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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

華語人物分類詞之社會文化意涵 / The Social-Cultural Significances of Mandarin Classifiers

宋千儀 Unknown Date (has links)
華語乃具有「分類詞」的語言,華語人士在溝通時利用分類詞為人物分類,溝通乃人我互動,既是客觀行為,也關涉主觀態度,分類詞的選擇足以顯現華文化的價值觀。華語人物分類詞隨世代推移亦迭有消退與增生反映文化、價值觀的傳統與新變。本論文旨在探討華語人物分類詞的文化意涵,辨明語言表層現象背後的文化深層結構。 本論文的研究議題包括:人物分類詞於固定的形式語意指涉之外,是否有功能意義?如果有功能性意義,華語人士在擇用分類詞指涉人物時社會文化的宰制條件何在?華語人士擇用分類詞指涉人物可表達何種態度、達成哪些溝通目的?世代變遷之下人物分類詞的功能意義是否有變異或變遷?是否有所增長、消退、創用、維持? 本論文的研究方法有二,一為歷時研究,一為共時研究。歷時研究旨在區辨人物分類詞的種類,說明個別分類詞的意義以及歷代使用情形。共時研究旨在瞭解世代變遷與語言變遷的關連,分辨華人價值觀是否隨時代改變而變動,釐清現代華語人士在指涉人物時擇用分類詞背後的原因,並觀察語言使用情境與分類詞的選擇的關連。歷時研究與共時研究互相對照,以期瞭解分類詞使用的世變,以及分類詞彰顯的華文化價值觀。 歷時研究採文獻蒐集法,利用語料庫檢索上古、中古、近代、現代書面語料之人物分類詞。歷時研究以《上古漢語標記語料庫》、《中古漢語標記語料庫》、《近代漢語標記語料庫》、《現代漢語平衡語料庫》以及素語料庫《古漢語語料庫》為語料來源,耙梳典籍文獻以及歷代辭書,以釐清人物分類詞的詞語來源及指涉意義。歷時研究並探索人物分類詞的種類,以及比較歷史時期與現代時期分類詞的用法、功能之異同增減。歷時研究觀察歷史文獻中顯示人際意義的華語分類詞,分為指涉個體人物的分類詞與指涉群體人物的分類詞,指涉群體人物的分類詞有分為具有社會評價的群體人物分類詞以及顯示社會連結意義的群體分類詞。本研究據余英時(1984)、文崇一(1989)、彭泗清(1993)、傅佩榮(1999)、徐復觀(2003)對華人價值定位的主張,以及楊中芳(1994)、黃光國(1984、1991、1999、2005a、2005b)、危芷芬(2000)對華人的人際關係的看法,以華文化價值觀區分華人評價人物價值的價值維度有六,其中道德維度、知識維度、財富維度以及權勢維度四個維度關涉俗世人物,神聖性則關涉個體之聖俗,集團大我共同性則關乎群體成員之間的聯繫。 共時研究以歷時研究及先導測試(pilot test)為基礎,以探討現代漢語的人物分類詞使用情形。從先導測試得知道德維度、知識維度、財富維度、權勢維度以及神聖性有等級之分,道德及知識維度有正負、高低,財富及權勢維度有多、中、寡及強、中、弱之分,神聖性有高低有無之分,依據維度挑選符合各維度正負、高低、多寡、強弱趨向的人物名詞。