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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

死亡與宗教生活:以佛教臨終助念為例

王千蕙, Wang,Chienhui Unknown Date (has links)
臨終助念是佛教淨土信仰者所實行的一種臨終處理方式,希望藉由對臨終者說明淨土的可欲、阿彌陀佛的願力,來提起臨終者發願往生淨土的信心;並陪伴臨終者唸誦佛號,以免臨終者因死亡的痛苦而失去信仰;佛教徒相信人的身體死亡後,尚有神識存在,因此在臨終者斷氣後,助念應至少實行八小時。 從宗教史的角度來看,在佛教淨土信仰的脈絡下,信仰者透過對經典的理解與實踐,在以念佛為修行方法、追求解脫生死、投生極樂的修行中,發展出為人助聲念佛的具體行動,這個行動進一步地與「善知識」的觀念產生積極性的轉化與結合,理性地落實到臨終時刻,促成了「臨終助念」的產生。民國初年印光確認了助念的理論與實施方法,並大加推廣,而後隨著大陸佛教人士來台,助念亦進入台灣佛教徒的生活當中。 由於早期信仰氛圍較為傳統,助念實在違背民間的死亡禁忌,因此僅僅實行於少數的佛教徒間。而助念活動在八0年代的興起背景,可歸納為三個因素:一是新興佛教團體對於理念相當強調,並積極投入社會參與,較諸傳統的佛教寺院,其經營策略有明顯的改變,因此在提倡與推動助念活動上,有相當的進展;二是臨終與死亡處理的問題逐漸成形,人們積極地尋求解決的方法,以起於醫療系統中的臨終關懷與安寧療護為最明顯的例子;三是傳統喪葬儀式逐漸喪失其實施的背景與基礎,除了意義的失落外,其制式化與非透明化亦為社會所質疑,人們開始選擇不同的處理方式。 而助念活動造成了三個影響:一、對於佛教團體,助念不僅是對於淨土理念的宣示,也因為其義務性與靈驗性而達到有效的宗教傳播,而助念則成為佛教團體相當重要的服務項目。二、助念與臨終關懷相互結合,佛教團體開始積極推動佛教的臨終關懷,除了吸取臨終關懷的概念外,亦進一步與醫療系統中輔導、心理的相關機制相互結合。三、助念結合了佛化喪葬儀式出現,成為替代傳統喪葬儀式的另一選擇。目前已有許多禮儀社將佛化喪儀納入服務項目之一,而完全採行佛化喪儀的禮儀社,也在佛教徒的促成下出現。 從宗教內涵來說,透過給予生者與死者連結的時間與機會,並提供人們超越此世的意義,臨終助念幫助人們面對死亡、接受死亡,並建立對於死亡的積極態度。實踐方式則是淨土信仰者宗教生活的延續,是一種貫徹始終的修行。而助念所描繪的臨終場景,毋寧是一場臨終喜劇,將死亡由悲劇轉化為生命所必經的歷程,而將悲與喜的決定交在人們的手上,這不僅是人們內心深處所渴望的,卻也是人們所恐懼的,在此宗教欲引導人們理解的便是一種如實的與積極的面對。
72

