推薦系統目的在於收集大眾對於資源的評價，經過推薦機制的整理，呈現給符合偏好的使用者，但是Supernode架構與傳統主從架構的不同，增加推薦系統收集、統計推薦指標的困難。在本篇論文中，將利用RDF(S)建置與Supernode、Peer、MP3相關的本體論，同時，依據Supernode與Peer在推薦系統中所扮演的功能與角色的不同，將不同的結構藍圖分別放置在Supernode與Peer之中，並且藉由Supernode與Peer中所描述的資源、屬性以及資源和資源之間的關係來解決在Supernode架構中推薦指標的收集、統計與更新等問題，以及降低推薦系統中"Cold Start"與"Spamming"這兩個問題所產生的影響。 / The purpose of recommendation system is to collect public opinions and provide synthetic recommended result for users. Using our proposed recommended mechanism, the recommendation system presents personal music recommended list for each user in peer node to match his preference. Because the complexity difference of network structure, we found that the rating collection and computation process will be more complex in supernode P2P network than in client-server WWW network. In this thesis, firstly we use RDF(S) to construct associated ontology schema for supernode, peer node, and MP3 music. Then, we put respective ontology schema in the suprenode and peer node based on their roles and functions within the recommendation system. The resources and attributes relationships between supernode and peer nodes provide the capacity to solve the rating collection, analysis, and updating problems. We also propose possible solutions for reducing the side effects of cold start and spamming problems in the recommendation system.

本研究是探討如何運用語意網規則語言(Semantic Web Rule Language, SWRL)來表示網路上的數位版權管理(DRM)。以XML為主的版權表達語言(Rights Expression Language, REL)因為無法處理具有語意內涵層級的版權管理規則，所以在概念表達和處理能力上有所限制。因此，我們運用了結合本體論(Ontology)和規則(Rule)語言的SWRL來探討比較現有XML為主的版權表達語言的不足，並以實作驗證本體論和規則結合所具有語意特性，讓使用者能在網路上加以應用數位內容。 / In this research, we show how to use Semantic Web Rule language (Semantic Web Rule Language, SWRL) for the digit rights management (DRM) on the Web. Since XML-based Rights Expression Languages (REL) can not deal with the right management policies at the semantic level, their expression abilities for concept descriptions are limited. Therefore, we use SWLR to contrast the insufficiencies in existing XML-based RELs. In summary, we take advantage of semantic-supported REL for DRM systems on the Web.