本研究亦經由先導測試取捨要測試的人物分類詞,由先導測試發現有些人物分類詞為晚近才成為人物分類詞如「坨」,便納入研究。此外,依據陳志信(1997)、黃光國(1984、1991、1999、2005a、2005b)主張「尊尊」「親親」為文化價值之所在,先導測試從「親親原則」、「尊尊原則」得到畫分人際圈子顯示社會連結的群體分類詞如「門」「派」「宗」等。從先導測試獲取施測的人物分類詞和人物名詞,做為本論文共時研究的設計基礎。 共時研究蒐集當代口語語料,觀察現代使用分類詞的習慣。共時研究探討今日的口語表現,以明語言的變遷,以及語言背後支撐語言表現的華文化價值觀,並對照訪談語料與語料庫現代書面語料,分辨現代分類詞的多元功能。共時研究區分華人評價人物價值的價值維度與歷時研究相同,皆為道德、知識、財富、權勢、神聖性以及集團大我共同性六個價值維度。 共時研究採訪談法蒐集口語語料,以長程深度訪談調取當代華語人士口語語料。訪談對象共36名,受訪者的社會變項依據年齡、教育程度區分。年齡層分為老年(60歲以上)、中年(40—55歲)、青年(18—30歲)三的年齡層,教育程度分為高教育程度(大學及大學以上)、中教育程度(高中)、低教育程度(國中及國中以下)三個教育程度。共時研究訪談問題為檢測受訪者對名詞與分類詞共現的選擇,並瞭解說話者擇取分類詞的理由。訪談問題分為由受訪者主動提供答案的開放式訪談問題(open-ended questions)及由本研究者提供選項讓受訪者選擇的封閉式訪談問題(closed-ended questions),訪談問題利用個體人物名詞檢測分類詞與名詞共現,問題共三部分,每部分之下另分題組。第一部份檢測人物名詞與個體人物分類詞之共現,第二部分檢測人物名詞與具有社會評價之人物分類詞之共現,第三部分檢測名詞與顯示社會連結的分類詞之共現。 研究結果經量化統計及質性分析,證實本研究的假設(一)人物分類詞除了固定形式語意之外,的確有功能意義。(二)由於功能意義浮動,人物分類詞與名詞之間未必是固定共現關係。(三)人物分類詞的功能意義受華文化的「親親原則」與「尊尊原則」宰制。(四)華人利用分類詞指涉人物以滿足文化功能、社會功能及語用功能。(五)分類詞的功能意義的確隨世代變遷而有所增減、創用、維持。本研究並發現,雖然分類詞與名詞的共現有其規則,但是說話者於溝通時未必遵循分類詞與名詞的共現規則。說話者違反分類詞與名詞搭配常例,以傳達讚揚、貶抑、嘲諷、玩笑、友善、不友善等溝通目的。 最後本論文藉歷時研究及共時研究瞭解語言的使用功能反映溝通的情境特色,華語指涉人物的分類詞區分個體與群體之尊卑、親疏,其背後深層結構乃是華文化崇尚人際協合(solidarity)的「親親」原則,以及明辨社會位階(power)的「尊尊」原則兩大禮制精神。華語分類詞隨世代推移而有更迭,詞語的文言化、新興詞的出現、方言逆向入注等現象證明語言與時俱變。分類詞的增生、消退、維持、創用反映華人社會真實狀況,印證語言為滿足社會的需求而不斷變化。
12

