有鑑於數位閱讀已逐漸成為閱讀發展的新趨勢，許多研究著手於發展相關的閱讀系統或設備來輔助學習者進行閱讀學習。此外，如何幫助學生在進行英文閱讀學習時，增加對於文章的理解，已經成為很重要的研究課題。而基於網路學習環境進行數位閱讀學習時，學習者常常需要進行自主學習，因此學習者個人的自律學習能力成為影響數位閱讀學習成效的關鍵因素。本研究旨在探討運用具自律學習機制的閱讀標註系統是否具有提升國中英語閱讀學習成效的效益，研究採用準實驗研究法，以桃園縣某國中七年級二班的學生，分成實驗組與控制組，實驗組與控制組分別以「具自律學習機制的閱讀標註系統學習」及「不具自律學習機制的閱讀標註系統學習」進行英語閱讀學習，經過實驗處理後，接受「閱讀測驗後測」，以比較兩組學生在閱讀學習成效上的差異性，輔之以問卷調查實驗組學生對課程活動的態度看法，並以訪談作質性資料分析。最後，根據研究結果提出具體建議，以提供未來研究與教師在運用具自律學習機制之數位閱讀標註系統融入閱讀教學時之參考。本研究得到的研究結論如下： 一、 實驗組學習者採用具自律學習機制之數位閱讀標註系統，其英語閱讀學習成效顯著優於採用不具自律學習機制之數位閱讀標註系統的控制組學習者。 二、 實驗組學習者採用具自律學習機制之數位閱讀標註系統，其閱讀標註能力顯著優於採用不具自律學習機制之數位閱讀標註系統的控制組學習者。 三、 實驗組學習者中不同自律能力學習者其閱讀學習成效具有顯著差異。 四、 實驗組學習者中不同自律能力學習者其閱讀標註能力具有顯著差異。 五、 實驗組學習者中閱讀學習成效與閱讀標註能力有顯著相關且自律能力與學習成效呈現正相關 關鍵字：自律學習、數位閱讀、閱讀標註、閱讀學習成效 / In the consideration of that digital reading has become a new trend of reading development; many studies were conducted to develop related reading systems or equipments to assist learners on learning of reading. Moreover, how to help students improve comprehension while reading English is an important topic for research. Based on the characteristics of digital reading in the e-learning environment, in which learners often need self-regulated learning, the ability of self-regulated learning has become a key factor that affects the learning effects of reading. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the application of reading annotation system with self-regulated learning could increase the learning effects of English reading for junior high school students. The present study adopted quasi-experimental design method and the subjects were two classes of seventh graders in a junior high school in Taoyuan County. There were divided into experimental group and control group to learn English through reading, and were instructed respectively with “reading annotation system learning with self-regulated learning” and “reading annotation system learning without self-regulated learning.” After the experiment, “reading post-test” was conducted to compare the learning effects of reading for these two groups of students. Students in the experimental group were also surveyed by questionnaires and interviewed for qualitative data analysis. Finally, the researcher made suggestions according to the research results as references for future studies and for teachers who want to apply reading annotation system with self-regulated learning to reading instruction. The results of the present study were as the following: 1. The learning effects of English reading for learners in the experimental group with self-regulated reading annotation system were significantly greater than those who were in the control group without self-regulated reading annotation system. 2. The ability of reading annotation of the learners in the experimental group with self-regulated reading annotation system were significantly greater than those who were in the control group without self-regulated reading annotation system. 3. There were significant differences among the learning effects of reading for learners in the experimental group with different ability of self-regulated learning. 4. There were significant differences among the ability of reading annotation for learners in the experimental group with different ability of self-regulated learning. 5. For the learners in the experimental group, the learning effects of reading were significantly related to the ability of reading annotation; the ability of self-regulated learning was positively correlated with learning effects. Keywords: self-regulated learning, digital reading, reading annotation, learning effects of reading

課後學生自主的時間能否自己自律繼續學習，是值得關注的議題。本研究欲瞭解學生從國中到高中自律學習發展情況，以台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫的2939追蹤樣本，進行潛在成長曲線模型分析，結果發現： （1）兩性學生從國中到高中的自律學習發展並無顯著差異。 （2）台灣學生從國中到高中的自律學習呈現遞增狀況。 （3）國中高自律學習的學生到高中的自律學習成長有限；而國中低自律學習的學生到高中自律學習成長幅度較大。 （4）學生家庭社經地位越高、父母學校參與和接納的程度越高，學生國中時期的自律學習情況會越好；但是學生家庭社經地位越高、父母學校參與程度越高，對於學生國中到高中自律學習成長有限，至於父母接納則無顯著影響關係 （5）國中自律學習良好的學生，有較良好的分析能力；但是高中學生的自律學習無法有效預測其分析能力。 依據上述研究結果將提出相關結論與建議以供參考。