本研究探討中文讀者對於中文雙字詞的早期語意處理，特別要探討的是中文讀者是否能在凝視一個中文雙字複合詞之前，即可提取該詞的語意資訊。在中文的閱讀研究中曾經發現單字的語意資訊可以在該單字被凝視之前提取，不論是成詞的單字或是多字詞其中的組成單字。也有證據顯示中文雙字詞或雙字複合詞呈現在中央視野時的處理方式是整詞處理。由於事實上就詞長來看，雙字詞的詞類數量為中文詞類的最大宗，也是最常被使用的詞類，因此中文雙字詞語意處理的時間歷程便是本研究的研究目標。 　　實驗一旨在檢視雙字詞的語意資訊是否能和單字一樣，在被凝視之前即被提取。本實驗採用邊界典範（Boundary paradigm, Rayner, 1975），除了目標詞預視（identical preview）之外，本實驗亦包含語意相關預視（semantic-related preview）、語意無關預視（semantic-unrelated preview）及非詞預視（nonword preview）。實驗發現語意相關預視能促進目標詞的處理。然而和預視空間（preview space）及預視時間（preview time）的交互作用則顯示語意預視效益（benefit）在預視空間較大的時候會隨著預視時間拉長而增加，在預視空間較小的時候，則會隨著預視時間漸減。 　　在實驗一中，語意關聯性的高低和該詞合理性（plausibility）的高低是共變的，因此這兩個要素構成一個混淆的因子。語意相關預視和語意無關預視之間的效果有可能來自語意關聯性的差異，或是來自在句中合理性的差異。合理性同時也能解釋在為何在實驗一中，不合理的語意無關預視在目標前詞（pretarget）上造成較短的閱讀時間。為了解決這項混淆的因子，實驗二因此採用對目標詞預視、語意相關預視、及語意無關預視都合理的句子。結果發現，語意預視的主要效果消失。然而交互作用的模式則顯示出，語意預視效益在較長的預視時間、較大的預視空間下仍會存在。但在較小的預視空間下，會隨著較長的預視時間而轉為耗損（cost）。實驗二的結果因此提供證據支持在沒有合理性的交互作用下，中文雙字詞的語意預視效應仍會發生。最後，兩個實驗的差異顯示在中文閱讀中存在合理性的預視效益，此結論和之前中文閱讀的研究結果一致。 / The present study investigates the early semantic processing of Chinese two-character words by Chinese readers. Specifically, whether Chinese readers are able to extract semantic information of an up-coming two-character compound as a whole when the word is yet being fixated. In Chinese, it has been demonstrated that semantic information can be extracted from a single character, whether it is a word or part of a word, before the character is being fixated. There is also evidence for whole word processing of foveally presented two-character compounds/words. Since two-character words actually constitute the majority of word type and are used most frequently in total, the time course of processing the meaning of such combination of characters during reading is then the goal of this study. The first experiment aimed to examine whether semantic information of a two-character word can be extracted before it is fixated, as what have been found for single characters. Boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) was used, with identical, semantic-related, and semantic-unrelated words, as well as nonwords as preview. Semantic-related preview did facilitate target word processing. The interaction pattern of the effects with preview space and preview time, however, showed that semantic preview benefit could increase with preview time with small preview space, but decrease with preview time under large preview space. A possible confounding factor in the first experiment was the overlap between semantic relatedness and plausibility. The effect between semantic-related and semantic-unrelated previews could be of semantic or plausibility nature. Plausibility may also explain the shortened fixation duration found in Experiment 1 when implausible semantic-unrelated preview was presented parafoveally. Experiment 2 then solved this confounding by using sentence frames which are plausible for identical, semantic-related, and semantic-unrelated previews. In Experiment 2, main effect of semantic preview benefit disappeared, while the interaction patterns showed that such benefit existed for large preview space with long preview time, but became cost for small preview space with long preview time. The results of Experiment 2 thus provide evidence for semantic preview effect of Chinese two-character words without the interaction with plausibility. Finally, the discrepancies between the two experiments indicate the existence of plausibility preview benefit, which previous studies have suggested to exist in Chinese.

本研究針對台灣EFL低成就學生之段落寫作，比較「直接訂正法」與「語意重述法」兩種寫作回饋之成效。本研究對象為台北市某高職學生，共56名學生全程參與這項從2009年9月到2010年1月的研究。進行修改寫作時，教師對實驗組使用「語意重述法」，學生比較原稿與老師保留學生原意但改寫成符合英文語法的段落，並將發現的文法錯誤記錄並自行訂正；對照組則運用「直接訂正法」，學生審視老師直接在上面訂正的原稿。經過看圖英文段落寫作的前測與後測、實驗組與對照組後測結果比較、以及針對實驗組的訪談，研究結果如下：(1)整體性評量上，「語意重述法」對學生改進寫作較為有效；(2)兩組中程度較差之低成就學生進步程度均優於程度較好之低成就學生，尤其實驗組之程度較差者進步程度猶勝於對照組的；(3) 「直接訂正法」對減少學生文法錯誤之功效優於「語意重述法」；(4)絕大多數參與者認為「語意重述法」有助增進寫作能力。論文最後討論此研究在教學上的意涵與提出對之後研究的建議。 / This study aimed to compare the efficacy of “direct correction” with that of “reformulation” on Taiwan EFL low-achievers’ paragraph writing. Fifty-six students in a vocational high school in Taipei City participated in this study from Sep. 2009 through Jan. 2010. When conducting revision activities, the teacher implemented the “reformulation” technique in the experimental group. The students compared the originals with the reformulated versions given by the teacher, and detected, recorded, and corrected all the grammatical errors mainly on their own. The control group received the “direct correction” treatment, examining their originals with the teacher’s corrections on them. With the pre-test and the post-test on a paragraph-length English picture description, the comparison of the post-test results between the experimental and control groups, and interviews with the experimental group, the results are as follows: First, in holistic rating, “reformulation” was more helpful than “direct correction” in improving the participants’ writing performance. Second, the low-achievers with lower proficiency benefited more from “reformulation” than those with better proficiency. Third, “direct correction” was more effective than “reformulation” in reducing the participants’ grammatical errors. Fourth, the majority in the experimental group were positive of “reformulation” as a way to improve writing. Finally, some implications for pedagogy and suggestions for future studies were made.