生活世界與合理性 / 由哈伯瑪斯何謂普遍語用學至溝通行動理論之探究

吳佩瑾, Wu,Peggie Unknown Date (has links)
本論文主要任務為探討哈伯瑪斯(J?rgen Habermas, 1929-) 於《溝通行動理論》(Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns, 1981) 中生活世界概念與其普遍語用學之關聯
13

由句法角色、語用功能、及社會限制來看插話造成的發言轉換現象 / Turn-talking through interruption - syntactic, pragmatic, and social constraints

王秀如, Wang, Hsiu-Ju Unknown Date (has links)
在日常對話中,通常一次只有一個人說話,然而,卻常常發現有不只一個談話者同時說話的情形。這種違反常規的重疊現象(overlappings)可分為疊話(overlaps)跟插話(interruptions)。大部份的學者依據句法結構或音韻觀點來區分疊話跟插話,似仍有遺漏,故本篇論文嘗試依據插話的語意內容來區分這兩種重疊現象,又本文的重點是放在插話的研究,作者試從語法角色(grammatical roles)、順序(linear order)、語用功能、及社會因素來探討插話者如何成功的襲奪被插話者的說話權利。 本篇論文的語料採自十一個雙人面對面的日常對話,其中男生和男生的對話其三份,女生和女生的對話以及男女之間的對話各四份。此分類方式是基於觀察交談者之間性別的異同所帶來的權力(power)以及等同性(solidarity)是否會影響插話的頻率、位置、和語用功能的分配。在語料中將區分所有疊話和插話,同時標記語用功能,及插話者和被插話的性別以便於做統計分析。 本篇論文發現插話現象主要是受順序先後的影響,百分之八十的插話發生在前5到8個位置,且這些位置不受特殊語法角色的限制,此外,插話通常發生在詞組外而非在詞組內。至於插話的語用功能,以做澄清功能(clarification)為最多,反對功能(disagreement)次之,確認功能(confirmation)最少。而單就插話者的性別而言,女生所引發的插話頻率跟男生相近,這可能是由於女生的高教育背景,使女生有獨立思考的能力、較高的社會地位,與充分的發言權,再加上過於強調男女平權,使女生的插話頻率提高。而在考慮插話者與被插話者的性別方面,的確發現了權力的影響力,男生打岔女生的頻率確實高於女生打岔男生的頻率,但兩者差距不大,一方面可能是男生為要表現社會禮儀以示對女生的尊重,另一方面可能是漠視女生的知識能力而不與之爭辯,故其打岔的頻率不如預期的高。 在高教育背景的影響之下,女生開始要求男女平等,進而嘗試跳脫中國傳統性別角色的限制。於是,女生和男生的插話行為將因性別限制的解除而趨於一致。 / Transition of turn in daily conversation is not always rule-governed. Violation of turn-taking rules may result in overlapping, which includes overlap and interruption. Differentiation of the two by syntactic and phonological criteria may sometimes fail. To remedy the problem, it is suggested that the communicative purpose of overlapping should be taken into consideration. That is, if the overlapping evokes cooperation, it should be counted as overlap; if it entails antagonism and competition, it should be judged as interruption. The focus of this study is to find out how syntactic structure, timing, pragmatic functions, and social constraints influence the emergence of interruption. The data needed in this study were collected from eleven dyadic face to face daily conversations, including three male-male conversations, four female-female conversations, and four male-female conversations. In each conversation, interruptions are identified and categorized by their pragmatic functions and by the interrupter's and interruptee's gender. The results of this study indicates that timing is more influential to the occurrence of interruption than the grammatical roles of the syntactic sites in which interruptions take place. It is found that about 80% of interruption occurs in the first eight positions in sentences with transitive verbs and the first five positions in sentences with intransitive verbs. In these positions, grammatical roles of all kinds may appear. In addition, interruptions are found to occur more frequently on syntactic junctures than within syntactic constituents. As to pragmatic functions of interruptions, there is a priority order among three of the pragmatic functions that interruptions serve, with interruption for clarification overrides interruption for disagreement, which suppresses interruption for confirmation. As for the social constraints on interruption, first, females, unexpectedly, interrupt their interlocutors as frequently as males do. Promotion of social-economic status through education and emergence of self-confidence are offered to explain why women initiate many interruptions. On the other hand, superficial courtesy and man chauvinism are provided to explain why men interrupt less often than expected. Next, when both the interrupter's and the interruptee's genders are taken into consideration, the influence of power is revealed only in cross gender conversation, with males' interrupting females more than their being interrupted by females. On the surface, both men and women interrupt their interlocutors. However, underlyingly, men interrupt to show power to control, while women interrupt to show power to resist control. It seems that men, in Chinese society, are still the dominating sex. It is predicted that the power difference between men and women will be alleviated in the future. At that time, the two sexes will share the same patterns of interruptions.
14

從小說文本看台灣華語中的語碼轉換現象:社會語用分析 / Code-switching in a Chinese Novel: Sociopragmatic Analysis