校長教學領導行為與九年一貫課程實施之研究 ─以桃園縣國民中學為例─

羅新炎 Unknown Date (has links)
校長教學領導行為與九年一貫課程實施之研究 ─以桃園縣國民中學為例─ 摘 要 本研究目的主要在探討校長教學領導行為與九年一貫課程實施相關議題,並調查不同背景變項之教師,對校長教學領導行為與九年一貫課程實施的知覺上有何差異。 調查研究以桃園縣國民中學教師為母群體,抽取768位教師為樣本,以自編之「校長教學領導行為調查問卷」與「九年一貫課程實施調查問卷」進行問卷調查,計回收有效問卷712份。所得資料以SPSS10.0統計軟體進行統計分析,並透過描述統計、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、皮爾遜積差相關、多元逐步迴歸分析等統計方法加以分析與解釋,所獲得的主要結論如下: 一、國民中學校長教學領導行為之現況分析 國中教師在知覺校長教學領導行為程度上,以「增進學生學習氣氛」最高,而最低的為「確保課程教學品質」。 二、不同背景變項(性別、年齡、教育背景、擔任職務、服務年資、學校規模、學校位置)之國中教師在知覺校長教學領導行為上有差異。 三、不同實施狀況學校的國中教師在知覺校長教學領導行為上無差異。 四、國民中學九年一貫課程實施之現況分析 國中教師在知覺九年一貫課程實施上,以「學校本位課程」最高,而最低的為「協同教學」。 五、不同背景變項(性別、年齡、教育背景、擔任職務、服務年資、學校規模、學校位置)之國中教師在知覺九年一貫課程實施上有差異。 六、不同實施狀況學校的國中教師在在知覺九年一貫課程實施上無差異。 七、國民中學校長教學領導行為與九年一貫課程實施上有正相關存在。 另本研究根據結果提出數點建議以供參考。 關鍵詞:校長教學領導行為、九年一貫課程實施 / A Study of Principals’ Instructional Leadership and Nine-Years Integrated Curriculum Implement - A Case Study for Junior High Schools in Taoyuan County Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate principals’ educational leadership behavior in relation to issues regarding nine-years integrated curriculum practice and also to further investigate the perception differences for teachers with different background variables regarding principals’ educational leadership behavior on nine-years integrated curriculum practice. The investigation took Taoyuan County junior high school teachers as population and selected 768 teachers as samples and through self-made “Principals’ instructional leadership questionnaire” and “Nine-years integrated curriculum practice questionnaire” to do research. 712 valid questionnaires were analyzed and explained via descriptive analyses, T-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression statistic methods by conducting SPSS10.0 statistic software. The study results are as follows: 1.Teachers in junior high schools perceived that principals’ educational leadership behavior was best at enhancing a student-learning atmosphere and was worst at ensuring the quality of teaching courses. 2.Based on different teachers’ background variables (gender, age, educational background, appointed position, number of years of service, school scale and school location), there were differences in teachers’ perception to principals’ educational leadership behavior. 3.There was no discrepancy between different practical circumstances to the middle school teachers’ perceptions of principals' instructional leadership. 4.The middle school teachers have high perception of nine-years integrated curriculum practice on “School-based curriculum” and have low perception on “collaborative teaching”. 5.Based on different teachers’ backgrounds (gender, age, educational background, appointed position, number of years of service, school scale and school location), junior high school teachers perceived that there were differences in the nine-year consistent course implementation. 6.There were no differences in junior high school teachers’ perception on nine-years integrated curriculum practice in schools with different implementation conditions. 7.There was a positive correlation between junior high school principals’ educational leadership behavior and nine-years integrated curriculum practice. In addition, this research proposed several recommendations based on our results for reference. Keywords:principals’ educational leadership behavior, nine-years integrated curriculum practice.
73

校園教學軟體供應模式之研究 / Educational Software Provision Model in Campus

郭俊男, Kuo,C.N. Unknown Date (has links)
長久以來,校園教學軟體一直是軟體廠商所關注的市場。對學校而言,每年經費相當有限,無法購足所有欲使用的軟體,故學校往往必須付出不小的成本,才能取得所需的軟體;另一方面,對軟體供應商而言,該如何與學校訂定適宜的授權費用,亦是重要課題之一。 因此,本論文欲建立一種雙贏的商業模式,用以解決軟體供應商與學校市場間,無法對稱的供需關係,以推導出一個新的校園教學軟體供應模式。一方面,使學校內的使用者能以較低的成本取得教學上需使用的各式軟體;另一方面,軟體供應商亦能收取合理的授權費用,並保障其軟體被合法地使用。故本論文將尋找出一個以往所沒有的經營模式,以建立一個嶄新的商業模式。 / The software vendors pay close attention to campus software all the time. In one side, to the education institutions, they don’t have enough budgets to purchase all the software they want to make good use of. In the other side, the software vendors, it’s an important subject about how to negotiate with the education institutions and gather the proper expenses of authorization. Therefore, the objective of the thesis is to implement a new business model in order to improve the asymmetric relation of supply and demand between the education institutions and the software vendors. There are some advantages in the new business model of this thesis. In one side, the education institutions can take use of all the software they want to make good use of. In the other side, the software vendors can gather the proper expenses of authorization and don’t worry about the unfair use of their software. So the thesis will implement an unprecedented and new business model.
74