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(教育学) / 甲第22110号 / 教博第241号 / 新制||教||188(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院教育学研究科教育科学専攻 / (主査)教授 明和 政子, 准教授 森口 佑介, 特定教授 吉川 左紀子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Education) / Kyoto University / DGAM

日本母性衛生学会誌に記載されている内容に関する著作権は公益社団法人日本母性衛生学会にある / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 乙第13025号 / 論人博第46号 / 新制||人||189(附属図書館) / 27||論人博||46(吉田南総合図書館) / 32953 / (主査)教授 森谷 敏夫, 教授 石原 昭彦, 准教授 田中 真介 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第20452号 / 人博第802号 / 新制||人||193(附属図書館) / 28||人博||802(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻 / (主査)教授 安部 浩, 教授 冨田 恭彦, 教授 佐藤 義之, 准教授 戸田 剛文 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第23979号 / 人博第1031号 / 新制||人||243(附属図書館) / 2022||人博||1031(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻 / (主査)教授 多賀 茂, 教授 倉石 一郎, 教授 大倉 得史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

第一章為緒論闡明本論文的研究目的與範圍。我國新聞自律組織於民國五十二年正式 成立, 但十餘年來, 新聞自律績效不彰, 本文的目的, 即在探討新聞評議會不能發揮 應有功效的原因。 第二章為有闡理論及文獻探討, 內容為簡介社會責任論的發展, 我國新聞自律組織成 立的背景、經過、及沿革, 並提出新聞專業化的理論。 第三章為研究方法, 本論文採用調查法, 化臺北市的九家報社為研究對象, 抽出一百 八十位記者、編輯為樣本, 進行問卷訪問, 問卷分析採用的統計方法有百分比、變異 量分析、及皮氏積差相關。 第四章為結果分析與解釋, 就問卷統計所得資料, 提出解釋。 第五章為結論與建議。

本文所稱之「自律公約」，係指經濟上、實質上之自律公約，意指事業間相互約束經濟活動，從事正當競爭之自律公約，如不涉競爭參數，僅係單純之道德呼籲，則非本文所討論之自律公約。符合上開要件，縱不名為「自律公約」，也為本文所討論之對象。 　　近年台灣社會邁向管制開放，同時公平交易委員會功能是否發揮預期功能，相關討論為數不少。競爭的基本理念是相信市場有自我治癒之功能，如果市場有自我治癒的能力，政府是否還有積極介入之必要？如果市場功能不彰，政府究竟應採取逕行介入之思考，或培養市場自我治癒之能力？如果市場自我治癒之功能彰顯，相對而言，政府行政任務即相對減輕，亦減少政府過多之干預。因此本文希望藉由文獻分析方式，參酌外國立法例、分析事業遵循自律公約之誘因，以提高自律公約之可行性，並期將來能建立自律公約制度，由事業自行負起監督之責，使公平交易委員會之行政任務得以簡輕，使事業不為不公平競爭，達到促進競爭之目的。 / This thesis focus on the topic of self-regulation issues in competition law. By observing Germany, Japan and US how to carry out self-regulation , we can know the value of self-regulation. This article also discuss whether self-regulation agaist Competition Law. In pursuit of successful self-regulation , it’s necessary to know what’s industry’s incentive to obey slef-regulation and self-regulation how to work smooth. Successful self-regulation can ease the burden of government and improve the effect of market, so it’s expected self-regulation comes ture.