在今日愈來愈普及的電子商務方面，客戶資料的搜集來源更加廣泛，對於個人資料外洩的影響將非常嚴重，可能帶來個人財務上或者公司信譽上的重大損失。本研究期望可以建構一個在企業內部(backbone)架構的環境中，透過語意網(Semantic Web)中的本體論(Ontology)和規則(Rule)的加入，希望實現具有語意的個人隱私保護規範架構，實現在語意層級上的隱私權政策安全控管。找出並且驗證以Ontologies+Rules為規範的表達與管理的架構的優勢，以確保各企業伺服器平台在收集客戶個人資料時能夠遵守最初協商後的承諾。最後本研究可以透過第三方平台的架構來加以落實個人資料的流通、分享、與保護。 / In today's increasingly popular e-commerce, ways to collect personal data of customers are is more extensive, and the impact of data disclosure will be very serious, maybe it will cost heavy losses on personal reputation or the credit of companies. We hope to build a in-house (backbone) structure of the environment through the semantic web in the ontology and rules, hoping for enabling the semantics of personal privacy protection normative framework to achieve the privacy policy on the security control. We will identify and verify Ontologies + Rules to regulate the expression of the advantages of the structure and management to ensure that the enterprise platform servers will obey the usage of personal data after their initial consultation commitment. Finally, we propose a third-party platform to enforce data sharing and protection of personal data.

本篇研究目的在於藉由分析句法直接性(syntactic directness)、語意修飾(semantic modification)以及內容 (content)來探討漢語母親規範語中的控制行為(control acts)，也就是指令(directives)和禁止(prohibitions)。語料來自一名以漢語為母語的母親與兒童之間的日常對話。研究結果顯示，指令隨著兒童年紀增長而遞減，而禁止卻隨著兒童年紀增長而遞增。句法直接性分析結果發現，不論指令或是禁止的情況下，漢語母親常使用祈使句(imperative)的句式。語意修飾方面結果發現，漢語母親主要是採用未修飾(bald)以及縮小(minimization)。內容方面顯示，指令常使用在從事能力活動(competent action)，而禁止常使用在得體行為(appropriate behavior)和自立(caretaking)。 / The purpose of this study is to investigate Mandarin maternal control acts including the directives and prohibitions in maternal regulatory language by analyzing syntactic directness, semantic modification, and content. The data collected were natural conversations of one Mandarin-speaking mother-child dyad. The data of maternal regulatory language was analyzed when the child’s ages were 2;1, 2;7, 3;1, and 3;7. The results show that the frequency of directives decreases with the child’s age, but the frequency of prohibitions increases. In addition, the preferred sentence type is imperative in both directives and prohibitions. The child’s cognitive development and the culture factors which would determine the style of regulatory language used by the Mandarin mother are discussed. Furthermore, the results of semantic modification reveal that bald and minimization are two dominant modifications. The mother’s adoption of bald and minimization may be influenced by her power status and politeness. Two major kinds of semantic combinations are also discovered in this study. Finally, the results of contents show that competent action often occurs in directives. As for prohibitions, appropriate behavior and caretaking are most related. Our finding would shed some light on the Mandarin maternal regulatory language.

