The question whether the Ruist (Confucian) idea of Tian (heaven) or Taiji (ultimate polarity) is transcendent in comparison to Christian ideas of the Creator-God remains controversial in the history of Christian-Ru interaction. To tackle the debate, this dissertation investigates the intellectual histories of “creatio ex nihilo” in the Greek-European Christian tradition and of “sheng sheng” (birth birth) in the Chinese Ru tradition, and compares these ideas with a methodology combining the pragmatist use of “vague category” and the hermeneutical “situational thinking.” The emergence of the idea “creatio ex nihilo” from Plato to Augustine championed the “ontological dependence” of cosmic realities upon the Creator-God. Divine creation was typically thought of as one process whereby divine intelligence implants ideas and forms into an inchoate form of being so that varying realities are created. However, Descartes’ theory of “created eternal truth” conceptualized divine creation as not being constrained by any rule of intelligence. This Cartesian voluntarism pushes the theistic vocabularies of creation to their limit such that it allows us to delineate a de-anthropomorphic sub-tradition within the main theistic tradition of “creatio ex nihilo.” Descartes’ thought was refined by Schleiermacher and Tillich. There were two distinctive ancient Chinese cosmologies: one Daoist pioneered by the Dao De Jing, and the other is Ruist initiated by the Appended Texts in the Classic of Change. When Wang Bi employed the ontology in the Appended Texts to interpret the cosmogony of Dao De Jing, his understanding of Taiji influenced the Ru tradition to reach an idea of creation similar to “creatio ex nihilo.” Accordingly, Taiji’s creativity can be characterized as “generatio ex nihilo,” an unconditioned constantly creative cosmic power without a creator standing behind the scene. Wang Bi’s thought was refined by Zhou Dunyi and Zhu Xi. As this project demonstrates, the Ru tradition of “generatio ex nihilo” provides the most apt comparison to the de-anthropomorphic sub-tradition of “creatio ex nihilo.” If we define transcendence as what is indeterminate and ontologically unconditioned by the existing world, Taiji’s “sheng sheng” conceptualized as “generatio ex nihilo” is even more transcendent than the mainstream theistic Christian understanding of divine creation.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 甲第24942号 / 生博第504号 / 新制||生||67(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科統合生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 上村 匡, 教授 河内 孝之, 教授 谷口 雄一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

本論文「朱子理氣論在儒家形上體系中的定位問題」，是欲從解析朱子的理氣、太極、〈仁說〉、格物諸論，以衡定其於儒家形上學體系中的地位，並展示其說的特色與價值。 首先，對於朱子的理氣關係是否會造成「二元論」的問題，本文以為他的理與氣的是渾然一體，是二分卻非造成二元而不交通。而且，本文以為儒家的道德哲學即隱含著理氣二層的結構。以此，本文亦反對明代以來以羅整庵為首的「去實體化」的唯氣論思潮。 接著，對於朱子的太極為中心的宇宙論，本論文以為朱子是在描述一「即存有即活動」的「生生之理」。以此，即對牟宗三先生以「只存有而不活動」來詮釋朱子的「理」提出質疑。對此，本文以為朱子之所以反對言「太極便是動靜」，是在強調不可以動靜來規定太極，並非以太極本身不可動靜。 進而，本研究即指出朱子以「繼之者善」、「成之者性」，來詮釋太極的「陽動」、「陰靜」，且以其為「實理發出」至「實理內藏」，這實是在說太極之理的發用流行過程。而且，朱子把程伊川的「體用一源，顯微無間」形上學思維，應用於其太極宇宙論中，並詮釋為「體立而用行」、「先體而後用」，以及「由體達用」、「從微至著」，這即有一發用流行的意思，是以太極能呈用、顯現自身於萬事萬物之中而言。再者，朱子的「理一分殊」之說的「分」字，是有一「分出去」的動力義，即為太極之一理發用流行自身，而分殊為萬事萬物中各個太極的型態。所以，通過本文諸多論點，即能證明朱子是在強調有動力義的「生生之理」。而且，本文亦以為對於儒家哲學客觀面的生生義的掌握，是為朱子學於儒家形上體系中的最大貢獻。 在天人合一的問題方面，朱子的〈仁說〉思想實是把握了儒家哲學客觀面的「天道下貫為萬物之性」的型態，即符合於《易傳》的「乾道變化，各正性命」，以及《中庸》的「天命之謂性」的義理，他的〈仁說〉即是為代表生生之理的天地之心，貫注成人心之「仁」的「天道下貫」的型態。但是，他卻不契於儒家哲學主觀面的逆覺本心的型態，故他無法走上孟子的「盡心、知性、知天」的型態，以及明道的「只心便是天」的主觀性道德形上學的進路。以此，他只能往客觀面的形上學路徑而行，而成就其「格物」工夫所開出的天人合一之境。 此即，他是從「即物窮理」的漸教工夫開始用功，再進入「豁然貫通」的心境，即可顯發一超越的形而上之知。如此，就能從窮格事事物物中的分殊之理，而漸漸地能默識「理一」之處的「統體之太極」。而且，從他詮釋孟子的「盡心、知性、知天」的話語中，可見出他的格物之功，著實能在「心靜理明」的心靈中，去貫通心、性、天，這就是朱子系統中的天人合一型態。

