現代的民主國家無不致力於深化民主的價值，政府運用人民所繳納的稅金進行相關施政，在政府運用國家資源的同時，也應該提供各項施政的統計資料以便說明及用來監督政府施政的成效，政府提供的資料所涵蓋的領域及格式非常多元，若要加以運用產生具有附加價值的資訊，往往單一來源的資料無法滿足需求，必須透過多方的合併參照才能凸顯在資料背後所隱含的價值，因此使用者在運用前必須先針對不同來源的統計資料進行多方的蒐集、參考及比對，最後才能彙整成為有用的資訊，而政府將各種的資料進行公開之後也會快速累積出龐大的資料量，若要透過人工的蒐集比對其困難度也越來越高，因此如何能動態地從不同來源中萃取出有意義的內容便是一個相當大的挑戰，本研究運用語意網技術來解決此一困難，透過單一平台來進行多元資料的彙整查詢，在此平台上使用者可以依其需要選擇特定資料維度或計量單位作為整合條件，並針對特定或不特定的對象進行查詢，最後透過彙整後的結果來提高資料本身的價值，本研究最終目的為提供系統化的方法將政府公開統計資料進行有意義的萃取、彙整及再利用。 / For enhancement of the value of democracy, the governments are expected to publish statistical data to explain and monitor the performance of policy implementation while they utilize the national resources and the tax for the policies. The data provided by official departments usually contain multiple domain information with diverse formats, which cause the difficulty to generate value-added information from single source. The embedded values could be revealed only by cross-reference of multiple sources. Valued information must be collected, cross-referred, and compared from different sources. In addition, after the government publishes the data, the database would be accelerated to accumulate. The difficulty of manual data collection and comparison would be enhanced consequently. Therefore, it is challenge to extract valued content from different sources dynamically.The study utilized semantic web technology to integrate the inquiry of diverse data with single platform. Users can select specific data dimension or measurement unit based on their requirement as the condition and inquire on specific or unspecific objects. The value of data could be enhanced with the integrated results. The ultimate purpose of this study is to provide a systematized method to extract, integrate and reuse government's public statistical data.

由於網路科技日新月異，使得數位內容之交換越來越容易，但所引發的著作權問題卻不斷受爭議，也間接顯示出著作權法之不足。Lawrence Lessig有鑑於此，提出創用CC(Creative Commons)的觀念，希望可以提供創作者另一個新的管道來分享其創作，卻也同時可以保留其部分權利(Some Rights Reserved)。但目前資訊共享創作僅在主從式(Client-Server)架構中提供較完整的服務。本論文將指出資訊共享創作架構在主從式網路之缺點，並提出一個在Super node對等式(Peer-to-Peer,P2P)網路上具CC授權的數位內容共享創作之平台，且使用結合了各式本體論(Ontology)及規則(Rule)之SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language)來加強目前資訊共享創作上之表示及推論。 / Owing to network technology changing, it gets easier and easier to exchange digital contents. However, the emerging copyright problems dispute shows the deficiency of copyright. Lawrence Lessig proposed Creative Commons (CC), the concept of providing another new channel for creators to share their creative works by keeping some rights reserved. In this thesis, we indicate the shortcomings of CC on Client-Server network and present a rights description control system to share digital contents with CC licenses on Super-node P2P network. We use ontology and rule e.g. SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language) to enhance CC’s digital rights description and control on the P2P network.

