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In the nearest future, the human driver is viewed as a reliable backup even for the fully automated road motor vehicles (cars). Indeed, the driver is assumed to swiftly take the control of the car in cases of suddenly occurring (i) challenging environmental conditions, (ii) complex unforeseen driving situations, or (iii) degradation of performance of the car. However, due to the cognitive overload in such a sudden, stressful takeover of the control, the driver would often experience the startle effect, which usually results in an unconscious, instinctive, yet incorrect response. An extreme case of startle is freezing, in which the driver might be incapable to respond to the sudden takeover of control at all. The possible approaches to alleviate the startle during the takeover of control (i.e., the automation startle) include an offset- (i.e., either early- or delayed-), gradual yielding the controls to the driver. In the cases considered above, however, these approaches are hardly applicable because of (i) the presumed unpredictability of the events that result in the need of takeover of control, and (ii) the severe time constraints of the latter. Conversely, the objective of our research is to propose an approach of minimizing the need of yielding the control to the driver in challenging environmental conditions by guaranteeing an adequate automated control in these conditions. Focusing on slippery roads as an instance of challenging conditions, and steering control as an instance of control, we aim at developing such an automated steering that controls the car adequately in various road surfaces featuring low friction coefficients without the need of driver’s intervention.In order to develop such an automated steering we employed an in-house evolutionary computation framework – XML-based genetic programming (XGP) – which offers a flexible, portable, and human readable representation of the evolved optimal steering functions. The trial runs of the evolved steering functions were performed in the Open Source Racing Car Simulator (TORCS), which features a realistic, yet computationally efficient simulation of the car and its environment. The obtained experimental results indicate that due to the challenging dynamics of the unstable car on slippery roads, neither the canonical (tuned) servo-control (as a variant of PD) nor the (tuned) PID-controller could control the car adequately on slippery roads. On the other hand, the controller, featuring a relaxed, arbitrary structure evolved by XGP outperforms both the servo- and PID controllers in that it results in a minimal deviation of the car from its intended trajectory in rainy, snowy, and icy road conditions. Moreover, the evolved steering that employs anticipated perceptions is even superior as it could anticipate the imminent understeering of the car at the entry of the turns and consequently – to compensate for such an understeering by proactively turning the steering wheels in advance – well before entering the turn. The obtained results suggest a human competitiveness of the evolved automated steering as it outperforms the commonly used alternative steering controllers proposed by human experts. The research could be viewed as a step towards the evolutionary development of automated steering of cars in challenging environmental conditions. / 博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(文学) / 甲第23630号 / 文博第887号 / 新制||文||714(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院文学研究科文献文化学専攻 / (主査)教授 中村 唯史, 教授 松村 朋彦, 准教授 堀口 大樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Letters / Kyoto University / DFAM