遠距教學資訊系統品質量表發展

李曜昇 Unknown Date (has links)
隨著網際網路快速地發展,網路上提供各式各樣的資訊服務來滿足使用者的需求,因此對於網路相關的資訊系統所提供的服務是否符合使用者的需要是值得探討的。但是由於資訊系統依據不同目的,可使用不同的評量方法,因此本研究試圖彙整出一般資訊系統的評量指標,找出可以應用在遠距教學系統的評量上,藉以評量出優良的遠距教學網站。 本研究參考相關文獻提出「資訊品質」、「系統品質」及「服務品質」三構面作為整體遠距教學資訊系統品質的評量構面,並開發遠距教學資訊系統品質評量之量表,期望驗證量表用於遠距教學系統之適用性,作為遠距教學資訊系統品質的評量工具。量表以「信度」、「結構效度」及「標準效度」為準則,分析其適用性。
75

讀者回應法在高中英詩教學效益之研究 / The Effects of Reader Response Approach on English Poetry Teaching in Senior High School

金慶芳, Chin, Ching-fang Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在探討讀者回應法在高中英詩教學上的效益。在探討中著重在比較兩種教學模式──讀者回應模式與傳統教學模式──的成效,更各別以實驗組與控制組進行研究。其重點針對以下五項:(1)學生的英文學習動機(2)學生對英詩的興趣(3)學生的寫作能力(4)學生的語言能力(5)同儕的互動和師生間的互動。 依據Dias和Hayhoe(1988)的論點,自1930年代起,新文評(New Criticism)、結構主義(Structuralism)和後結構主義(Post-structuralism)即影響著英詩教學,然而這股文評思潮,隨著讀者反應理論的興起,逐漸式微。起而代之的是強調以讀者為中心,重視讀者與文本間的互動,並允許讀者對同一文學作品有不同詮釋的教學模式,此教學模式已成為文學教師樂於採用的教學法。 本研究採用Rosenblatt(1978)為首的理論與建議,輔以各種活動,導引高中生解讀英詩,以實證讀者回應教學模式的具體成效,暨測試傳統的教學模式。 此研究以台北市立大同高中兩班七十七位高一學生為研究對象。兩班學生分成實驗組和控制組,教授同樣英詩,在為期四個月的教學活動中,實驗組接受讀者回應的教學模式,並參與討論,回應研究者所設計的題目和活動。控制組則採用傳統的教學模式,教授文本內容、結構為主。兩組皆以學生的問卷調查、GEPT成績、學習單和研究者的訪談、觀察做為本研究分析的基礎。 經由資料分析,茲將本研究發現之摘要條列如下: 1.整體而言,讀者回應教學模式比傳統教學模式更具效果。 2.實驗組學生對英文學習動機高於控制組學生。 3.實驗組學生比控制組學生對英詩更具濃厚興趣。 4.實驗組學生的寫作能力優於控制組學生。 5.實驗組學生的整體語言能力高於控制組學生。 6.依據問卷與研究者觀察,實驗組同儕間的互動與師生間的互動皆較控制組更具活力。 本研究結論發現,讀者回應法對學生的英文學習動機、英詩的興趣、一般寫作、語言的能力和同儕、師生的互動皆有良好的成效。 / Though New Criticism, Structuralism and Post-structuralism have dominated literature teaching since 1930s, reader response approach with its emphasis on the interaction between the text and the reader, has come into prominence and made a great impact on teaching literature over the last two decades. This research aimed to investigate the effects of reader response approach on English poetry teaching at a senior high school in terms of the students’ motivation in English, interest in poetry, writing ability, language proficiency, interaction, and teaching modes. A total of seventy-seven 10th graders at Taipei Municipal Ta-tung Senior High participated in the study. They were divided into two groups: the experimental group (37 students) instructed in the reader response approach with diverse activities, and the control group (40 students) taught in the traditional way of teaching. The experiment was done once a week, within the four class periods in the whole semester from September 8, 2003 to January 9, 2004 with a total of sixteen weeks. Instruments such as the GEPT, a questionnaire, interviews, observations, students’ worksheets and students’ poems were employed to evaluate the effects based on the quantitative basis. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1.Overall, the response-based teaching gained much more popularity than the tradition way, which might suggest that the response-based teaching is more effective than the traditional one. 2.The experimental group showed higher motivation in learning English than the control one. 3.The experimental students displayed a deeper interest in poetry than the control students. 4.Students’ writing ability of the experimental group was superior to that of the control group, as evidenced by the t-test. 5.The language proficiency of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. 6.According to the questionnaires, interviews and observations, the interaction in the experimental group was more dynamic than that in the control group. In conclusion, this study proposes some pedagogical implications for senior high school teachers in teaching English poetry, suggesting that the reader response approach achieved better effects in this aspect.
76

