基於財政為整個發展政策貨幣面的縮圖，為探討財政在臺灣所引起的發展催化，本文乃以臺灣財政負擔作為重點，處理下列相關問題，進以知悉臺灣財政結構變遷與人民財政負擔。 第一、探討在日治時代，臺灣的財政負擔是否逐漸加重：由於政府的租稅收入，即為人民的財政負擔。而日治時代，臺灣的財政負擔就戰前部分為不斷下降。 第二、探討開戰前後，財政負擔之差別：儘管在開戰後之財政負擔有所加重。但由於同期間所得的增加，因此開戰後就負擔能力來看並未過重。 第三、臺人與在臺日人之財政負擔：就其每人負擔的絕對金額而言，日人負擔均較臺人為重；此外，兩稅稅額占所得的比率在1930年代前臺人較日人重，其後則反之。因此，倘租稅公平是以稅額占所得的比率作為納稅能力之指標，則可知不公平現象僅發生在日治初期。 最後，透過本文的實證結果亦顯示出，開戰後固然對稅收影響較戰前重，但整體稅收所得彈性是小於1的，亦即以長期趨勢而言，經濟成長較稅收增加為速。

本研究從長時間來觀察台灣香菸稅捐的累退程度變化，並且同時觀察台灣吸菸家庭具備何種特徵，以作為政府相關單位在制定租稅及菸害防制等政策的一個參考。利用行政主計處之「家庭收支調查報告」、台灣省菸酒公賣局之「臺灣地區菸酒事業統計年報」及學者研究等資料來進行累退性衡量，發現自1979年開始至2007年，我國香菸稅累退程度呈現加劇的情形，而各吸菸家庭則呈現出菸草消費支出金額愈高者戶長及家庭成員平均年齡愈低、教育程度較低、以及女性戶長比例下降等特徵。 由此結果可看出我國香菸稅累退程度並未減輕，低所得家庭反而較高所得家庭負擔為重，此外菸草消費支出較高的家庭由於平均教育程度較低，普遍缺乏吸菸會造成健康危害的風險認知，因此衛生醫療主管當局應加強菸害防制教育以利提升國民健康。 / This study observes the regressivity changes of cigarette taxation in Taiwan for long run and the features of smoking families in Taiwan to offer the government and relevant organization a reference in making taxation and tobacco hazards prevention policies. This study uses “Report on the Survey of Family Income and Expenditure in Taiwan Area of Republic of China” from 1979 to 2007, “Taiwan Tobacco and Wine Statistical Yearbook” and other scholars’ contribution to measure the regressivity of cigarette taxation. The results shows the regressivity of cigarette taxation in Taiwan is more and more severe from 1979 to 2007, and the smoking families which have higher tobacco expenditure shows the features of lower average age, lower education level, and lower percentage of female household head. This study concludes that the regressivity of cigarette taxation is more amd more severe, so the tax burden of lower income families is much serious than higher income families, and because of lower education level, the families with higher tobacco expenditure are popularly lack of risk perception which smoking hazards health. Therefore health and medical executive should reinforce tobacco prevention education to promote national health.

本研究探討在舊制與新制稅法下，影響我國上市櫃公司未分配盈餘加徵稅負之因素，並比較未分配盈餘加徵制度修正前後，對企業稅負之影響。經實證結果發現，無論在舊制或新制稅法下，企業有效稅率、規模、流動性及股東報酬率與未分配盈餘稅負之間呈顯著正向關係；而負債比率及盈餘波動性等企業特性與未分配盈餘加徵稅負之間呈顯著負向關係，顯示企業特性不同會影響其未分配盈餘加徵稅負之成本。 另外本研究發現，新制相較於舊制稅法，權益法認列之投資收益被計入未分配盈餘中加徵稅負，將負擔較高之未分配盈餘稅負。但是稅制之改善，對於企業之特性如有效稅率、依權益法認列之投資損失，或電子業相較其他產業與未分配盈餘稅負間沒有顯著之相關性。