每當承辦知名企業間因廣告行銷而發生不公平競爭的法律爭議時，作者最反覆思考的問題不外是：究竟一則比較廣告在什麼程度以內，與其他競爭對手間的產品比較以及資訊揭露，對消費者來說是最有利，而且對競爭者來說是最公平的？換句話說，就是使用「比較廣告」這樣的爭議性行銷方法，在什麼樣的限度內，是比較可以恰如其分地，一方面完成它原本行銷應達成的目的，帶給消費者充分且必要的消費資訊，另一方面也顧及了競爭法下的公平尺度，沒有用超過目的之手法損及競爭者；接著的問題是，現行國內的公平交易法規是不是已恰如其分地扮演了這樣一個尺度呢？ 　　基於以上目的，本研究分別從行銷管理、公平交易及主要國家競爭法立法例的觀點，廣泛探討相關文獻，切入檢視過去與比較廣告有關的研究，發現過去文獻對比較廣告展現創意的「不安全領域」和「安全領域」之探討，確實不足。故本文採用質性研究中的個案法及文件分析，藉由觀察公平會自1992年至2007年間的相關案例，選出指標案例共十二則，希望對透過實際個案之處分書或不處分書的解析，探討我國公平會對比較廣告違法性的認定標準，進一步釐清不法比較廣告與創意比較廣告的分際。 　　藉由觀察公平會對該十二個指標案例作成決定時所示的見解，本研究發現公平會對於其持以處分或不處分比較廣告的準則，已衍然成形。首先，如果一個比較廣告有「真實性原則」、「客觀性原則」或「資訊充分揭露原則」三原則中，任一原則的違反，導致成為一個不真實、不客觀或資訊未充分揭露（或兼具其中二者或三者）的比較廣告時，即已經存在「不法元素」，可能構成違法，此形成本研究之命題一。其次，公平會也明白宣示了比較廣告內容或方式的「安全區域」，本研究將此一發現名為公平會的「愈抽象愈安全原則」，並且認為此處即為比較廣告應該盡情展現創意之所在，此形成本研究之命題二。作者並盼望繼起的有志之士，往後能嘗試大膽建立各種假設，小心驗證本研究已經建立的兩項命題，以檢視其周延性和正確性，俾供企業未來在行銷上運用比較廣告時，能大膽展現創意，但又不致於違法的參考，同時亦對公平會及業者分別提出建議。 / Every time when Author undertakes unfair competition disputes between well-known enterprises arisen out of advertising and marketing, the question the Author will ponder over and over is: with respect to the comparative advertising, in terms of product comparison and information disclosure with other rivals, to which extent the comparative advertising will be the most beneficial advertising to the consumers and the most impartial advertising to the rivals. In other words, to which extent can “comparative advertising” be used appropriately, on one hand complete goals the original marketing was intended to achieve, bring sufficient and necessary consumption information to the consumers, on the other hand take into account of fairness criterion under competition law without application of technique beyond its original purpose which would cause damage to the rivals. Then the next question is: whether the existing Fair Trade Law has adequately set forth said criterion? Based on the above goals, from respective viewpoints in marketing management, fair trade and legislation precedent of competition laws of major countries, the author, through extensive probing into past documentary records and reviews of past researches related to comparative advertising, realized that researches on “unsafe territory” and “safe territory” to show creativity of comparative advertising in past documentary records are not sufficient. Therefore, the author has adopted case method and document analysis used in qualitative research. From among the relevant cases handled by the Fair Trade Commission between 1992 and 2007, the author has chosen twelve distinctive cases, aiming to probe into criterion for determination of violation of comparative advertising by Fair Trade Commission of the ROC, and further verification of the differences between unlawful comparative advertising and creative comparative advertising through study and analysis of disposition or non-disposition decision of each individual case. Upon review of administrative interpretations rendered by the Fair Trade Commission towards said twelve distinctive cases, the author realized that rules governing disposition of comparative advertising by the Fair Trade Commission has taken shape. First of all, when a comparative advertising breaches either the “principle of truthfulness”, the “principle of objectiveness” or the “principle of information disclosure”, the comparative advertising will become an unreal, non-objective or non-disclosed comparative advertising (or both or all), some “illegal elements” have occurred, which may constitute violation of law, this forms the first proposition of this thesis. Secondly, the Fair Trade Commission has clearly announced “safety areas” of content or manner of the comparative advertising, the author names this discovery as “more abstract more safe principle”, and believe this is the area where comparative advertising shall exert its best effort to show its creativity, which forms the second proposition of this thesis. The author expects that future researchers will be able to create hypotheses, examine and verify two propositions this thesis have already built up, in order to investigate its thoroughness and correctness, so that enterprises could bravely demonstrate its creativity when applying comparative advertising for the marketing.