良知心體是近溪學的核心，在他的思想體系裡舉足輕重，他的理解、規定與貫通，也表現了近溪學的特色。良知心體是本論文的主軸，也是探究其它概念時的線索，諸如學界至今尚未處理過的惡之根源的問題、本論文所詳細討論的近溪對於格物的詮釋、以及猶如良知心體的反面的光景問題等等。本論文仔細討論了近溪從知愛知敬、明明德、生生之心以及獨知，來論述良知，認為這是近溪學之核心與特色，亦是其義理主幹。

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第22511号 / 農博第2415号 / 新制||農||1078(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R2||N5291(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 松浦 健二, 教授 大門 高明, 教授 森 直樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

「易經」是中國哲學中重要的經典。「易經」的內容蘊含豐富的智慧，後代多位學者也用畢生的心血去研究。宋代程頤與朱熹更是透過對「易經」的詮解，發揮了自己的想法。本論文希望透過研究程頤與朱熹兩人註解「易經」之異同，瞭解二人對於天人關係的看法，並且從中創造出新的見解。論文規劃總共九章，包括了第一章緒論和最後一章的結語。 第一章緒論主要說明研究動機與目的，前人研究成果，以及文獻探討、學者專著介紹。第二章「理學易中的天人一本論」則說明程朱的時代背景、師承關係。程頤和朱熹的理學可能直接來自於張載與邵雍的啟發，以及「誠」的繼承。第三章及第四章分別討論「伊川的理學及易學」以及「朱熹的理學及易學」，說明二人之理學及易學重點與重要的概念。伊川由理氣區別「形而上」和「形而下」兩個概念，這兩個概念是出自於《易傳》＜繫辭上＞：「形而上謂之道，形而下謂之器」。朱熹主要是由「理」與「氣」的關係說明，在程朱思想體系中，「理」乃是「道」，是形而上的；「器」是「形而下」各別具體的事物。第五章「易學脈絡下的天道觀」主要探討《易》的本體論天道觀、宇宙論。並從自然化的「天」有其規律，而瞭解其中之「理」，從「天」到「天理」，從「天理」到「理一分殊」(universality and particularity)。第六章「宋代理學與易學交錯脈絡下的朱熹仁說」主要探討外在的「理」Li，落實到「人」的身上，從易傳的「生生之德」(The Moral of Creative Creativity)到程朱的「仁者天地生物之心」(Benevolence is the Heart of the Heaven and the Earth to Produce)、「格物致知」(“The extension of knowledge through the investigation of things”, and “the attentiveness of the mind”)。程頤的工夫論是透過「涵養需用敬，進學在致知」(In cultivation one needs attentiveness；in the advancement of learning, one needs the extension of knowledge.)的方法，按照程朱學派的看法，「格物」是為了從有形之物中體認超越的「理」。由「格物」以「窮理」達到天人關係之廣大悉備之和諧（All-comprehensive Harmony）。第七章、第八章則從多元的觀點，將程朱易之天人關係以現代的方式詮釋，第七章探討程朱在「人生哲學」的異同，包括個人的修身、內聖以及家庭等層面。第八章討論程朱易在社會群體上的異同。包含政治層面、經濟層面以及教育層面等，以及第九章的結論。 / Among all Chinese philosophical works, I-Ching is one of the most important classics. It is not only abundant in wisdom, but has also inspired many scholars to devote their lives to researching into it. Two of such scholars are Ch’eng Yi and Zhu Xi in the Sung Dynasty, who based their theories on and developed their philosophical thoughts by a thorough interpretation of I-Ching. This dissertation intends to create a new insight into I-Ching by first exploring the similarities and differences between Ch’eng Yi ’s and Zhu Xi’s interpretations of I-Ching, and then delving into the two scholars’ comprehension of the relationship between the cosmos and humanity. This dissertation is divided into nine chapters, including the introduction and the conclusion. The first chapter, The Introduction, elucidates the motivation and purpose of this research, examines the research results of the antecedent scholars, explores related literatures, and provides an introduction of some predominant scholars as well as their works. Chapter Two, Haven amd men in union of I-ching of New-Confucianism, illuminates the background of Ch’eng and Zhu’s era as well as their mentor-follower relationship.The immediate stimulus for Ch’eng Yi and Zhu Xi, however, seems to be the thought of Chang Tasi and Shao Yung. To discuss Sence of truthfulness(誠). Chapter Three and Four respectively elaborate on ” Ch’eng Yi I-CHING exegesis and the formation of Neo-Confucianism” and ” Zhu Xi I-CHING exegesis and the formation of Neo-Confucianism,” illustrating the two scholars’ dominant ideas and important concepts on Neo-Confucianism and Book of Changes. Ch’eng Yi distinguishes between what is “within shapes” and what is “above shapes”. The origin of these two terms is traceable to “Appendix III ” of the Book of Changes: “ What is above shapes is called the Tao；what is within shapes us calledthe implements.” Zhu Xi maintained that all things are brought into being by the union of two universal aspects of reality: Chi（氣）, sometimes translated as vital (or physical, material) force; and Li(理), sometimes translated as rational principle (or law).In the system of Ch’eng Yi and Zhu Xi, this distinction corresponds to that between the abstract and concreat in Western philosophy. The Li and Tao which is “above shapes,” or, as we say, abstract；while the “implements,” by which Ch’eng Yi and Zhu Xi mean particular things, are “within shapes,” or, as we would say, concrete. Chapter Five, TianTao (Inner Roots of ordering the world ) of I-ching, mainly expounds I-Ching’s Ontology and Cosmology, with a purpose of attaining a comprehension of Li through realizing the regularity of natural, and then moves further to understand T’ien Li（the natural law）from T’ien (heaven)，and universality and particularity from T’ien Li（the natural law）. Chapter Six, Song Dynasty I-Ching exegesis of Jen(humanity) of Ch’eng- Zhu school of Neo-Confucianism, mainly explicates the way people put the theory of “Li” into practice, mainly through a comprehensive understanding of the following concepts: The Moral of Creative Creativity, Ch’eng and Zhu’s philosophy of “Benevolence Is the heart of the Heaven and the Earth to Produce,” and “The extension of knowledge through the investigation of things”, and “the attentiveness of the mind”. Ch’eng Yi ‘s method of spiritual cultivation is expressed in his famous statement : “In cultivation one needs attentiveness；in the advancement of learning, one needs the extension of knowledge. ” According to the Ch’eng –Zhu school, the purpose of the “investigation of things” is to extend our knowledge of the eternal Li. Li are abstract and things are concrete. We investigate the abstract through the concrete. What we as a result come to see lies both within the eternal world and within our own nature. The more we know Li, the more our nature, ordinarily concealed by our physical endowment, become visible to us to All-comprehensive Harmony. Both Chapter Seven and Eight interpret Ch’eng’s and Zhu’s concepts of the relationship between the cosmos and humanity from modern and multiple perspectives. To be more specific, Chapter Seven elucidates the similarities and differences between the above-mentioned two scholars’ “philosophy of life,” including their speculation on a person’s self-discipline, inner sage and the aspects of family. Being sage inside and being kingly outside " is the centralized embodiment of the confucian ideal personality . its " connotation consists of high perfection of individual inner morality and achievements of administering the state well and ensuring national security as a result.Chapter Eight, on the other hand, discusses the two scholars’ similar and different arguments on communities, inclusive of political, economical and educational aspects. Lastly, Chapter Nine, the final chapter of this dissertation, offers a conclusion to this dissertation.