本文旨在探討現代漢語近義詞「買賣」、「交易」、「貿易」的異同，透過它們的搭配現象以及語意韻律的表現來進行討論。本文的語料來自「中央研究院漢語平衡語料庫」，根據搭配詞本身與「買賣」、「交易」、「貿易」的句法及語意關係來做為搭配詞的判斷，接著對於搭配詞的句法行為、語意功能以及框架要素再去做近一步的探討。 「買賣」、「交易」、「貿易」的前後搭配詞在句法上經常做名詞使用，在語意功能及框架要素方面，「買賣」及「交易」經常呈現交換者(exchanger)以及交換品(theme)兩個要素，「貿易」主要凸顯的是交換者(exchanger)。在語料裡，大部分的框架要素都呈現在前置搭配詞，主要有交換者(exchanger)、交換品(theme)、處所(location)、時間(time)、方式(manner)、頻率(frequency)；後置搭配詞有交換者(exchanger)、交換品(theme)、處所(location)、時間(time)、方式(manner)、頻率(frequency)、組織(organization)、條例(regulation)。在語意韻律方面，「買賣」及「交易」傾向和負面語意的前置搭配詞出現，而「貿易」則是有較多負面的後置搭配詞。透過共現行為及語意韻律的分析，本文系統性地呈現了「買賣」、「交易」、「貿易」的相似與相異處。 / This thesis explores three near-synonymous transaction words in Mandarin Chinese, maimai, jiaoyi, and maoyi. These three words are defined in a circular manner in the dictionary, and their meanings are not distinguishable. The present study aims to detect the similarities and differences among them via the examination of their collocational behaviors and semantic prosody. The data are extracted from Sinica Corpus, and the left-sided and right-sided collocates based on their syntactic and semantic relation to the node words are identified. Then, the collocated words are discussed in terms of their syntactic behaviors, semantic functions, and frame elements. The collocates of maimai, jiaoyi, and maoyi frequently function as nouns on both sides. The semantic functions and frame elements of both maimai and jiaoyi frequently express exchanger and theme in their instances, while for maoyi, exchanger and manner make up the majority of its frame elements. Most frame elements are profiled in the collocates. On the left side, there are exchanger, theme, location, time, manner and frequency. On the right side, there are exchanger, theme, location, time, manner, frequency, organization, and regulation. As for semantic prosody, most collocates are neutral. The left-sided collocates of maimai and jiaoyi tend to be negative words. Regarding the right-sided collocates, maoyi has more negative collocates than maimai and jiaoyi. With the collocational behaviors and semantic prosody analyzed, the study presents the similarities and differences of the three synonymous words in a systematic way.

認知語意學替不同語言多義詞的語意關係提供了精闢的解釋。中文裡「出」字使用頻率高（中研院平衡語料庫出現近三萬次），語意類型多樣（國語日報字典中列舉十多個意義），卻鮮少人研究。本研究以認知語意學的角度出發，利用圖像模組 (image schema) 建立中文多義詞「出」的語意框架 (semantic frame)，認為不同的觀點 (perspective) 可分析「出」字的不同語意，並以語意的譬喻延伸 (metaphorical extension) 將不同範疇的語意連結起來，解釋「出」字語意的多樣性。 / This study aims to explore the meaning relatedness of the Mandarin polysemous word chu from a cognitive approach. Theories of cognitive semantics provide a plausible account for polysemous words since a cognitive approach in analyzing language benefits the discovery of conceptual frameworks underlying complex linguistic expressions. To add another piece of empirical evidence, this study aims to examine the Mandarin polysemous word chu, which is highly productive and which exhibits extreme complexity in terms of its senses. An image schema for chu is proposed as its semantic framework and different perspectives are considered to account for the multiple senses of chu. Furthermore, metaphorical extension is detectable in the meaning shifts of chu as well.

本研究主要在探討普林斯頓大學所開發出來的WordNet線上辭典是否適合用在語意結構(Semantic Structure)的表達上，在整個研究中，我們會先將重點放在WordNet架構的討論，接著研究關於WordNet在建立語意結構上的文獻，以在研究前先取得過去研究的狀況，並針對缺點提出改進方案，最後則進行模式的驗證與修改，期望能得出一個較具代表性且完整的WordNet語意結構。 本研究採用Jarmasz, Szpakowicz(2001)的語意距離計算模式併Resnik(1995)的相似度(similarity)計算模式，透過這兩個模式來計算出詞彙的距離，並以此距離來辨別語意的關係，最後透過117道證券考題來實證這個架構的正確性與完整性，並針對不足之處作補強修改，以達到較佳的結果。 本研究的主要限制為下列幾項： 一、無法全盤的將證券業的所有的詞彙及其關係一次含括進來 二、測試的題目無法完整代表所有的問題可能性 三、由於最後結果並非實際架構與修改WordNet系統，僅僅是採用相似度 計算演算法算出結果，因此與實際機上測試難免會有所差距。 四、並沒有針對WordNet中所有的關係都做定義，僅只挑選較具代表性的 幾個詞彙關係做定義，在細部上可能會有所影響。 / This paper is mainly focusing on does the Princeton WordNet fit the Semantic Structure. In this research, we’ll discuss the structure of WordNet, then the reference of WordNet in Semantic Structure. Before we get start, we may collect all the passed data, and study the data more detail. Then we can know the situation and result of passed reseach, so we can modify the model of pass. Finally, we hope we can get a more completed WordNet semantic structure. This paper uses the Jarmasz, Szpakowicz’s (2001) semantic distance and Resnik’s Similarity calculative model. Through this two models to calculating the distance between two words, and calculating the similarity. We collect 117 stock exam questions to verify the correctiveness and the completeness of this structure. And to complement the weakness, so we can have a more strong result. This research has three constraints: 1.We can’t collect all words of stock domain 2.The 117 questions can’t explain all probability of query 3.We just run an algorithm to calculate the similarity, not real testing on WordNet system, so it may be some bias. 4.Only identifying some chief words relationship, so it can not cover whole relations.