國際證券管理組織（The International Organization of Securities Commissions, IOSCO）認為自律機構（Self-Regulatory Organization, SRO）是管理證券市場之必要條件之一。我國證券交易法第四、五章對證券商同業公會與證券交易所皆設有專章特別規範，亦可看出自律機構在證券市場的重要性。惟目前臺灣證券交易所、財團法人中華民國證券櫃檯買賣中心及中華民國證券商業同業公會等協助管理證券市場之機構，在法律規範面及執行面皆存有許多待改進之處。本文以證券自律機構對證券商及其人員之管理規範為探討重點，試著從比較立法例說明美國、英國及日本等國家證券市場自律監理制度演變過程及法制規範，並分析探討前述臺灣證券交易所等機構所存在之問題，期能藉由制度比較，整理歸納提出我國證券自律機構在法制架構及實務運作上可供改進之具體建議。

本研究之目的在於探究何謂完整之網路企業自律機制？目前廣為採用之信賴標章、規範承諾、網路評分等網路企業自律機制，何者能夠得到消費者信任？網路企業如何透過不同的自律機制，使得消費者認知其交易安全與資訊隱私已被保護？網路消費者如何經由認知其交易安全及資訊隱私已被保護，進而產生其對於網路企業之信任?信賴標章、規範承諾、網路評比等網路企業之自律機制，何者較能夠得到網路消費者的信任？ 過去研究極少著墨於網路自律機制對於消費者信任之影響，本研究除了希望對於缺乏資源及品牌聲譽之網路企業有所啟發外，也探討網路企業在既有的法律、管理及技術之環境架構下，應如何取得消費者信心，並以文獻探討、問卷分析及個案討論與分析等方法來驗證網路自律機制對於消費者信任之影響。 在文獻探討上，本研究針對國內外學者對保護資訊隱私及交易安全之制度及作法、企業自律機制之規範及作法、消費者信心等相關研究加以歸納，並輔以國內外個案研究，一方面摘要學者對以上議題的研究成果與看法，一方面彙整相關文獻，進而發展出本研究相關之研究假設。並從文獻彙整摘要中，提出研究架構及假設，並就各構面及假設之變數賦予操作型定義，選定適宜之統計方法予以檢測，且根據前測問卷之結果，於全省各地進行717份之問卷調查及回收作業。回收之問卷均透過檢查、編碼、整理，並進行樣本特徵、信度與效度分析，進一步驗證及解釋各研究假設。 除了定量分析外，本研究亦由十個與問卷相關的個案中，研究該些網路企業之營運模式、產品、服務及交易流程，了解其自律機制與消費者保護之作法，進而與統計分析相關的資料做交叉分析，並對應先前之研究假設，以進一步分析網路企業自律機制、消費者保護構面與消費者信任之間的關係。 本研究結果包含三部份，分別為自律機制(信賴標章、承諾規範、網路評比)與消費者保護(資訊隱私保護認知、交易安全保護認知)之關係、消費者保護與消費者信任之關係、自律機制與消費者信任之關係；最後提出五項管理意涵，包括網路企業得到消費者信任之重要因素及關鍵因素、網路企業如何建立專屬的自律機制及消費者保護機制、進而發展值得信賴的網路購物環境。 / The objective of this article is to study on what a complete self-regulatory mechanism of an internet business is, The article also explore if the existing online self-regulatory mechanisms including trustmarks, commitments and rankings are able to get trust of consumers, in order to let consumers recognize their personal data and security of online transactions being protected, thus consumers are able to trust the internet business they deal with? Which of the above existing self-regulatory mechanisms is more capable to get trust of consumers? Even though limited literatures focus on the impact of online self-regulatory mechanisms to trust of consumers, by methodology of literature reviews, quantitative research and case studies, this article not only contributes to internet businesses with limited resources and brand awareness, but also contributed to those internet businesses, under a framework of regulations, management and technology, willing to get trust of consumers. There are also hypotheses to testify relationships between online self-regulatory mechanisms, consumer protection (of personal data and security for online transactions) and trust of consumers. After reviews on literatures of various self-regulatory mechanisms, internet data privacy, transactional security, consumer protection, trust of consumers, this article proposes a research framework including 3 main hypotheses, 3 independent variables, 2 intermediary variables, 1 dependent variables and their operational model. To testify the hypotheses, this article collected 717 samples of survey around the island and 10 case studies. Utilizing multiple regressions and related statistics analyses, most of the hypotheses are supported. Comparing with 3 dimensions of transactional process, self-regulatory mechanisms and consumer protection, 10 cases are found similar to the testing result of hypotheses, but also remained spaces of improvement. At last, this article concludes with 5 managerial implications, including key successful factors and critical factors to get trust of online consumers, how to build a proprietary self-regulatory and a consumer protection mechanisms, thus to set up a complete trustworthy online shopping environment.

