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以漢語趨向動詞「起來」、「下去」、「上來」為例的語法化研究 / On Mandarin Directional Verbs Qi-lai, Xia-Qu, and Shang-lai: A Reflection of Grammaticalization李陳福, Li, Chen-Fu Alfred Unknown Date (has links)
本篇論文引用Hopper在1993年所提出的五項原則,論證漢語中「起來」、「下去」、「上來」的多義現象是反映語法化的現象。在「起來」、「下去」、「上來」語法化的過程中,可以發現許多語意和語法的痕跡,例如語意選擇的限制、受詞位置的限制、受詞限定的要求、與完成貌時貌標記使用的限制。根據Lehmann 1991年的研究,這些痕跡說明「起來」、「下去」、「上來」在語法化的過程中是由「子句中」向「子句間」變動。這樣的語意變動主要來自於概念上由空間向時間的比喻轉換。除此之外,在「起來」、「下去」、「上來」的句子中,這樣的轉換還受到不同的語意角色要求所限制。 / This thesis applies Hopper*s Principles (1993) to assert that the semantic varieties of Mandarin directional verbs qi-lai, xia-qu, and shang-lai are reflections of grammaticalization. The grammaticalization of Mandarin qi-lai, xia-qu, and shang-lai has left traces on selectional restriction, syntactic constraints on object positions, object definiteness, and requirements of perfective aspect marker. Based on Lehmann (1991), these traces lead to the conclusion that Mandarin qi-lai, xia-qu, and shang-lai shift from clause-internal to cross-clause grammaticalization. The semantic shifts of Mandarin qi-lai, xia-qu, and shang-lai are considered to be motivated by SPACE-to-TIME metaphorical transfer. The transfer is also constrained by theta-role requirements.
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馬建忠馬氏文通之研究張皓得, ZHANG,HAO-DE Unknown Date (has links)
本論文研究《馬氏文通》,其研究之重點在於探討馬建忠《馬氏文通》的語法理論,以及《馬氏文通》對后來語法研究的影響。
本論文凡六章。
第一章緒論,分為兩節。第一節略述筆者撰述本論文之研究動機、研究目的及研究方法。第二節略述《馬氏文通》以前的語法研究概況。
第二章為《馬氏文通》的概說,敘述《馬氏文通》的作者、撰述動機、體例和用例,并且分析馬氏所用的主要語法術語,以作為研究《馬氏文通》的基礎。
第三章論《馬氏文通》的詞法理論,分為實字和虛字兩節來探討《馬氏文通》對名字、代字、動字、靜字、象字、介字、連字、助字、歎字各詞類的界說、分類、用法及用例。
第四章論《馬氏文通》的句法理論。第五節以起詞、語詞、止詞、轉詞、加詞、司詞句子成分及頓、讀、句為研究對象,探討馬建忠的句法理論。第二節以主次、實次、偏次、正次、前次、同次和平比、差比、極比為研究對象,探討《馬氏文通》的「次」和「比」語法範疇論。
第五章論述「馬氏文通」對后來語法研究的影響。主要陳述「馬氏文通」對后來語法術語、詞類體系及分類、各詞類的小分類、句子分析、句子分類和語法範疇研究的影響。
第六章為結論。先將本論的內容扼要整理,再論《馬氏文通》在語法理論上的特色,探究《馬氏文通》中國語法文學史上的地位,并予以評價。
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閩南語雙賓式共時與歷時研究 / Ditransitive Constructions in Southern Min:A Synchronic and Diachronic Perspective陳麗雪, Chen, Li-hsueh Unknown Date (has links)
本文為針對閩南語雙賓式的共時與歷時研究,首先以熟悉的現代臺灣閩南語為先,並對十六世紀、十七世紀、十八與十九世紀的閩南語各共時面依序探討其雙賓句式與雙賓動詞。在共時研究之後,串聯此四個共時面的歷時現象與演變結果,更是本文探討主題。
此研究嘗試以「雙賓家族」的概念來觀察雙賓句式,並介紹語法學者對雙賓句衍生模式的看法,基底結構的語義內涵與表層結構的句型變化,且特別採用格式語法的觀點──即出現於同一句式中的動詞,常具備相同的語義與句法特性,這種相同特性有些是動詞內在的,有些是句式賦予的;注重表層結構的探討,認為整體句式意義大於部分構成要素之和。期待在前人對雙賓句型的描寫和規律的歸納總結之外,探討閩南語雙賓動詞與所帶論元在語義與句式之間的互動。
而閩南語之外,同時也對華語、漢語方言與古漢語雙賓式作簡要的觀察。並透過四個共時面的歷時討論,以對雙賓式相關句式的演變與轉換機制作進一步的探究。 / This is a synchronic and diachronic study of ditransitive constructions in Southern Min. It takes the most familiar modern Taiwanese Southern Min as a point of departure, and then examines Southern Min texts in the sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth century with respect to ditransitive constructions and ditransitive verbs. The main aim of this study is to map out historical phenomena and the result of evolution by putting together the four synchronic states each of which has been specified.