一、研究目的 台灣的經濟發展已是各國矚目的對象。龐大的出口金額中，大部份來 自勞力密集的產業。隨著生活水準提高，企業已不再享有這項勞工成本優勢。再者， 美國政府近年來不斷對台灣施加壓力，要求台幣升值，開放國內市場，降低各項進口 障礙，在內外的壓力下，製造業者乃紛紛計劃轉向投資服務業。一國經濟的根本在於 製造業，如何維押製造業的發展，實為目前的努力重點。本研究選擇化工、電子、機 械三種產業，以廠商的觀點，比較中、美、日、德、韓五國的競爭能力，結果可供業 者提升優勢的參考。 二、參考文獻 本文介紹十一篇國內外有關不同來源地產品印 象的文獻，並選擇其中兩篇較具代表性的著作，做為本研究的主要參考架構。此外， 還包括報導國內經濟狀況的期刊，以及工業行銷與印象理論的學術著作，計十八篇。 三、研究方法 研究母體為化工、電子、機械三種產業，樣本為資本額一千萬元以 上的廠商，以隨機方式抽取之。印象變數的衡量採用語意差別法，每個變數分成七個 級距，資料分析法為統計方法之平均數與平均數之多重檢定。 四、研究內容 包括 供應商的品質、價格、商業關係、交貨水準、服務水準、技術水準、顧客導向等構面 。 五、研究結果 化工、電子、機械三種產業間的整體印象雖有差異，但不是相當 顯著；中、美、日、德、韓五國間的差異卻十分顯著。中、韓兩國與德、日兩國差距 甚大，台灣則略比韓國優越，美國介於中韓與德日之間。

本論文從認知語意學的角度來探討英文中 “Heart” 成語所牽涉到的認知語意機制，並以Lakoff (1993)所提出的當代隱喻理論、Kövecses & Radden (1998)從認知語言學角度針對換喻所做的研究以及Ruiz de Mendoza (2003)所提出來的隱喻和換喻的三個交互模式為基礎，進一步探討 “Heart” 成語的字面語意如何透過這些機制衍生出其象徵語意。此外，本論文也對收集到的七十七個 “Heart” 成語進行重新分類以修正Niemeier’s (2003)在 “Heart” 成語分類上所產成的謬誤。 研究分析發現七十七個 “Heart” 成語所牽涉的認知語意機制包括Lakoff (1993)提出的五種隱喻類型以及Kövecses & Radden (1998)提出的十五種換喻類型其中的六種，而七十七個 “Heart” 成語的字面語意與其象徵語意之間的連結則無法僅僅透過Ruiz de Mendoza (2003)所提出來的隱喻和換喻的三個交互模式進行建立，而必須加上本研究另外發現的四個新的交互模式才能完整建立起七十七個 “Heart” 成語的字面語意與其象徵語意之間的連結。 / Based on the contemporary theory of metaphor by Lakoff (1993), a cognitive view toward metonymy by Kövecses & Radden (1998), and models of how metaphor can interact with metonymy by Ruiz de Mendoza (2003), this thesis makes an effort in exploring the cognitive-semantic mechanisms behind the 77 heart idioms collected for this research. Although Niemeier (2003) has tried to explore the metaphorical and metonymic bases for the heart idioms in English, her analysis is not satisfactory and can not meet the goal of this current research. A recategorization of heart idioms is therefore performed to encompass all the features exhibited by them before the cognitive-semantic analysis is proposed. The analysis of heart idioms discovers that a full explanation of their figurative meanings requires the activation of all the five types of metaphor proposed by Lakoff (1993) and six out of the 15 types of metonymy-producing relationships proposed by Kövecses & Radden (1998). Furthermore, to fully account for the figurative meanings of heart idioms, the analysis also proposes six interaction models of between metaphor and metonymy, two of which are proposed in Ruiz de Mendoza (2003) and four of which are discovered by the current study.

