以正當合法性及與個人隱私權之衝突最具爭議。調閱銀行帳戶資料固然是快速有效偵查案情的方式之一，但若無合理的法律依據、明確的施行方針、完善的配套措施及必要的懲處規定，將易流於擴權濫用，不僅違背法理，亦侵害當事人之隱私權，影響甚鉅，而當今我國文獻中卻較缺乏關於此方面之探討，殊為可惜。因此，目前我國偵查機關調閱銀行帳戶資料之法律依據為何？與其他法律是否有矛盾衝突之處？實務上如何施行？有哪些配套措施？未來有何改進之道？若公務機關違法濫權有何懲罰機制？如何適當修改現有法令規範以使其更臻完善？凡此皆與社會大眾息息相關，並使筆者產生高度興趣及強烈研究動機，期盼透過深入研究，得以充分瞭解相關理論與實務，並對問題提出解決或改善之建議。 無論自人性尊嚴、隱私權或資訊自決權之觀點來看，個人資料保護皆為基本且重要之議題，不容忽視，而銀行帳戶實為個人資料當中非常重要之一環。美國為隱私權概念發源地，理論與實務發展久遠，深具探討價值，故本文擇其作為比較分析對象。為求深入探討調閱銀行帳戶資料在台灣及美國司法實務面運作之情形，本文整理解析兩國近年來相關法規及民事刑事裁判，2010年4月我國立法通過之「電腦處理個人資料保護法修正案」(後更名為「個人資料保護法」，2012年10月付諸實行，以下亦簡稱「新個資法」)亦在本文討論範圍內。本文將介紹各相關法規內容，分析新舊法規之差異，探究實務面作法及未來可能走向，以提供各位讀者先進參考。 國家為履行公共任務或打擊金融犯罪，通常需要調閱相關人等之銀行帳戶資料，此為偵查機關職責所在，但若稍有不慎即可能使個人資訊隱私權遭受重大侵害，而目前理論與實務面皆尚有未盡完善之處。筆者盼以本身面臨之法令疑義，對我國新個資法及台美兩國相關法規之檢視，對本文蒐集資料之研讀心得，及在金融業服務十年之工作經驗作為本文研究之核心。 本篇論文之主要目的，盼藉由各面向之探討及對法律制度之論述，檢視當今我國與美國調閱銀行私人帳戶資料之正當性與合法性；本文不僅描述兩國偵查機關調閱銀行帳戶資料之現況，亦針對問題分析研究，提出建議策略，盼能為我國目前存在之問題困境貢獻一己之力，以供法律界、金融界及相關公務部門參考。 透過本文研究，可觀察目前我國與美國調閱銀行私人帳戶資料相關法規與實務之發展方向，探討主管機關在提升偵查效率及保障個人財務資訊隱私權之間如何取得平衡，希冀政府機關不僅能快速有效完成偵查任務，亦能在合情合理合法範圍內作好個人資料保護，兩全其美。 / In Taiwan, law enforcement’s access to private banking account is a common way of investigating civil or criminal crimes. Although it seems very normal, it still has some problems need to be solved, especially its legality and controversy over privacy. It’s efficient to investigate a crime by retrieving data from private banking account, but it’s easy to invade personal privacy if there’s no reasonable law, clear direction, supplementary measures or necessary punishments. As a result, it’s very worthwhile and important to discuss this thesis’ title. However, there are not many relevant essays or writings in our country nowadays. About this issue, there are many relevant topics which are worthy to be discussed. For example, what is the legal basis of this kind of investigation? Is there any inconsistency between its legal basis and other laws? What are the implementations or supporting measures in practice and improvements in the future? Is there any supervision mechanism if the Government abuses its power? How to amend existing legal regulations appropriately to make them more perfect? Topics above are closely related to all society so the author has a high degree of interest and motivation. Hope this thesis will make readers fully understand relevant theory and practice then they may know how to solve problems and make improvements by this article’s suggestion. Whether from the point of view of privacy, human dignity or self-determination of revealing personal information, protection of personal data is always a basic and important issue which shouldn’t be ignored. The private banking account is actually one kind of the most important personal data. The United States (hereinafter also “America”) is the birthplace of the concept of privacy which has developed there for a long time. It is worth researching so the author selects America for comparative analysis task. In order to discuss the judicial practice about private banking account being investigated by the authorities in Taiwan and America, the author sorts out and analyzes relevant regulations and criminal judges of these two countries in recent years. “Computer Processed Personal Information Protection Act Amendments” (later renamed “Personal Information Protection Act”, implemented in October 2012, hereinafter also “New Personal Information Act”) passed by the Legislative Yuan of Taiwan in April 2010 is also within the scope of this article. This article will describe the contents of relevant laws, analyze the differences between old and new regulations and discuss practical approaches and possible directions in the future so this thesis will provide reference for all readers. The Government often needs to retrieve banking account information to fulfill public tasks or fight against financial crimes. Although this is the duty of the authorities, it will result in serious violation of personal information privacy if the authorities