在企業對企業電子商務整合中，資料之間異質性以及系統間的互通性是最重要的議題之一。在整合過程中，我們必須考慮網路協定的整合、交易伙伴的整合、商業流程的整合以及商業文件的整合。一個電子商務標準通常會定義這些範圍，但是，電子商務標準都是定義語法部份而較少定義語意部份。在企業對企業電子商務整合過程當中，我們應該調解在商業訊息、商業字彙及資料字典中的語意衝突。 本體論是語意網的關鍵技術，本體論可以呈現出一個領域中語意，並且能夠推論。我們使用本體論的技術解決企業對企業電子商務整合的問題。我們提出了一個以本體論為基礎的方法來分析並研發一個企業對企業電子商務整合應用。透過使用企業對企業電子商務的本體，我們希望可以能夠了解及重覆使用企業對企業電子商務領域的知識。 / Heterogeneity and interoperability are the main issues in B2B integration. We have to consider the integration of different exchange protocols, trading partners, business processes, and business documents. A B2B standard usually specifies those integration dimensions. However, B2B standards are syntactic rather than semantic. B2B integration should conciliate the semantic conflicts between business messages, vocabularies, and data dictionary. Ontology is the key technology enables Semantic Web. Ontology can reason easier and represent the semantic of a domain. We believe that using ontology technology can solve the B2B integration issues. We propose an ontology-based approach to analyze and develop B2B integration model. By using the B2B ontologies, we hope to reuse and understand the domain knowledge.

重動句一直是語言學家感興趣的議題，也因此對於此句型語言學家提出了各種不同的解釋。文獻中強制性的理論描述重動的產生，一些和重動句相關的句式可能使這些理論上產生疏漏，這可能代表文獻中的研究還不夠全面，同時對於何時該使用重動句或是其他相關句式，卻未有研究加以說明。所以本論文從形式、意義、用法討論重動句句型，尤其著重於重動句用法層面的探討，試圖更全面地了解重動句語法。而從三大面向中我們歸納出結論： 觀察重動句形式，當重動句裡的動詞為述賓形式時，無論其動詞為詞組、離合詞或詞，一定要使用重動句。 從意義方面來說，重動句的補語指向以指向動詞為大宗，證明重動句主要用於描述句中的動詞。並且，重動句裡的動詞語意根據句中的補語顯現其不同的語意內容，我們推測也許重動句句型本身不帶有意思。 就用法而言，重動句主要用於「客觀描述事件中的動詞」，而從變換句式中得知傾向使用重動句的情況為：為了描述人所參與的事件裡的動詞，而此動詞又造成某種結果，此時我們就會使用重動句。 最後，本文檢視了台海兩岸所出版的華語教材，討論「重動句」的教材編寫，且根據前述的語法規則提出建議，如，教師需特別提醒學習者：動詞的構詞方式、 「得」字的位置、形容詞為補語或是狀語。 / Linguisticians are always interested in this topic, the construction of the verb copying, so many researchers have studied this topic and proposed theoretical framework . However, there are some data that might cause the theories incomprehensive, and also in the decades there are no theses which focus on the transformation constructions from verb copying in Taiwan. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to make a comprehensive study for verb copying construction. This paper discusses the construction of verb copying in structure, meanings and usages three aspects, especially focuses on usages aspect. In the structure aspect, observing the construction in the corpora, when the verb in the sentence is composed of one verbal component and one nominal component, no matter that is classified as verb phrase, separable word, or word, using the construction of verb copying is necessary. In the meaning aspect, the meaning of construction is derived from the complements of sentences. Maybe the construction of verb copying itself does not have meanings. In the usages aspect, the construction of verb copying is mainly used when the speakers describe the verb in the event objectively. Furthermore, speakers tend to use the verb copying construction when they try to describe the situation that people are involved in the event and the action causes some kind of results. Finally, this research makes an overview of two main current Mandarin pedagogical materials, and provides some suggestions for teaching. There are some key points that teachers could remind their students, which are the way of verb composing, the position of “de” and distinguish between complement and adjunct.