This study tries to capture ditransitive constructions taken as a family. Its scope is therefore broader than the ditransitive constructions in English. In terms of methodology it employs the generative model, and examines the semantic content in underlying structure, and the variety of sentence pattern in surface structure. In particular, this work adopts the methodology of construction grammar in that verbs that appears in the same construction share common semantic and syntactic properties. The common features are attributable to the inherent properties of verbs in some cases, but they may be contributed by constructions in other cases. It therefore stresses the investigation of surface structure on the assumption that the meaning of a whole sentence is much bigger than the sum total of the senses of its part. This work will go beyond what is achieved by previous studies and explore in more detail the interaction between verb and its arguments with respect to meaning and construction.
Brief but pertinent observations are also made of ditransitive constructions in Mandarin, Chinese dialects and Old Chinese for the purpose of a comparison with Southern Min. This study tries to generalize the mechanism of the shift and development of ditransitive constructions and other constructions by piecing together the four synchronic states.
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俄漢翻譯中語法轉換之研究楊玉妃 Unknown Date (has links)
作為以漢語為母語的俄語學習者,筆者對於俄譯漢的難處有著深刻體驗。首先是語法上的難題。俄漢語皆是難度很高的語言,而且兩者在語法上的差異極大。要將這兩種語言進行互譯,難上加難。這一直困擾著筆者,相信與筆者具有相同背景的俄語學習者亦有同感。
其次是對翻譯技巧了解不夠。在筆者學習俄語的過程中,雖然在課堂上常有練習俄漢翻譯的機會,但俄語教學者很少介紹或分析具體的翻譯技巧,解釋為何應該這樣翻譯。筆者認為,當俄語學習者的俄語水平到達一定程度時,如果再輔以系統化的翻譯技巧講解,將有助於學習者增加應變能力,有意識地選用一些翻譯技巧解決俄譯漢時所碰到的困難,進而提升譯文品質。出於想要克服俄漢翻譯時在語法方面碰到的困難、提升自我翻譯水平,同時希望本研究成果能作為俄語學習者、教學者、翻譯者和研究者的參考,筆者選擇俄譯漢中的語法轉換作為本論文研究主題。
本論文分為四章。第一章為導言,說明研究動機、目的、方法與限制。
第二章為理論基礎與文獻探討。本章將針對與本論文相關之主要理論進行介紹和討論。本論文係探討俄漢翻譯中的詞類轉換和句法轉換問題,理論部分涉及數門學科:首先,從語法方面來說,討論詞類和句法層面的轉換問題,就必須掌握俄漢語的詞類、句子成分、句式等概念;再者,從翻譯方面來說,等值不但是評斷譯文正確與否的標準,也是翻譯的理想境界;為了達到等值,進行翻譯時,我們常必須借助一些翻譯技巧,使譯文能夠明確易懂、文句通順,而轉換正是常用的技巧之一;最後,翻譯是把一種語言轉換成另一種語言的活動,需要通過對比分析,我們才能夠確定原語和譯語中哪些成分是可以翻譯對應的、對應的程度如何,亦即原語和譯語是否等值。可以說,翻譯過程本身就是一種對比的方式,也是對比之後的結果,所以翻譯又和對比語言學息息相關。質此,在本章中將逐一介紹這些相關理論。