make any mistake. In fact, both of relevant theory and practice in our country have some drawbacks and deficiencies at this time. The author looks forward to discussing the doubts of law, examining “New Personal Information Act” and relevant regulations of Taiwan and America and sharing study experience on this issue and a decade of work experience in the financial industry in order to constitute the core of this research. The main purpose of this thesis is to examine the necessity and legality of retrieving banking account information in Taiwan and America by discussing all relevant aspects and legal systems. This article not only describes the authorities’ access to banking account information in the current situation but also analyzes problems, makes suggestions and offers strategies. The author hopes to do his best to make some contribution to the law, financial industry and related public authorities. Through this thesis, readers could observe Taiwan and America’s investigation of private banking account currently and developing directions of relevant regulations and actual situations in the future. Readers could also learn and discuss how the authorities weigh improvement of investigation efficiency and protection of personal financial information privacy. Hope our Government will not only complete investigation quickly and efficiently but also protect personal information privacy legally and reasonably.

勞退新制即將在 94年 7 月 1 日起正式實施，在新的退休金體系下，勞工可由舊制的確定給付制轉換到擁有資產配置與投資決策權利的確定提撥制。台灣的勞退新制可分為兩種退休金制度供勞工選擇－個人帳戶制及其他年金制。確定提撥制與確定給付制在本質上有諸多的差異性，分別具有不同的優缺點，在本文的假設下，轉換選擇權存在於個人帳戶制與其他年金制之間。另外，在期望達到勞工退休金財富極大化的目標下，勞工會選擇在適當的時點，由個人帳戶制轉換到其他年金制。 　　雖然本文是採定值模型來分析，但是提供一個直觀上充分的洞悉與表徵，來解釋勞退新制下之個人帳戶制及其他年金制之間，若存在一最適轉換時點，其在經濟意涵中所表示之抵換關係與經濟價值為何。本文建構一個退休金財富極大化之模型，結合數值模擬的方法來分析其要點。研究結果發現，最適轉換時點之衡量，是由兩種制度下的變動率，而非帳戶內金額之大小來決定；此外，年金精算現值計算經折現後的給付率和剩餘工作年數，對於勞動工作者的選擇也屬重要變數之一。另外，本文針對年輕的勞工，在不同投資報酬率環境下，計算出兩種制度間抵換的價值；最後，本文也探討了執行轉換選擇權對於不同年紀的勞動工作者影響的幅度。總而言之，本文希望提供勞動工作者在勞退新制下，一個退休金財富配置最適化的準則，及執行轉換選擇權時參考的方針。 / The newly Labor Pension Act will be carried out in 2005 soon. Under this new pension system, employees will be given the choices of converting their traditional defined benefit (DB) pension plan into an individual-account defined contribution (DC) pension plan with full control over assets allocation and investment decisions. Under DC pension plan in Taiwan, there are two types of pension plan- Individual Account System and Commercial Pension Plan System- for employees to choose. DC and DB pension plan are totally different in essences, so on the basis of our assumptions, switch options will exist among Individual Account System and Commercial Retirement Plan System. Thus, in order to maximum employees’ retired wealth, employees might choose the optimal time to convert Individual Account System into Commercial Pension Plan System. Although our model is deterministic in nature, we believe that it provides an intuitive insight about switch options. We find not only the optimal switch time between Individual Account System and Commercial Retirement Plan System but also the “trade-off” economic values. This paper designs a model of maximizing retired wealth and makes numerical simulation to analyze optimal switch time. We find it is the “rate of change” of these two different pension systems affects the times for employees to exercise switch options. Besides, both the payment-rate scaled present value of the DB pension annuity and the retirement horizon are significant parameters in our analysis. Third, we also calculate the threshold investment returns between Individual Account System and Commercial Pension Plan System under various investment environments. Finally, we also contrast the effects of exercising switch options between younger and older employees. In short, we want to provide some principles for employees to make the optimal retired wealth allocation under Newly Labor Pension Act, then exercise switch options at the proper time.