林龍吟, Lin, Lung Yin Unknown Date (has links)
本論文嘗試分析王禎和小說《玫瑰玫瑰我愛你》人物對白中的語碼轉換現象 ,探討文本中轉碼的社會語用策略與功能、轉碼的結構形式、以及語種變換的類別。希望藉由本研究歸納出的台灣華人語碼轉換的規律性與通則,為日後華語文教學與教材編撰上提供參考價值。 本論文的分析框架建立在Gumperz (1972,1982) 提出的情境型語碼轉換 (Situational code-switching )、隱喻型語碼轉換(Metaphorical code-switching)、對話對話型語碼轉換(Conversational code-switching),Poplack(1980)提出的句間語碼轉換(Inter-sentential switching)、句內語碼轉換(Intra-sentential switching)、附加語碼轉換(Tag switching),以及Leech(1983)的語篇修辭(Textual Rhetoric)與人際修辭(Interpersonal Rhetoric )的觀念。 總計文本中的轉碼語料共有282筆。研究結果如下列所述。首先,文本中的語種變換類型有:國語轉閩南語、國語轉英語、閩南語轉國語、閩南語轉日語、閩語南轉客語、英語轉國語。分析結果顯示台灣華人以國語轉入其他語言的比例最高(占63.4%),其次是以閩南語轉入其他語言(占30.8%)。相較之下,以其他語言母體語或鑲崁語的轉碼比例偏低。另外,國語和閩南語之間的互轉是文本中台灣華人最常使用的語碼轉換方式,其主要因素與台灣的政治、族群和社會變遷相關。 在句間語碼轉換(Inter-sentential switching)、句內語碼轉換(Intra-sentential switching)與附加語碼轉換(Tag switching)中,句間語碼轉換占80.0%比例最高,句內語碼轉換居次(占16.0%),可能是因為句間語碼轉換較不像句內語碼轉換,需要較多文法上的技巧問題,所以對人們來說比較容易。附加語碼轉換在文本出現的比例僅占4.3%。 在情境型語碼轉換 (Situational code-switching )、隱喻型語碼轉換(Metaphorical code-switching)與對話型語碼轉換(Conversational code-switching)中,隱喻型語碼轉換高達80.1%;而情境型和對話型語碼轉換總共僅占19.9%,其中情境型語碼轉換占12.1%,對話型語碼轉換占7.8%。在情境型轉碼中,國語轉閩南語占3.2%,國語轉英語占5.7%,閩南語轉國語占2.5%。隱喻型語碼轉換中,以國語轉閩南語占41.8%及閩南語轉國語占23.0%比例最高。 本研究發現文本中轉碼被運用於語篇修辭的比例略高於人際修辭。就語篇修辭而言,分析結果顯示語碼轉換在語篇修辭中計有:訊息有無(添加訊息、詢問)、全面瞭解(解釋、糾正、確認、澄清)、比較、話題轉換(主題、段落)及指涉(具體、替代)等五類11項功能策略。文本中的語碼轉換大部分是為了要對訊息做入碼運作(Processibility Principle),占34.0%,表達原則(Expressivity Principle)占29.2% ,清晰原則(Clarity Principle)占25.9% ,經濟原則(Economy Principle)占10.9%。 語碼轉換在人際修辭社會情境中的使用大多是為社會面向的目的(占人際修辭總語料的87.4%),比場合面向(12.6%)高出非常多,顯示在人際修辭中,轉碼主要的目的是處理人際關係,而不是應付場合條件之所需。在社會面向中,語碼轉換所占的比例多寡順序為:社會標記(41.5%) > 態度(26.7%) > 社會距離的順應調整(19.3%) 。 小說中的語言與文化對於華語教學而言是現成有趣的教材。所以筆者認為小說文本應可運用在華語教學上當作教材使用,以教授外籍學生華語文本賞析的技巧,並了解小說作者或文本人物言語行為的真正社會語用意圖。 關鍵詞:文本分析、語碼轉換、混碼與夾碼、社會語用、華語文教學
15