本研究有兩個主題，第一個是近年我國家戶租稅負擔的分析，主要是以主計處家庭收支調查的個別家戶為基礎，透過戶數十分位法來檢視近年我國家戶間，各分位租稅負擔的情況。研究中，除了傳統的家戶租稅負擔率分析之外，還根據了每個家庭人口數的不同，檢視了有依據人口數調整的家戶租稅負擔率。 第二個主題是關於所得重分配效果的解析，研究依循Aronson、Johnson、Lambert在1994年所提出的AJL模型，計算近年我國各稅目的重分配效果，並將重分配效果分解成垂直效果、水平不公平效果以及所得重排序效果，藉此檢視各個租稅的重分配效果是否存在，並瞭解重分配效果的組成狀況。 研究結果發現：在我國的稅負分配中，最高所得分位與最低所得分位負擔了較重的租稅。所得稅的最高所得分位有高度累進的情況，財產稅在最高所得分位亦有高度累進，不同於以往大多呈現比例稅的狀況，A組假設下的消費稅趨近於比例稅，B組假設下的消費稅則是呈現累退。經過家戶相當規模因子調整後的家戶租稅負擔率，所得稅的有效稅率在第六分位以下有下降的現象，而第六分位以上有上升的現象，財產稅的有效稅率在第七、八分位以下有下降的現象，而第七、八分位以上有上升的現象，消費稅的有效稅率在第三、四分位以下有上升的現象，而第三、四分位以上有下降的現象。我國所有的租稅項目皆具有所的重分配的效果。所得稅與財產稅具有改善所得不平等的作用，消費稅則是加重所得不平等。而所得稅、消費稅、財產稅的水平不公平效果佔重分配效果的比例皆很小。至於所得重排序效果佔重分配效果的比例，所得稅最大，消費稅次之，財產稅最小。

本研究主要目的，即在以迴歸模型量化依最低稅負制納稅企業的投資行為，比較我國依最低稅負制納稅及依一般稅率納稅企業的國內投資金額，進而分析政府在實施新稅制下課徵稅收，是否影響我國企業的投資意願，了解不同產業類別受最低稅負制之衝擊或影響程度。擬以Menzel(1990)研究所採用的模型及假設，以本國國內外企業為研究對象，結果顯示企業的資產或所得兩變數對國內投資有正向影響。其次探討最低稅負制對於企業投資所減少的幅度：於本研究假設下，並無顯著證據證明新稅制會使企業減少其國內投資金額；換言之，最低稅負制政策並不至於顯著影響企業的投資決策。 最後針對企業、政府等部門提出建議供參。首先，針對企業部門而言，無論是國內企業或是跨國投資企業，其對國內、外之投資都不因是否依新稅制納稅而有顯著的變化，表示新稅制並不會造成扭曲國內企業與跨國投資企業於國內投資之決策，當然也不至於影響國內資本的累積，企業於作投資決策的同時，毋須擔心適用不同的稅制是否產生不同的租稅負擔。而對政府部門而言，就本研究所設定的假設條件下，亦證實了最低稅負制不至於影響我國企業的投資決策，對國內投資的影響不大，此結果無疑為近年來國內所推動的新稅制，奠定了強而有力的基礎，政府藉由推行最低稅負制作為進行財政改革的短期方案之一，除可發揮一稅制所應具備的所得重分配效果，使各產業間租稅負擔更趨公平化，未來對於財政部所期望的「配合行政院財政改革方案之中、長期措施，逐步推動實施稅制改革方案，以期達成妥善調整稅制結構、追求稅收穩定與適足、租稅公平與效率」等目標而言，將有莫大的助益。 / The purpose of this dissertation is to document and quantify the impact of investment incentives under the alternative minimum tax (AMT) on domestic corporations’ investment decisions. On the one hand, this research addresses whether new domestic capital investment by AMT corporations is less than that of regular tax corporation; on the other hand, it also examines whether multinational AMT corporations invest less in Taiwan than domestic AMT corporations. With the same models and assumptions used by Mezel’s research method, I find that multinational AMT corporations, compared with multinational corporations paying with regular tax policy, do not exhibit significantly higher levels of foreign investment. This consequence shows that the AMT rules do not significantly influence multinational corporations either to invest less in Taiwan or to substitute foreign for domestic investment. In other words, there is weak evidence that the AMT rules do significantly influence the domestic corporations’investment decisions. The last part of my essay provides some suggestions for the domestic corporations and the relative departments of the government at the same time. First, since the results of this study indicate that, in general, the AMT rules do not affect the investment dicisions of AMT corporations by causing them to invest less in Taiwan, the domestic corporations are not worried about that new tax policy distorts the investment decisions. Further, the results do not indicate any evidence that corporations shift their investments overseas at the expense of domestic ones, which means the incentives described in the analytical research do not exist. Therefore, for the government, policymakers should carefully consider whether any new tax reforms are necessary, such as AMT rules, for pursuing the goals of taxiation stability and adquency in the long run.