第三章討論俄漢翻譯中的詞類轉換。本章又分為兩節。第一節探討詞類轉換的原因。筆者歸納出三個主因:(1)修辭,即譯文的可讀性、語體色彩和美感效果;(2)語法,即雙方語法概念和規範的不一致;(3)俄漢語語言習慣,即雙方語言的詞語搭配習慣和思想表達習慣的不一致。第二節藉由對例句的翻譯和分析來說明常見的詞類轉換情形。一般而言,翻譯時,為了忠於原文並符合譯文的語言規範,任何詞類都有可能發生轉換。但在實際翻譯的過程中,就實詞詞類之間的轉譯而言,俄語名詞轉譯為漢語動詞、俄語形容詞轉譯為漢語副詞的轉換情形是較為常見的。俄語動詞轉譯為漢語副詞的情形則相對較少。同時必須強調,詞類轉譯的同時,經常必須使用其他的翻譯技巧,如:換詞、增詞、減詞等,俾使譯文的結構能夠完整,或使譯文能夠忠實地再現原文涵義,或使譯文行文更加自然、通順、符合漢語習慣。
第四章討論俄漢翻譯中的句法轉換,包括句子成分、單複句、主動態與被動態的轉換。本章又分為三節。第一節探討句法轉換的原因。筆者歸納出四個主因:(1)修辭;(2)語法;(3)俄漢語語言習慣;(4)交際功能因素,即根據句子實際切分理論,判斷原文所欲達到的交際目的,再決定哪一種譯法符合原文的交際意圖。例如,俄語無人稱句譯為漢語被動句,可能是為了符合原文的交際目的。第二節藉由對例句的翻譯和分析來說明常見的句子成分情形。俄譯漢時常見的句子成分轉譯情形包括:(1)俄語主語常轉譯為漢語的謂語、賓語、定語和狀語,如:主語如果由動名詞或名詞來充當,可能改譯為漢語謂語;(2)俄語謂語常轉譯為漢語主語和定語,如:謂語использоваться(使用)可能譯為漢語主語「使用」;(3)俄語定語常轉譯為漢語主語、謂語和狀語,如:俄語的「主語+定語」結構,翻譯時需顛倒兩者的修飾關係,從而使定語可能譯為漢語主語,如:чернота глаз(眼眸的黑色),應譯為「黑色的眼眸」,定語глаз轉譯為漢語主語;(4)俄語補語常轉譯為漢語主語、謂語和定語,如:無人稱句的間接補語мне譯為漢語主語「我」;(5)俄語狀語常轉譯為漢語的主語、謂語、定語和補語,如:處所狀語в голове(在腦袋裡)譯為漢語主語「腦袋」。第三節則說明俄漢單複句和主動態與被動態的轉換情形。分析結果發現,俄語簡單句轉譯為漢語複句的情形較俄語複合句轉譯為漢語簡單句的情形多,因為俄語裡的形動詞短語、副動詞短語、前置詞短語的表達手段是漢語語法所缺乏的,這些短語經常需要用漢語的分句來表達,這使得俄語簡單句經常轉譯為漢語複句。此外,俄語被動句轉譯為漢語主動句的情形較多,因為漢語被動句的使用場合有限,受到的侷限較俄語被動句多。另外,必須強調的是,句子成分的轉換和詞類轉換、句式轉換息息相關,往往這幾種轉換情形是同時發生的。
第五章為結論,又分為兩節:總結與建議。在總結部分,筆者指出,透過第三章和第四章中例句的翻譯和分析結果,可以發現,詞類轉換、句子成分轉換與句式轉換等轉換技巧的使用,絕大多數都是為了使譯文符合漢語的思維邏輯、表達習慣和修辭特色,也與俄漢語法差異有部分關聯。從分析結果亦可看出,在翻譯過程中,各種語法轉換情形經常是伴隨發生的,如詞類轉換伴隨著句子成分轉換,句子成分轉換伴隨著句式的轉換等。此外,翻譯時,為了達到翻譯等值,譯者經常不能只單獨使用某一種轉換技巧,如詞類轉換、句子成分或句式轉換,而需要與其他翻譯技巧互相結合(如:增詞、減詞、轉換修飾對象等),才能達到翻譯等值。孤立地使用某一種翻譯技巧,可能會使譯文偏離原文意旨,或帶有嚴重的翻譯腔,或使譯文不符漢語語法規範或習慣。在建議部分,對於後續有志進行俄漢翻譯研究的研究者、俄語學習者、教學者、翻譯工作者、教材編寫者等,筆者提出了幾點建議以供參考。
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客語「打」字構式群:論元體現與及物性之檢測 / A Family of da2 'hit' Constructions in Hakka: An Inspection of Argument Realization and Transitivity葉秋杏 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文「客語「打」字構式群:論元體現與及物性之檢測」旨在運用Kay (1995) 以及Goldberg (1995) 等學者所提出的構式語法觀點,對於客語中典型及物動詞「打」字極具廣泛的語意表徵、論元體現、以及其結構上之及物性程度與力道轉移現象進行檢視及探究。先前文獻普遍認為在動詞結構中,動詞是唯一可決定論元體現成分之主要角色。然而,藉由相關語言事實可以發現,除了仰賴動詞外,論元體現也必須靠結構來決定。這些由形式及語意組合而成的結構,亦各自帶有具區辨性之功能。後則採用Voorst (1996) 所提出的四種程度差異之及物性表徵,更進一步地對於詞組結構、句型結構、以及在言談中之句型變化進行討論。藉由檢視句法語意介面之結構類型,本研究將依據構式框架對於客語中「打」字結構群以及動詞「打」字在結構中的論元體現與及物性特徵提出完整縝密之分析。 / In order to explore the comprehensive semantic representation of the prototypical transitive verb da2 (打) ‘hit’ in Hakka, this study, adopting the framework of Construction Grammar proposed by Kay (1995) and Goldberg (1995), examines the diversification of the structural types in Hakka da2 constructions. In addition, the facets of argument realization and transitivity which involves energy transfer and degrees of affectedness are probed into. In the previous literature, it is hypothesized that a verb is the center responsible for the argument realization of the verbal construction. The relevant facts, however, suggest that the argument structure integrates both the verb and the construction. Constructions — pairings of form and meaning — also carry their distinct functions. For a thorough consideration, the increasing level of closeness and intensity of transitivity offered by Voorst (1996) are applied to tackle not only phrasal but also sentential structures and the structural variations in discourse. In adopting these theories to examine the interaction of syntax and semantics, this paper draws on the constructional framework and attempts to capture both general and idiosyncratic properties with a fine-grained analysis for the family of da2 ‘hit’ constructions in Hakka.
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從中介語語料庫探討對外華語「的」字教學語法張宇虹 Unknown Date (has links)
「的」字在現代漢語中出現頻率之高,卻分佈極其複雜,在外籍生學習上實為一項難點。為幫助華語教師在教學上能掌握學習者的偏誤,進而針對學習者的偏誤修正。本文以鄧守信教授專案研究蒐集之中介語料庫為研究基礎,收集有關「的」字結構之偏誤,歸納最常見的偏誤類型,而在初步觀察中,學習者的偏誤類型大致為「的、地、得」不分、錯序與搭配詞隱現的問題及語境牽制的問題。同時,在眾多學者所研究的「的」字資料中,選擇以徐陽春(2003)對「的」字結構的研究再重新分析初步觀察的偏誤類型,可分為結構功能「的1」之偏誤、XP的結構─中心語隱含之偏誤、語用功能「的2」之偏誤。最後本文按徐陽春(2003)分析的方向來歸納「的」字偏誤類型,以研擬教學方針,及依照學習者程度安排教學順序,並提出教學語法之建議,盼對於華語教學有據實的助益。 / The Chinese character 「de(的)」is used in the Chinese language with high frequency but also with a significant level of complexity. Therefore, it is a difficult factor in the learning of the Chinese language by foreign students. It is indeed, necessary for the teachers who are teaching Chinese as a second language to get a grip of this character, as it is for foreign students in order to correct their errors during the learning period. This study was based on interlanguage information basis which Professor Shou-Hsin Teng presided over. We collected and analyzed the errors about 「de(的)」from it. We thereby propose suggestions on the sequencing and pedagogical application.