連体修飾の接続形式「ような」の意味機能

金, 春女 31 March 2009 (has links) (PDF)
No description available.
16

阿佩爾論述倫理學研究:語用學轉向中的先驗奠基與普世應用

劉育兆 Unknown Date (has links)
在全球化的處境之下,有許多問題無法繼續依賴傳統的方式來解決,特別是關於正義,以及需要人類擔負起共同責任的問題。於是,建立一套放諸四海皆準的倫理學便成了當務之急。 當代哲學家阿佩爾承繼了康德倫理學的基本架構,並在語用學轉向的思潮下,將它由獨我論式的倫理轉化為以「先驗語用學」來終極奠基之「論述倫理學」。論述倫理學以「論辯」為其核心概念,主張在進行論辯時,有應當遵循之「不可規避的」若干預設。一旦否定了那些預設,便不可能藉由溝通達成共識,甚至會導致「實行上的自我矛盾」。阿佩爾的論述倫理學也強調它具有應用的面向,亦即它也處理了在歷史的現實情境中,如何促成實質的道德規範的問題。藉由提出後約定俗成式的道德,來將責任落實在既有的諸般制度之上。 本文試圖闡述論述倫理學的先驗奠基與普世應用的雙重特性,這使得它足以作為一套普遍的「巨型倫理學」,而能替全球化帶來的問題提供解決之道。
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新聞訪談之「語用技巧」分析:以前提概念為例 / On Pragmatic Strategies in News Interviews

葉方珣, Yeh,Fanghsun Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在討論新聞記者如何運用語用學之「前提」概念來引導受訪者回答,藉由「丟面子問題」質疑並挑戰受訪者「答非所問」之迴避回應。個案研究以一則平面政經新聞報導為言說分析之例,從主張與前提兩個語言單位來探究前提在訪談問答間扮演何種角色與功能。 相關語言學文獻討論曾指出記者前提影響受訪者之回應面向。本文進一步認為,記者訪談前提往往誘導受訪者針對該前提回應(而非針對問題本身),並藉助記者的背景知識與訪談對話以預設前提並挑戰受訪者。 歸納個案文本的言說分析與個案記者訪談後,本研究發現,記者前提所產生的命題確實影響並誘導受訪者回應,並以記者的前設知識來探討前提技巧如何獲得受訪者更多、更深入的回應。整理上述提問、回應模式,本研究擬出語用前提作為「問好問題」之言談方法及雙方互動的橋樑,盼能提供訪談者一套語言策略。 / The goal of this research aims to explore how pragmatic presuppositions in news interviews influence the interaction of interlocutors, conducted by discourse analysis on assertions and presuppositions within each pair of questioning. By identifying the face-threatening questions which ends up leading the interviewee to non-reply responses, the case study concentrates on one public-figure interview in attempts to unveiling the tactics of placing presuppositions, added by the in-depth interview with the journalist of the case to take the speaker’s meaning into account. The result of this research enabled the author to discover the interaction of presupposition in the form of propositions between the interlocutors that leads the interviewee’s response to challenge the journalist’s presuppostions. The researcher also found evidences indicating the presumption of the journalist produces presuppostion as well as the response, which enables this research to develop a pragmatic strategy of news interview based on the use of presuppositions.
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華語學習者會話中的自我修復研究 / A Study of Self-Repair in Conversation by Chinese Learners