國小教師教學創意與家庭作業安排創意之相關研究

鄭依琳 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以現階段國小教師為對象,希望了解國小教師教學創意與家庭作業安排創意之現況,以及教學創意與家庭作業安排創意之間可能的關係。本研究採問卷調查法,以「教學創新行為量表」、「教學創意動機量表」與「家庭作業安排創意問卷」為研究工具,透過便利取樣的方式,以全省849位國小教師的填答結果,作為資料分析的依據。 本研究主要的研究結果如下: (一) 本研究受試之國小教師具有中高程度之教學創意,科任教師之教學創意明顯高於級任教師,而「都市地區」教師之教學創意明顯高於「偏遠地區」教師。 (二) 在家庭作業安排策略方面,教師認為問卷中的各項策略還算符合其實際安排家庭作業的情形,女性教師在家庭作業安排策略中「考量環境脈絡、與生活連結」的因素高於男性教師;科任教師在家庭作業安排策略的「深化學習與提升學生內在動機」、「提供學生自主規劃與選擇」、「沒有固定答案與方式」因素之創意高於級任教師;教學年資在11年以上之教師家庭作業安排策略創意大致較高;而「都市地區」教師在「深化學習與提升學生內在動機」、「考量環境脈絡、與生活連結」、「保持彈性與系列規劃」與「沒有固定答案與方式」等因素方面,皆明顯高於「偏遠地區」的教師。 (三) 就家庭作業的安排內容而言,教師最常安排家庭作業的目的是「複習」,在家庭作業的種類中,教師較常安排「練習」、「閱讀」、「撰寫」類型的家庭作業。 (四) 在開放性資料中,有別於文獻選項的家庭作業安排目的包括:「充實學習能力」、「讓家長了解與參與學習」、「陶冶生活品格與技能」、「維持身體健康」、「配合學校活動」、「處罰」、「打發時間」以及「讓教師了解學生學習狀況」等;有別於文獻選項的家庭作業安排種類包括:「做家事」、「表演」、「運動」、「活動」、「做好事」、「反省」、「錄音」、「聆聽」等。 (五) 國小教師之家庭作業安排創意與教學創意之間具有顯著的正相關。 (六) 國小教師之教學創意可以有效的預測教師之家庭作業安排創意。
77

英文童謠教學對國小英語補救教學效能之研究 / The Effects of Nursery Rhyme Instruction on EFL Remedial Teaching in Elementary School