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現代漢語動詞短語省略結構的允准層級 =Licensing hierarchy of Mandarin VP-Ellipsis / Licensing hierarchy of Mandarin VP-Ellipsis唐寬 January 2018 (has links)
University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of Chinese
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"來襲" 和 "襲來" 探析 =Exploration and analysis of Laixi and Xilai / Exploration and analysis of Laixi and Xilai付婧莎 January 2017 (has links)
University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities / Department of Chinese
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客語潛能補語構式之事件概念與論元體現:認知模型與構式理論之整合 / Event conception and argument realizations of Hakka potential complement constructions: Integration of cognitive-constructional models強舒媺, Chiang, Shu Mei Unknown Date (has links)
本論文主要採用Jackendoff (2002)之平行結構(parallel architecture)來展現客語潛能補語各次構式在音韻、句法以及語意結構的共性與殊性,並據此呈現此構式於抽象性連續體(continuum of schematicity)上由「完全能產性」(fully productive)、「半能產性」(semi-productive)至「完全獨特性」(fully idiomatic)各區段之分佈狀態,進一步歸納出此構式家族之構式基模(constructional schema)以及繼承階層體系(inheritance hierarchy)。在構式語法精神下,每個構式皆是「形式-功能」之組合,Jackendoff (2002)之平行結構極為精細且縝密地描繪構式之「形式」面向。而為了檢視論元角色如何體現於客語潛能補語構式,認知語法中對事件概念之處理方式是不容忽視的,因此,為了補強平行結構在呈現構式「認知功能」面向之不足,本論文將Langacker (1991)認知模型中「行為鏈」(action chain)、「撞球模型」(billiard ball model)、「舞台模型」(stage model)等認知概念整合至平行結構中,用以顯示說話者對事件之概念化如何影響客語潛能構式之論元體現,進一步檢視此構式形式與功能之象徵性關係在連續體上之展現。藉由構式理論與認知模型之整合,本研究為語言形式與功能之對應提供一縝密之分析模式,並得以反思構式語法之應用性與發展性。 / Adhering to the constructional view claiming that every construction is a form-function pairing, this dissertation provides a detailed analysis of the correspondence between linguistic manifestations and speaker's construal of events. The main focus of this study is on the interactions between argument realizations and event conception in Hakka potential complement constructions. In order to show more vividly the subtle interfacing relationships among phonological, syntactic and semantic structures, this study adopts Jackendoff's (2002) parallel architecture to present clearly the degree of schematicity of Hakka PC constructions. On the other hand, further integrating the cognitive representations such as action chains and stage model from Langacker's (1991) Cognitive Grammar into the parallel architecture crystallizes the symbolic relations between the constructional form and function. Members of Hakka PC constructions are shown to be distributed on a continuum of schematicity, from fully productive cases, to semi-productive cases, and finally to fully substantive cases. Moreover, all subconstructions form a family, organized in an inheritance hierarchy in which the one at the lower level inherits general qualities from its inheritor, and at the same time possess its own uniqueness. Integrating the cognitive and the constructional models, this dissertation proposes a fine-grained and full-fledged analysis of both the regularities and the idiosyncrasies of Hakka PC constructions.
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從動詞意義和結構的整合分析客語移除類動詞 / Verbs of Removal in Hakka: Integration of Verbal Meanings and Constructions廖珮筠, Liao,Pei Yun Unknown Date (has links)
本文以客語移除類動詞為研究對象探索語意和形式的關係。動詞的語義透過詞彙分解化、概念結構、詞彙化、框架語義和顯像等機制帶出。後以Goldberg (1995, 2006)的構式理論為基礎,運用Iwata (2005a, b)建議的修正模式,對動詞和結構之間的整合,提出更精細、更詳盡的解釋。根據前述方法,我們初步將移除類動詞分為六個次分類,並呈現出他們在結構上被顯像的論元。最後帶入Iwata提出的模組,分析各次分類動詞和不同句子結構的結合情形和其後的語義表現。 / This paper aims to explore verbs of removal in Hakka with respect to the relationship between form and meaning. Following the constructional approach in the shape of Goldberg (1995, 2006) and Iwata (2005a, b), we display a finer mechanism for the integration of verbal meanings and constructions. Verbal meanings, L-meanings (Lexical Head Level Meaning), are carried out through the following concepts: decomposition, conceptual structure, conflation, frame, profiling. Constructional meanings or P-meanings (Phrasal Level Meaning), variants of L-meanings, are manifested by different constructions. In our preliminary analysis, we display six tentative subclasses of verbs of removal in Hakka, depending on their different lexicalized meanings. We also present the different roles they profile in phrasal expressions. Last, we demonstrate the integration of the verbal meaning and several constructions (e.g., BUN construction and LAU construction).
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