沈姿均 Unknown Date (has links)
在交談中在人們的交談中,順暢不間斷的話語是很少存在的。說話者對話語的修復 (repair)才是口語會話中普遍存在的現象。而修復的使用會因為可執行的語用功能有所不同,同時也可能受到學習者的語言程度而有所影響。過去國內外已有許多關於自我修復的研究,但是針對以華語為第二外語學習者的自我修復現象,則尚未見到較為深入的研究。本研究主要為了瞭解華語學習者使用的修復方式 (repair) 以及語用功能 (Pragmatic Function) 和他們的華語程度之間的關係。 為達研究目的,本研究採用實地錄製而來的語料分析。 一共使用九份語料, 受試者來自不同的國家學習華語者,年齡層約介於19-30歲之間。依他們的華語程度分成中級、中高級、高級三個等級。 在每個等級中,皆採用三份會話語料,而這三份會話語料之受試者性別分別是男女、女女、男男,總共採用18名受試者的語料,他們彼此的關係都是好朋友或為同班同學。每筆語料約擷取三十分鐘的長度,對話的形式則是面對面的、未經事先計畫的真實、自然的互動。 語料蒐集後,依照不同的修復方式分為:重複、補全、詳述、替代、重啟、重組六種;說話者的語用功能為:保留話輪、補充說明、更正、確認。所有語料經過分類統計過後,結果發現:1.程度較高的學習者修復次數比程度低的多;2.說話者做的詞彙方面的修復頻率高於句法方面的修復;3.說話者使用的修復方式受到語用功能與句法的影響,其偏好順序為:重複、詳述、替代、補全、重啟、重組;4.說話者為保留話輪使用重複多於補全與重啟;為補充說明說話者使用詳述多於替代與重組;為確認使用重複多於替代與補全;5.說話者的程度不影響為保留話輪與確認所做的修復方式,只有在補充說明此功能中的替代這種方式有顯著差異。 / Many linguists have found that perfect utterances do not actually exist all the time during a conversation. In fact, an unclear message is usually sent and need to be Repaired. This study aims to investigate self-Repairs made by Chinese learners, in particular with respect to inter-relationships among repair types, the pragmatic functions of repairs, and the speaker’s language proficiency. Data analyzed in this study are collected from nine dyadic, face-to-face daily conversations, each lasting at least 30 minutes. There are 18 participants from different countries aged between 19 and 30. They are divided into three different groups according to their language level. In order to see whether the different interactions between Repair types, pragmatic functions and speaker’s proficiency is significant or not, this study will use ANOVA to analyze those data. The findings are as follows: For the pragmatic function of Floor-holding, speakers use Repeat more than Complete and Restart. For the pragmatic function of Clarification, Elaboration is the type most frequently used, and then follows the types Replace and Reorder. For the pragmatic function of Confirmation, Repeat is also the most favored type. With the speaker’s language level taken into consideration, this study finds that interlocutors’ proficiency does not influence the choice of Repair types to serve the pragmatic function of Floor-holding and Confirmation. The only significant difference found in the pragmatic function of clarification is found in intermediate level and high level.
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漢語兒童請求時的禮貌 / Mandarin-speaking children's politeness in requests