管理大師彼得‧杜拉克（Peter Drucker）說：「21世紀是非營利組織的世紀」、「非營利機構堪稱美國第一大雇主」。可見非營利組織蓬勃的發展，在社會、國家扮演著重要的角色。台灣活躍的非營利組織填補了政府及企業的的空隙，滿足了許多社會的需求。雖然台灣非營利組織除了少數例外，組織規模普遍都很小，但是卻展現台灣社會的活力及生命力泉源。 然而，台灣非營利組織之資訊卻較為封閉的，台灣非營利組織相關法令及管理未臻完善，以致社會資源匯集有集中化的趨勢。大的組織由於知名度高較易取得資源，小的非營利組織資源缺乏，雖然做了許多公益事務，因知名度低很難取得社會資源，如此有時反而易造成社會資源的扭曲及浪費。 台灣非營利組織之資訊缺乏公開揭露的法令及實務機制。美國對非營利組織管理最重要手段就是所謂的「公開原則」，聯邦法律規定任何人都有權向非營利組織要求查看它們的免稅申請文件及最近三年的稅務申報書格式Form 990等。非營利組織之資訊公開制度，一方面係透過公眾公開監督之方式，減輕主管機關之監督責任，另一方面可促進非營利組織之良性競爭。 資訊揭露所謂太陽是最好的警察，陽光是最佳防腐劑。在美國非營利組織是以FORM990為非營利組織資訊揭露的核心。所以本文構想是結合美國非營利組織資訊揭露之經驗，以作為台灣非營利組織資訊揭露的參考。 因此本文之文獻探討從非營利組織的定義、治理與責信，再到美國非營利組織之介紹及其資訊揭露與治理及責信，再就台灣非營利組織資訊揭露現況及相關非營利組織法律探討，並以台灣公益團體自律聯盟的成員已經公告在自律聯盟網站之資訊對該資訊揭依自律聯盟的主張作分析研究。 本文另就美國非營利組織稅務申報格式Form 990的探討研究分析，並就台灣非營利組織稅務申報格式作研究探討，以及對台灣非營利組織之稅務申報格式及揭露作訪談問卷並作評論分析；綜合上述研究提出本文的研究結論。 並對台灣非營利組織做下列建議： 1、將非營利組織資訊揭露作為其免稅的條件，學習美國稅法規定非營利稅務申報書格式Form 990必須向大眾公開揭露，並立法規定非營利組織要取得免稅資格，需將其年度稅務申報書公開向大眾揭露。 2、將資訊揭露加入各非營利相關法規中，從新修改或訂定非營利組織相關法律規定及管理措施，使其更彈性更符合當前環境劇烈變遷需要。 3、重新檢討台灣非營利組織稅務申報書格式，使台灣非營利組織稅務申報書可成為非營利組織資訊揭露及組織責信的重要工具。 4、建立非營利組織便捷標準化的網路申報系統、鼓勵非營利組織自律、鼓勵建立非非營利組織線上查核系統。 5、對接受政府補助、款項超過一定金額(例如五百萬或一千萬元)之非營利組織需接受會計師遵行審計。參照美國管理及預算署(OMB)Circular A133該審計屬於遵行審計，有利於政府對補助款做出有效率的補助及分配。 / Management theorist Peter Drucker once said, “The 21st century is the century for non-profit organizations, of which the United States leads worldwide.” It is thus clear that in the rising development of non-profit organizations, the national community plays an important role. Taiwan’s lively non-profit organizations fill the gap left by the government and business enterprises, meeting the numerous needs of the community. Except for a very small number, most Taiwan non-profit organizations are quite small, but they give evidence to the vitality of Taiwan’s community. However, information on Taiwan’s non-profit organizations remains to be completely private. Laws pertaining to the management of Taiwan non-profit organizations still possess several flaws. Large organizations, owing to their fame, acquire resources with more ease compared to small organizations, even though this is still difficult for them. If, however, these resources could be easily acquired, then it would be likely that the organization would change its tune and squander. Laws and control mechanisms to keep information of Taiwan’s non-profit organizations open to the public are severely lacking. The United States, however, implements the principle of free information to all as the most important aspect of managing non-profit organizations. United States law decrees that everyone has the right to request from non-profit organizations their tax exemption documents and their last three years of tax return applications; the tax return form used by tax-exempt organizations is called Form 990. Keeping the information of non-profit organizations public is one way that passes the responsibility of supervision from the government to the public. Exposure is the best form of policing, just as sunlight makes the best preservative. Exposure prevents decay, as well as increases the competitiveness of non-profit organizations. American non-profit organizations use a Form 990 to make their information public. The text takes this example and suggests it to be a well working method to put Taiwan non-profit organizations in check. Therefore the text and its sources probe into the definition, management and accountability of non-profit organizations, as well as taking the method used by the United States to keep such in check. Related Taiwan laws to this are also probed into, and research is carried out and viewpoints are given regarding the self-regulation of Taiwan’s public welfare groups and alliances. The text also carries out research regarding Form 990 that United States non-profit organizations must use for reporting, as well as probes into the reporting method used by Taiwan non-profit organizations. The latter’s reporting and exposure, all coming from interviews and documents, will also be analyzed. The integration of the above research will bring the text to a conclusion. Suggestions for Taiwan non-profit organizations are listed as follows: 1、Make public the actions and reasons for tax-exemption for all non-profit organizations, using United States tax law for non-profit organizations as a basis, namely the use of Form 990 to allow the masses the right to know everything, including the qualifications and laws that would grant such exemption. There is a need to require reporting to make such information public. 2、Update all related laws regarding non-profit organizations as well as measures for management. There is a need for these laws to gain elasticity and fit in with the times we live in. 3、Reanalyze the reporting methods used by Taiwan tax-exempt organizations to apply for tax returns and conclude whether such can truly expose their information, accountability and important work to the public. 4、Standardize the system of reporting by non-profit organizations and urge self-regulation and a system of checks. 5、Concerning the acceptance of government subsidies or the coming into a sum of money that exceeds the established limit (such as $500,000 or $1,000,000), there is a need for auditing by a certified accountant. Referring to Circular A133 from the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB), there should be an established method that this auditing must abide by, beneficial to the government in allotting its funds in an efficient manner.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C)(2) 課題番号:07610121 研究代表者:速水 敏彦 研究期間:1995-1996年度