吳雅真, Wu,Ya Chen Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在探討英文童謠教學對台灣國小英語學習低成就學童對英語的音素覺識、認字、拼字能力、以及英語學習態度的影響。實驗分兩階段進行。第一階段進行小規模的前測作為正式研究的準備,先行測試選用的英語童謠是否適切、教學活動是否可行,以及低成就學童在音素覺識與學習態度是否因此改善等等,並根據初探結果規劃正式實驗。第二階段的正式實驗,除音素覺識與學習態度外,更進一步探討英文童謠教學對認字及拼字能力的影響。 在正式實驗中,實驗對象為桃園市某國小36名四年級的學習低成就學童(學業表現為後百分之十)。研究者將此36名學童隨機平均分配為兩組;實驗組及對照組兩組,各18名學生。對實驗組施以平衡閱讀「由整體到細部」(whole-to-parts)架構設計的英文童謠教學,將音素覺識及字母拼讀法(phonics)等技巧訓練自然地融入有趣的英文童謠情境中;而對照組則單獨採用字母拼讀教學,循序教授字母與音的對應關係。實驗組及對照組每週均有兩節英語補救教學,每節課40分鐘,持續十二週。兩組學生在教學前後各施以前測及後測,內容包括音素覺識測驗、認字測驗、拼字測驗,以及英語學習態度問卷調查,以評量受試者在早期讀寫技巧上的發展,及學習態度上的改變情形。 同組組內前後測比較結果顯示,在十二週實驗教學後,實驗組及對照組二組學生在音素覺識、認字及拼字能力三方面,均有顯著的進步。然而,只有實驗組學生對英語學習的態度有顯著的正向改變,對照組學生則無。此外,兩組組間比較結果發現,雖然在實驗前,兩組學生英語拼讀能力相當,對英語的看法也類似,但經實驗教學後,兩組的後測成績有非常明顯的差異,實驗組學生在音素覺識、認字、拼字能力的進步幅度,以及學習態度各方面,均顯著優於對照組。 以上研究結果顯示,運用英文童謠進行補救教學確實極為有效,不但能增進台灣英語低成就學童的早期讀寫技巧,且能改善其學習英語的態度。本研究之結果及教學建議,可供未來國小補救教學相關研究之參考。 / The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of nursery rhyme instruction on Taiwanese elementary school EFL underachievers with regard to their development on phonemic awareness, word recognition and spelling abilities, and their attitudinal changes toward learning English. The present study was conducted in two stages. A small-scale pilot study was first carried out as a preparation for the formal study. The feasibility of nursery rhyme instruction and the effects of this instruction on phonemic awareness and learning attitudes were tested on seven EFL underachievers preliminary to the formal study. In the second stage, a formal study which followed closely the design of the pilot study, further explored the effects of nursery rhyme instruction on word recognition and spelling abilities. In the formal study, thirty-six fourth grade underachievers (whose academic performances were at the bottom 10 percent) with deficient phonemic awareness were screened for this study. The experimental group and the control group were evenly matched with eighteen students each. The experimental group received nursery rhyme instruction using the “whole-to-parts” framework of balanced reading within which training in skills including phonemic awareness and phonics is embedded into the context of children’s literature. The eighteen subjects in the matched control group received explicit phonics instruction wherein the isolated sound-letter correspondences were sequenced and taught explicitly and systematically. To assess their development in early literacy skills, all subjects took the pretests and posttests of phonemic awareness, word recognition and spelling. Moreover, to measure their attitudinal changes toward learning English, they were administered the attitude questionnaires before and after the remedial instruction. Data was collected from early-September until early-December, 2006, covering twenty four 40-minute class periods for each group. Comparison of within-group performance indicated that both the experimental group and the control group made significant post- over pretest improvements in phonemic awareness, word recognition and spelling abilities. However, only the experimental group had a significant positive change on their attitudes toward English. In addition, at the onset of the study, both groups started with equivalent early literacy skills, and held similar attitudes toward English learning. However, posttest scores revealed that the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group in phonemic awareness skills, word recognition and spelling abilities. Significant differences can also be found in their attitudes towards learning English. The findings from this study indicate that a remedial instruction utilizing nursery rhymes can effectively help Taiwanese EFL underachievers improve their early literacy skills, and more significantly, their learning attitudes towards English. Based on the findings, pedagogical implications and suggestions for further studies are provided.
78

從理念到實踐: 台北地區高中英語教師文法教學之信念與實踐

鍾雅蓓 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在探討台北地區高中英文教師對於英語文法教學的信念與實踐。本研究的對象為台北市的高中英文教師,研究方法以質量並重的問卷和訪談為主。問卷共回收146份,主要採用描述性統計分析;訪談人數為6人。研究重點如下:(一)教師信念與教學實務(二)教師信念與教學實務之間的關聯性以及(三)教師的教育背景和研習經驗如何影響教師的信念與實踐。 本研究主要發現如下: 1. 教師在文法教學的角色為幫助學生正確地溝通。 2. 教師的文法教學法主要採取演繹法且經過課前設計。 3. 教師的教學內容主要取決於學生程度及教材。 4. 教師的教學信念與實踐大致符合。 5. 教師的學術背景主要影響教師針對文法教學的時間問題上; 6. 而參加研習會影響教師的信念較顯著,表現在文法教學的方法和內容上。 本研究有助於認識高中英文教師教授文法的信念與教學情形。本研究可促進教師、以及英語教育工作者、教育有關單位對於文法教學實施情形的瞭解,並啟發教師作更有效能的文法教學。
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從中介語語料庫探討對外華語「的」字教學語法