傳統分期付款，原係由出賣人提供買受人之信用交易，後來因銀行等機構介入，使分期付款交易之兩造關係演變成出賣人、買受人及金融機構之三方法律關係。社會經濟活動不斷創新，交易類型早已脫逸出民事法律原本預期規制事項之外，實務上遂本於契約自由原則，而以交易雙方締結之契約作為決定當事人間權利義務之主要依據。 然而以定型化契約進行之信用卡或融資型分期付款交易，因為交易流程較為複雜，我國法律又欠缺詳細之具體規範，致使業者常利用其擬定不利於消費者之定型化約款而為交易。尤其是作為出賣人之企業經營者，以合作之金融業者所提供之信用貸款內容作為分期付款交易之條件，令消費者於交易時，同時簽下銀行信用貸款申請書，並由金融業者將交易對價總額一次撥付給出賣人，消費者則對於該金融業者分期償還。若交易標的為遞延型商品（服務），因可歸責於出賣人之事由致無法繼續履行給付義務，消費者卻因為銀行已經一次撥款，而無法行使同時履行抗辯等權利；此類交易複數契約間之關聯性與抗辯延伸之問題，頗值檢討研究。 本文擬以近年發生之信用卡或融資型分期付款交易等重大消費爭議，例如山基電信、亞力山大健身俱樂部等事件為主要研究對象，整理德、日兩國分期付款法制之沿革與重要規範，比較檢討我國法制之不足，並藉由釐清交易過程，探討對於此類交易之消費糾紛，應如何正確認定事實、適用法律，以避免經濟優勢地位者濫用契約自由。期能縮小分期付款交易相關當事人間權利義務與消費資訊之落差，以達成消費者保護法促進國民消費生活安全、提昇國民消費生活品質之目的。

《電子支付機構管理條例》自2015年2月實施後，陸續有相關子法作為補充。2015年底，金管會目標台灣非現金支付要在5年內達到52%，因此2016年被稱為｢支付元年｣。推廣線上支付最重要的除了市場動向外，莫過於法規的設置，因此本文探討目前的法制是否足以因應如此新興產業的需求，從進入門檻監理、消費者保護與產業發展三大個面向討論現行法規，並剖析是否有檢討之處。 由法制面審視我國對支付產業進入門檻的規定，反映了產業的競爭與發展的機會。而消費者的使用經驗是支付產業最佳的廣告，尤其支付系統多由小額且龐雜的交易組成，一旦紛爭發生，使用者大多自認倒楣，因此具有完備的防止糾紛或詐騙機制、資訊安全規範，產業才能永續發展。 / Since the implementation of the《Law on the Administration of Electronic Payment Institutions》in February 2015, the related regulations have been supplemented one after another. By the end of 2015, Financial Supervisory Commission set the target for non-cash payments in Taiwan to reach 52% of the total transaction within 5 years. So 2016 is called "the first year of payment". The most important thing promoting online payment is not only market trends, but also the establishment of legal system. Therefore, this article examines whether the current legal system is sufficient to meet the needs of such emerging industries, From entry barriers and supervision, consumer protection, industrial development, the three-oriented discussion of existing laws and regulations. From the legal point of view of Taiwanese payment industry entry barriers, it reflects the competition and development opportunities. The consumer experience is the best advertisement of payment industry. Especially the payment system is composed of small amount and complex transactions, once the dispute occurs, most users claim to be unfortunate. So there is a comprehensive mechanism to prevent disputes or fraud, information security norms, industry will be sustainable.