醫療保險與服務是維護個人生存，增進民族健康，保障國民基本權之重要國家任務。而除了藥品、醫材、設備、醫院外，接受專業訓練、符合專業知識、技術與道德要求的醫療專業人員，包括醫師，也是醫療系統中不可或缺的要角。但相較之下，關於我國醫師團體在醫療行政法制中的角色尚缺乏完整論述，而本文即在檢視我國醫師團體(包括職業團體與學術團體)在執業管制中的定位與功能。 為了突顯我國醫師團體的特殊性，考量大陸法/英美法、醫療保險體系、醫療水準、與歷史社會等因素，本文選擇了德國、日本、美國、英國與中國大陸作為參照對比。從「醫療服務與醫療行政系統」到「醫師團體發展歷史與現況」，由大縮小、鑑古知今，將各國家地區之醫師團體的背景事實先做系統化整理、分析、並比較，以理解其在各自國家社會體系中的定位。另外，就其在醫師職業管制中管「入」的「執業資格授予」與管「出」的「執業資格廢止」的作用亦做系統化整理、分析、與比較，以認識各該團體在其中的功能。 基於以上的背景事實，再以「公私協力」與「職業自律」深入檢視，我國醫師團體(特別是職業團體之醫師公會) 在醫師職業管制中與國家政府之相對關係和定位，與其在執業資格授予與廢止作用上的功能。 關於我國醫師公會在執業管制法制中地位與功能的調整，本文建議：相較於仿德國例全面肯認醫師公會為「公法人」與政府分工，或仿日美英例鬆綁醫師公會為真正的「私法人」與政府制衡，依我國現實條件可由立法者直接立法或授權行政機關以授權命令賦予醫師公會行政受託人地位，並對稱移轉關於醫師執業資格授予與廢止之特定具體權限給公會，則在此委託範圍內公會即可被視為行政機關，即可對應要求其內部章程、組織、與程序須符合行政法法規與法理。 / Medical insurance and services are national tasks essentially for maintaining personal survival, improving people health, and protecting fundamental civil rights. Along with medicines, medical materials, equipment, and hospitals, medical professionals, including physicians, who have received professional training and met the requirements of expertise, technology and ethics, are indispensable for a working medical system. However, discussions about the roles of physician groups in medical administrative law systems in Taiwan are few. Thus, the present work is to examine positions and functions of physicians groups (including professional groups and academic groups) in the medical practicing regulation in Taiwan. In order to highlight the particularities of Taiwan physician groups and to take account of the differences in the continental law/Common law, medical insurance systems, medical service levels, and historical and social factors, Germany, Japan, the United States and the United Kingdom were selected for reference and comparison. From the "medical service and medical administrative systems" to "development history and present situation of the groups", the background facts of representative physicians groups were systematically collected, analyzed, and compared for comprehension of their positions in the social systems in their respective countries. Besides, regulatory functions of the groups in approving and revoking medical practicing qualifications were also systematically collected, analyzed, and compared for acknowledgement. Based on the above background facts and the concepts of "public-private partnership" and "professional autonomy", we further inspected Taiwan physician groups, especially the professional groups of physicians, to review their relationship with the government in professional regulation, and functions in practicing licensure. Regarding the positions and functions of the professional groups of physicians in medical practicing regulation in Taiwan, the following adjustment is proposed: Rather than adopting the “public legal entity” model for fulfilling national duties as in Germany, or “fully private corporation” model for balancing national regulation as in Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom, our legislatives and administrative authorities could authorize by law the professional groups of physicians to exercise the powers specifically for medical practicing licensure, and thus the groups, as commissioned administrative agencies, should be required to amend their own bylaws, organizations, and procedures about the above authorized areas in concordance with administrative laws.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(教育学) / 甲第20122号 / 教博第199号 / 新制||教||165(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院教育学研究科臨床教育学専攻 / (主査)教授 皆藤 章, 教授 桑原 知子, 准教授 田中 康裕 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Education) / Kyoto University / DGAM

企業における上司の自律性支援とコーチングが部下の外発的動機づけと内発的動機づけにどのように影響を与えるかについて、自己決定理論による説明を試みた。具体的には自律性支援とコーチングが有能感への欲求、自律性への欲求、関係性への欲求という3つの基本的心理欲求を満たすことでより内発的に動機づけられ、基本的心理欲求を満たさないとより外発的に動機づけられるという仮説を構造方程式モデリングによる分析を試みた。 / 博士(政策科学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Policy and Management / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University