本研究採用「台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫」（TEPS）調查結果，對台灣地區高中職學生個人特徵、家庭背景以及學生生活進行次級資料分析，探討各種因素與學業表現之關聯性。 　　本研究選取資料庫中之9,750樣本數，以資料庫綜合分析能力測驗成績作為應變數，選取性別及手足數目等12個自變數，以Logit Model為實證模型分析，再以Ordered Probit Model進行實證結果穩健性檢驗（Robustness Check），發現兩者結果呈現一致性，本研究發現： 一、男性成績較女性成績為佳，曾經或現在就讀資優班者成績較為優異。 二、家庭手足數目對學生學業成績表現有負向影響，雙親教育程度、家庭收入愈高及家庭文化資本愈豐富對子女學業表現有正向顯著影響；家庭親子關係、父母閱讀頻率對於子女學業表現則無顯著影響。 三、補習、參加社團活動以及校隊培訓對學業成績有正向影響；打工及結交行為偏差朋友則對學業成績有負向影響。 　　本研究提出教育政策方向建議如下： 一、建議文創產業主管機關以差別取價之價格誘因方式提高親子參與藝文活動之意願，並持續鼓勵文創產業提供學校學生及家長參與藝文展演活動機會。 二、教育主管機關應持續執行對（中）低收入戶子女學雜費補助之政策，並建立對高中職學校社團活動之管理制度，另應加強學生品性教育管理。 / This study analyzes the association between personal characteristics, family background, the life of students and academic achievement of students in senior high school. The data have adapted Taiwan Education Panel Survey (TEPS). The research has used 9,750 samples in the database. The dependent variable is the test scores of students while the independent variables are gender, the number of sibling, etc. This study has used Logit Model for empirical analysis and Ordered Probit Model for robustness check of the results. The research findings indicate that both models have similar conclusions, which are shown as follows. Firstly, the academic achievement of males is better than that of females. Moreover, students who are in the gifted and talented class have a better performance than those who are not in. Secondly, the number of sibling has a negative effect on academic achievement; whereas the education background of the parents, income and cultural capital of the family are as the opposite. The frequency of reading and the relationship between parents and children have no significant influence on academic achievement. Thirdly, the student who goes to cram school or participates in extracurricular activities has a positive influence on his/her academic achievement. However, the student with the part-time job or bad-behavior friends has a negative influence on his/her academic achievement. Therefore, the authorities should encourage parents and their children to participate in cultural activities through offering economic incentives and the tuition subsidies for low-income households continuously.