臺灣菸品市場之租稅負擔是個很奇特之現象，當臺灣政府對香菸產品課稅時，菸商會將租稅完全轉嫁給消費者，即便消費者之需求是有彈性的。本文為探討此原因，以Milgrom and Roberts之利潤目標模型為基礎，建立一個廠商追求利潤目標之模型來解釋，當菸商面臨政府課稅時，是否會將租稅百分之百轉嫁給消費者。由此模型推論出，若菸商欲維持市場之獨占或寡占地位時，便會追求較低之利潤目標，使潛在競爭者相信菸品市場利潤不大，此時潛在競爭者便不會進入菸品市場中與現有之菸商競爭。 本文設定利潤模型後，便以此利潤模型進行比較靜態分析，本文假設當菸商欲維持在市場之獨占或寡占地位時，於政府課徵從量稅後，會如何轉嫁租稅給消費者，並分別由價格及數量為切入點分析。經過比較分析後的結果可得知，只要菸商之目標為持續保有獨占或寡占之地位，而非追求利潤極大化時，租稅的完全轉嫁即會存在，即使消費者需求是有彈性的，消費者將會面對一個稅額百分之百增加的供給價格。 / The tax burden of cigarette products in the Taiwanese market baffles many researchers in public finance. Despite that the demand of cigarette products is elastic, when the tax rate of cigarette products increases, cigarette manufacturers, with no exception, raise the prices accordingly, and therefore, the increased taxes are entirely shifted to consumers. This is very different from the traditional idea of tax incidence based on elasticity. In order to figure out the reason, this paper uses the framework of the limit pricing model of Milgrom and Roberts (1982) with the assumption of target profit to establish an economic reasoning of why the tax hikes in the cigarette products are one hundred percent shifted to consumers. This model infers that when cigarette manufacturers have entry deterrence in mind, they tend to pursue a lower profit target to keep potential competitors away. Given the framework and basic assumption from above, comparative statics of tax increases are done for both quantity and pricing games. The results suggest that when cigarette manufacturers are facing an increase in the unit tax rate of their products, it is typical that the incidence of the increased tax been no less than one hundred percent forward-shifted to consumers. The traditional theory of tax incidence by elasticity under the profit maximization firms does not apply here. The economic intuition is that in order to thwart entry, existing firms use the complete forward shifting of the tax increase as a bad signal of the profitability of the market to potential competitors.

本研究以民國86年至民國93年上市公司財務報表資料探討我國企業赴中國大陸投資相關因素對有效稅率的影響。經本研究實證結果發現，有赴中國大陸投資的上市公司其有效稅率低於未赴中國大陸投資者；上市公司透過間接方式投資大陸地區之比重愈高者以及大陸地區投資獲利愈高者，由於有較多租稅規劃的空間，其有效稅率愈低。整體而言，在研究期間中，我國上市公司之平均有效稅率明顯低於營利事業所得稅名目最高邊際稅率；公司規模對有效稅率有負向影響，符合政治權力假說；本研究以長期負債、固定資產、存貨、研究發展費用做為投資理財決策的代理變數，皆與有效稅率呈現負相關，因此投資理財決策具有稅盾效果，可以降低公司稅負；另外，上市公司的獲利能力愈佳，有效稅率也愈高；證券以及土地交易所得等免稅所得較多的上市公司，有效稅率較低。上述分析顯示，上市公司赴中國大陸投資因素對於其租稅負擔有顯著影響，值得政府有關單位做為研擬相關法規的參考。 / This study uses 1997-2004 financial statement data to explore the relationships between investment in Mainland China and the effective tax rates (ETRs) of listed companies in Taiwan. The empirical results show that investment in Mainland China of the listed companies has a negative and significant impact on the ETRs. This study finds that ETRs is negatively related with the scale of indirect investment and the level of profit of subsidiaries in Mainland China, perhaps due to a higher flexibility and feasibility of tax planning. Our results also reveal that average ETRs of listed companies are substantially lower than the statutory tax rate of the Income Tax Act of R.O.C. Small firms are more likely to have greater ETRs, supporting the political power hypothesis. Moreover, because of the tax shield effects, long-term debts, fixed assets, inventories, and R&D expenses, all as proxies for the financial decisions, have negative and significant impacts on the ETRs of listed companies. Finally, ceteris paribus, profitable companies tend to have higher ETRs, and tax-exempt capital gains from stock and land transactions also reduce the ETRs of listed companies. These findings indicate that investment in Mainland China by listed companies plays an important role in their tax burdens, and this fact should be taken into account by the government in devising future tax reforms.