全球化經濟體系的興起，促使產業結構大幅改變，商業行為益趨複雜，顧客需求日漸多元化、個人化，產品服務種類及結構更加繁瑣，因改變隨之而來的成本劇增，如何快速接近並滿足顧客的需求，已成為在激烈競爭環境中的致勝關鍵，而工作流程管理技術正是影響關鍵的重要樞鈕。 現今工作流程管理技術在企業工作流程自動化，監督、協同合作及控制各種活動的執行，以及有效利用資源、縮短流程之研究領域方面已相當成熟，但仍存在工作流程執行的彈性匱乏，與企業資源無法共享的問題。 因此，本研究提出一個簡單有效的動態處理工作流程架構，透過語意網標準語言－資源描述結構(RDF(S)及DAML+OIL制定更嚴謹、豐富、彈性的工作流程定義，使工作流程處理具有邏輯推理的知識能力，另一方面提供一套流程改變機制，以自動調適在執行期間動態改變的流程。 / By the development of global economics influences business model more and more complex. The way of promoting productivity and decreasing cost is the issue of the company. Current workflow management approaches can reach automatic, monitoring, collaboration and controlling the process. But process description and sharing resource approaches consider simplistic method invocation. So how to create dynamic workflow enrich process definition and modify the program at run time is very important issue. In this thesis we propose richer process representations using the semantic web languages which enable us to capture process than current approaches and applying a change system to adapt process change in run time. Further, we develop algorithms by which potential problem in dynamic workflow can be more flexible and combine computer and human activities. Keyword: Semantic Web, Ontology, Dynamic Workflow

在目前的網際網路中，點對點(P2P)網路的應用扮演了一個重要的角色。由於在點對點網路架構下，檔案分享系統中檔案的數量以及來源大量增加，造成使用者必須花費更多的時間找尋想要的資源，因此搜尋功能就顯得格外地重要。BitTorrent(BT)作為一個點對點檔案分享系統，用戶量不斷增加，已逐漸成為網路頻寬的主要消耗者之一，但是其協定中沒有提供搜尋的功能，而且檔案分散於各個檔案發佈站之間，以及各發佈站之間無法有效搜尋彼此擁有的檔案資源，導致使用者查詢時效率不佳。因此本研究期望建立一套語意式搜尋機制來幫助使用者解決上述的問題。藉由使用語意網技術(Semantic Web)，針對BT檔案分享系統設計本體論，進行資源描述和建立簡單的分類，利用檔案的metadata來提供搜尋的功能以及彙整各檔案分佈站的檔案資源，做為上述議題的一個解決方案，讓使用者能夠更有效率地找到更完整的資源。 / In current World Wide Web, P2P network application plays an important role. Because the number and origin of files increase greatly in file sharing system under the architecture of P2P, causing users to spend more time searching for the resources they want. Therefore, the search function appears especially important. BitTorrent(BT), one kind of P2P file sharing system, has more and more users and becomes one of the biggest consumer of the network bandwidth. But it doesn't support any search function and shared files disperse between many web sites. Furthermore, these web sites can't exchange the shared files they own efficiently. These problems result in inefficient search performance. My research expects to propose a semantic search method to solve the problems mentioned above. By the means of Semantic Web technology, we design the ontology of BT file sharing system to describe the resources and establish simple taxonomy. In addition, using the metadata of files to provide BT for search function and collect the shared files between web sites. Let users find the shared files more efficiently and completely.

感嘆詞在文學作品和口語中，佔據不可忽略的地位。因為感嘆詞本身帶有特殊的表現力和鮮明的情態意義，可以用來表達人類的情緒、感覺、態度、主觀評價，賦予話語生動的表現力，所以感嘆詞也可視為一種特別的修辭手法。儘管感嘆詞在口語和文學作品中佔有一席之地，但因其在現代俄語的詞類系統中，處於較模糊的地帶，對於感嘆詞的研究也相對比其它詞類少，因而教學上受限於研究文獻的不足，辭典中也常因部分感嘆詞的多義性及解釋的簡化而造成外語學習者的困擾。感嘆詞在俄語詞類系統中地位特殊，它既不屬於實詞，也不屬於虛詞，在詞彙文法意義上自然也有別於實詞和虛詞。大部分的感嘆詞在句中不屬於句子成分，此時其語意若是作為句子既有的整體情感或意志意義的輔助，便很容易被外國讀者或譯者所忽略；但事實上卻減損了作品中的細微情感表達而不自覺。有鑑於此，筆者挑選感嘆詞作為研究客體，希望藉由感嘆詞的研究，能使無論是俄語教學者或學習者，對於感嘆詞的說明或理解都能夠清晰明確。本論文的目的是歸納出感嘆詞在俄國幽默諷刺作品中的詞彙修辭意義及句法功能特徵，並針對字典中感嘆詞釋義提供之不規則性或不明確性，尋找本詞類系統化的解釋方法。