張宇虹 Unknown Date (has links)
「的」字在現代漢語中出現頻率之高,卻分佈極其複雜,在外籍生學習上實為一項難點。為幫助華語教師在教學上能掌握學習者的偏誤,進而針對學習者的偏誤修正。本文以鄧守信教授專案研究蒐集之中介語料庫為研究基礎,收集有關「的」字結構之偏誤,歸納最常見的偏誤類型,而在初步觀察中,學習者的偏誤類型大致為「的、地、得」不分、錯序與搭配詞隱現的問題及語境牽制的問題。同時,在眾多學者所研究的「的」字資料中,選擇以徐陽春(2003)對「的」字結構的研究再重新分析初步觀察的偏誤類型,可分為結構功能「的1」之偏誤、XP的結構─中心語隱含之偏誤、語用功能「的2」之偏誤。最後本文按徐陽春(2003)分析的方向來歸納「的」字偏誤類型,以研擬教學方針,及依照學習者程度安排教學順序,並提出教學語法之建議,盼對於華語教學有據實的助益。 / The Chinese character 「de(的)」is used in the Chinese language with high frequency but also with a significant level of complexity. Therefore, it is a difficult factor in the learning of the Chinese language by foreign students. It is indeed, necessary for the teachers who are teaching Chinese as a second language to get a grip of this character, as it is for foreign students in order to correct their errors during the learning period. This study was based on interlanguage information basis which Professor Shou-Hsin Teng presided over. We collected and analyzed the errors about 「de(的)」from it. We thereby propose suggestions on the sequencing and pedagogical application.
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電子書包: 教學科技發展歷程中的政治

田瑞華, Tien, Jui Hua Unknown Date (has links)
2002年中,政府擬在中小學推行「電子書包教學」之訊息開始廣泛為新聞媒體報導,帶動社會大眾關注。「電子書包」彷佛是繼教育電視、電腦輔助教學之後,另一個運用科技進行教學的里程碑。然而,本論文認為,不可一昧地將電子書包的出現和發展視為理所當然,而應探討其發展歷程和影響其中轉變的權力(即政治)運作,方能瞭解電子書包問世和停滯的問題所在。 不同於過去文獻探討教學科技發展時,多著重教學科技的工具性角色與其影響,忽略了科技發展所牽涉的社會條件與社會關係運作,本論文採取科技與社會相互建構、共同構成一個整體的立場,並採取「科技框架」為研究概念、個案研究作為研究方法,分析電子書包的意義如何在社會與科技相互建構的過程中產生和轉變,以及其中的權力運作意涵。以此探討社會運作如何影響電子書包發展,也看社會和科技構成的整體又如何賦予或限制社會運作。 研究分析發現,整體而言,提倡或早期採用電子書包的社會團體成員,出自對創新科技運用的認同,仍將電子書包定義為用來達成教學/學習目的「工具」並重視討論其影響和應用方式;電子書包在官方與學界聯手推動下,進一步被界定為中小學生的學習工具,卻受到「電子書包」名稱蘊含的符號意義所限制、引發相關社會、教育爭議,為研究和推動工作帶來社會干擾和壓力,反限制原行動目的,於是便再欲以「行動學習載具」再正名,希望主導電子書包的「正確定義」。 然而,電子書包或說行動學習載具,雖透過教學實驗,讓更多相關社會團體開始互動,其各自對電子書包的定義和問題界定仍存在諸多岐見,相關行動者的行動或互動反而朝各自重視的方向進行、優先解決各自重視的問題,例如政府機關未能解決利益衝突問題而暫緩擴大實施、研究人員聚焦於完成研究工作、硬體廠商開發新市場以解決獲利問題等。也就是說,電子書包的定義要由具詮釋彈性到逐漸穩定下來、形成某種具共識的雛型、達到理想,仍待許多努力。行動者的各自的科技框架、市場利益、電子書包與教學情境的互相形塑,皆實際影響、限制了行動者選擇硬體的條件,甚至限制行動教學順利進行。

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