折舊為企業計算盈餘及課稅所得的重要減除項目之一，折舊提列的多寡，對於企業稅 負及政府稅收均有重大之影響，因此，掉舊制度不但為企業所關心，且亦為政府所重 視。 本文之目的旨在探討經濟先進國家及我國稅務折舊制度之概況，並對廠商、會計師、 稅務查帳人員進行問卷調查研究，俾求得有益意見以為今後修正稅務折舊制度之參考 。 第一章緒論，第二章介紹折舊的各種基本概念，第三章就美國、法國、德國、日本、 韓國等經濟先進國家及我國稅務折舊制度作一概述，第四章為對廠商、會計師、稅務 查帳人員的「折舊問題」意見調查，第五章為中外折舊制度之比較研究及調查結果研 究分析，最後一章則為結論及建議。

本研究主要在探討近年來兩大租稅改革：兩稅合一制及最低稅負制之施行對上市公司外資持股比率之影響，是否降低外資持有我國上市公司股票之意願，影響我國企業的股權結構。 兩稅合一制施行後，消除股利所得之重複課稅，國內法人股東與自然人實質稅負減輕；但根據所得稅法第七十三條之二規定，非中華民國境內居住之個人、在中華民國境內無固定營業場所及營業代理人之營利事業，其獲配股利所含之稅額，不得扣抵其應納稅額，外資無法享受股東可扣抵稅額消除重複課稅的好處，外資在台投資實質總稅負仍維持為40%，較境內自然人股東之實質稅率6%~40%為高，股東可扣抵稅額比例愈高，外資損失越大。再者，最低稅負制施行主要影響對象為外資持股最多的電子業，且最低稅負制之施行對於公司補繳之稅負，外資股東也無法享受股利抵稅權。故可推論兩稅合一制、最低稅負制之施行及股東可扣抵稅額與上市公司外資持股比率應呈負向關係。 本研究之樣本為民國85年到民國95年及最低稅負制前、後之台灣上市公司。主要實證結果彙整如下： 1、兩稅合一制之施行及股東可扣抵稅額與上市公司外資持股比率呈負向關係，最低稅負制之施行與上市公司外資持股比率呈正向關係，但其效果應為股價指數之影響所致而非最低稅負制之施行；又最低稅負制施行後，外資仍偏好持有公司有效稅率低於10%之股票。 2、另外以民國93年到民國95年資料額外檢測，最低稅負制下限制投資抵減金額之效用，推論投資抵減金額在最低稅負制施行後與上市公司外資持股比率應呈負向關係，實證結果為負向關係但不顯著。 / The objective of this study is to examine whether the implementation of the Imputation Tax System and Alternative Minimum Tax System will affect the willing of foreign investors to invest in listed companies. The sample of this study consists of firms listed in the Taiwan Stock Exchange from 1996 through 2006. The empirical results in this research are summarized as follows: 1、 The implementation of the Imputation Tax System and a firms' imputation tax credit ratios have a negative impact on the percentage of foreign ownership in listed companies, but the implementation of Alternative Minimum Tax System has a positive impact on that. We conduct further examination and find the increasing effect of the percentage of foreign ownership is more rely on the effect of stock index than that of the implementation of Alternative Minimum Tax System. Further, foreign investors still prefer to invest in listed companies whose effect rates are lower than 10%. 2、With the implementation of Alternative Minimum Tax System, the use of investment tax credit was restricted. The empirical result of this study shows that after the implementation of Alternative Minimum Tax System, the investment tax credit has a negative but not significant impact on the percentage of foreign ownership in listed companies.

由於會計準則與稅法規定的不一致，產生了財務與稅務差異，因而在資訊揭露上，而有所得稅費用、遞延所得稅資產、遞延所得稅負債及當期應納所得稅等科目；另由於二稅合一的實施，股東可享有的股東可扣抵稅額，又獨立於公司帳戶之外，使得所得稅相關資訊部份包含在財務報表內，部份獨立於財務報表外。 　　對於投資人而言，所得稅的相關科目與公司價值具有價值攸關性，而本研究欲探討代表「現在帳內」的應付所得稅、「未來帳內」的遞延所得稅資產、負債、及代表「過去帳外」的股東可扣抵稅額，何者與公司價值較具攸關性。 　　本研究以民國八十八年至九十二年上市櫃公司為樣本，以JA Test進行實證分析，結果如下： 1. 納入應付所得稅之模型，在全部樣本、大規模公司及電子業下，較納入遞延所得稅資產、負債之模型，與公司價值較攸關。 2. 納入應付所得稅之模型，在大規模公司及電子業下，較納入股東可抵稅額之模型，與公司價值較攸關。 3. 納入遞延所得稅資產、負債之模型，在全部樣本、大規模公司、電子業與非電子業，較納入股東可抵稅額之模型，與公司價值較攸關。