本論文主要的目的為找出六個身體部位詞-臉、面、眼、目、嘴、口在台灣華語的真實使用情形。本篇所分析的語料皆來自於目前收錄最多筆語料、體裁種類平衡、被廣泛使用的中央研究院現代漢語平衡語料庫４.０版。我們有系統地分析了包含這六個身體部位詞詞彙的內部構造、語意分佈、與詞彙化類型。研究結果發現，在包含這六個身體部位詞詞彙中，[NN]N為最顯著的詞彙內部構造。而在語意分布的部份，相較於臉、眼、嘴，面、目、口較常被用來表達轉喻及隱喻等非字面上的意義。此外，人與情緒為最為普遍的轉喻意，這兩個轉喻用法在六個身體部位詞詞彙中皆可發現。此外，當身體部位詞詞彙表達人這個轉喻意時，其詞彙內部構造多為[NN]N ; 當身體部位詞詞彙表達情緒這個轉喻意時，其詞彙內部構造多為[NN]N與[VN]V。另外，大體上來說，無論身體部位詞詞彙是表達轉喻意或隱喻意，[NN]N為最普遍的內部構造。並且，當身體部位詞詞彙表達轉喻意或隱喻意時，最常出現的詞彙化類型為隱喻詞彙化（metaphorical lexicalization）。本研究結果期望能提供語料庫辨別轉喻及隱喻的方法，並期望轉喻及隱喻的研究可以從長久以來偏向質性的討論分析，擴展到量化的比較與討論。 / This study aims at finding the actual usage patterns of the six body-part terms liǎn, miàn, yǎn, mù, zuǐ, and kǒu extracted from the largest, balanced and widely-used Sinica Corpus 4.0. The word component structures, meaning distribution and lexicalization types in the six body-part terms are systematically analyzed and compared. The results show that, in terms of word component structures, the [NN]N structure is the most dominant word component structure across the six body-part terms. As for meaning distribution, it is found that miàn, mù, and kǒu are more frequently used to denote non-literal meanings (either metonymic or metaphorical meanings) than their counterparts – liǎn, yǎn, and zuǐ. In addition, PERSON and EMOTION are the most prevalent metonymic meanings across the six body part terms. It is also found that when the body-part terms denote PERSON, the most dominant word component structure is [NN]N, while when they denote EMOTION, [NN]N and [VN]V are the most dominant structures. In general, the [NN]N structure shows the highest frequency of occurrences in all the six body part terms when they are used either metonymically or metaphorically. As for the lexicalization types, most of the disyllabic words containing the six body-part terms are in metaphorical lexicalization when they denote metonymic or metaphorical meanings. The results may provide some insights for refining procedures of identifing metaphors and metonymies in corpora so as to accelarate quantification and statistical evaluation.

網際網路的興起帶動銀行業電子商務的發展；然而，在開放式的網路環境下，個人的財務、交易等具有隱私的資訊，可能因金融機構本身資訊安全防護技術未落實、資料處理流程權限控管不當、或相關稽核機制不健全等因素，造成銀行個人資料外洩，而影響個人財務及公司商譽的損失。現今在銀行業電子商務的網站上，雖然有使用隱私權政策聲明的方式來表示履行客戶資料隱私保護的責任，但是此形式宣告的方式大於實質保護的意義，沒有任何作用。客戶資料的隱私資訊，亦應受到法律的保護；在我國主要的法律有電腦處理個人資料保護法、內部控制法及金控共同行銷規範等。本研究旨在針對銀行業電子商務交易流程中提出企業內部客戶隱私資料保護的架構模型，將客戶隱私資訊做分類，並遵循相關法律條文規範，以訂立具有語意的隱私權政策來落實企業內部客戶隱私資料的保護。我期望本研究的成果能貢獻未來金融業於客戶隱私資料保護的參考依循。 / The rising of Internet drives the development of e-commerce in banking industry. However, in the opening environment of Internet, the personal and confidential data which includes finance and transaction may be exposed because its poor secure protection technology or improper permission control for the procedure of data processing, or defective auditing mechanism in financial institutes. Therefore, it could influence the loss of personal finance and goodwill of companies. Although the e-commence website of banking industry protect customers’ data through the stated of right to privacy, the announced meaning is far more than the real protection. The customers’ private data should be protected by law, such as Computer Processing Personal Data Protection Act and Rules Concerning Cross-Selling by Financial Holding Company Subsidiaries in Taiwan.The purpose of the thesis offers the enterprise internal privacy construction model which classifies customers’ private data, follows the related law regulation, and establishes semantic privacy policies in order to achieve the protection of enterprise internal customers’ data for the transaction flow of e-commence in banking industry. I expect the research can contribute some references to follow in customers’ data protection for financial institutions in the future.