陳郁彬, Chen, Yupin Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要探討台灣漢語兒童在日常家庭對話中,對父母行使請求時的語言表現及禮貌現象,以了解漢語兒童的語用發展歷程與現象。研究的重點主要是在兒童表達請求的言語行為時所使用的語言形式,以及人際關係中會影響兒童禮貌表現的因素及其反應在語言形式的使用情形。透過對兩位以漢語為母語的兒童長期互動的觀察,本研究發現,兒童在表達請求時,採用多元的語言形式,包含祈使句、直述句、帶有語尾助詞的祈使句、以及表達個人慾望或需求的陳述句。考量這些語言形式使用的情境後進一步發現,兒童傾向在一般的日常對話中多以表達個人慾望的陳述句為表達請求的主要語言形式,而在合作互動的情境中,主要的請求語言形式則絕大多數為祈使句;這樣的語言功能分工,在兩歲半左右可以明顯觀察得到。 另外,透過兒童語言形式表達禮貌的觀察顯示,兒童普遍會依照人際互動的一些因素來選擇表達請求時所適用的語言形式,尤以有效性及地位高低為主要的兩個考量因素。觀察中發現,兒童大量使用祈使句及表達個人慾望需求的陳述句來表達請求,而其他的語言型式相對上則少得許多,主要的因素很有可能是這兩類的語言型式,在他們與父母互動中最能有效達到他們的溝通目的。此外,兒童也會依照他們在表達請求時與他們父母間的地位高低來考量請求所要使用的語言形式。儘管觀察結果指出,兒童傾向使用能有效達到溝通互動目的的語言形式來表達他們的請求,必要時,他們也會依照互動雙方的地位關係進行語言形式的微調,這樣的語言表現有明顯的系統性;而這樣的系統性,進而突顯了兒童約略在三歲前即對禮貌在語言形式使用的影響有了初步的系統與了解。 除了句法結構外,兒童也會透過詞彙單位來傳達他們在請求所應注意的禮貌,例如,必要時,他們會使用「幫」、「請」、及「我們」來修飾或削弱請求時可能對對方所造成的影響。這些詞彙的使用在發展上屬於略晚才習得的語言形式。 最後,研究的結果也指出,雖然兒童表達請求時,使用較為間接而有禮的語言形式,未必較能有效地達到他們的溝通目的,但是如果在表達請求的同時,也進一步說明理由者,達到溝通目的的機率則有明顯的增加。另外,從語言形式和表達請求的情境及人際地位的互動中發現,兒童表達請求的基本語言形式極有可能為表達個人的慾望與需求的陳述句,儘管祈使句在所觀察的語料中使用的頻率最高。這樣的論點,不但符合其他文獻中針對兒童語言發展的發現,也貼近兒童語言發展為連續過程的觀點,且也反應了人類語言發展的基本歷程。 / This study aims to investigate Mandarin-speaking children’s requests and their linguistic politeness so as to contribute to the understanding of children’s pragmatic development as well as linguistic development. The present study is mainly concerned with what linguistic devices children utilize to issue requests in spontaneous interactions with their parents and what interpersonal factors may have an influence on children’s uses of request forms. These two issues were discussed through examinations over children’s spontaneous interactions with their parents in family settings. On the basis of the longitudinal data produced by two children, it has been found that when requesting, children draw upon various linguistic devices, primarily including simple imperatives, WANT statements, imperatives with sentence-final particle, and declaratives. Such a variety of request forms can be observed from an early age on, at around two years old, but demonstrates no remarkable development, judged simply by these formal devices used at different ages. When situational contexts are also taken into account, nevertheless, a developmental pattern regarding the request forms is thus revealed. In terms of situational contexts, children are found to use simple imperatives primarily to convey their requests when involved in interactive activities with their parents, whereas they tend to utilize both simple imperatives and WANT statements when having common talks with their parents. Such a division of labor can be noticeably observed when children are about two and half years old. As to children’s linguistic politeness when making requests, the results reveal that children are aware of the influence of certain interactional and interpersonal factors on the appropriate use of linguistic forms. Children are inclined to draw upon comparatively more effective forms to issue their requests, and therefore children by and large request with pure imperatives and WANT statements, since these two request forms may effectively obtain the desirable compliance from their parents. In addition to effectiveness, children may also take interpersonal status and request cost into consideration when judging which request forms to use in the immediate context. Such consideration of interpersonal status when determining the appropriate request forms to use may thus reflects children’s awareness of politeness at around the age of three. In addition to syntactic structures, children are also found to draw upon lexical items to show their deference to politeness. Children may use such lexical forms as qing ‘please’, bang ‘to help with’ and women ‘let’s; we’ to mitigate the illocutionary force in their requests. These forms, despite their low frequencies in the data, may thus reveal children’s sensitivity to politeness when making such a face-threatening act as requests. The use of these polite lexical forms also discloses a comparatively late development in linguistic politeness; children may not use such polite forms until they reach the second half of their second year. A late development is also observed in the respect of children’s use of reasons to justify their requests. The results show that children’s justification may generally increase the effectiveness of their requests, but such use is infrequent and only observed at a later age, around the age of three. Finally, the results of the investigation into the data may suggest that WANT statements are highly likely an earlier developed request form and the prime linguistic forms children rely on to issue their requests, given the findings that children tend to request with WANT statements when interacting with parents at a lower status as a child and that children’s use of request forms are prone to the effect of interpersonal status. Such a suggestion may not only conform to the findings in previous studies with regard to children’s linguistic development in requests, but also accord with the general developmental pattern of human languages.
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中文對話中的同意使用:語用學與社會語言學分析 / Agreement in Mandarin Chinese: a sociopragmatic analysis

魏愷玟, Wei, Kai Wen Unknown Date (has links)
本論文分析中文使用者如何選擇同意行為中相關之同意類別、同意程度、和語用策略。此外,本研究也檢視性別對人們同意使用的影響力。本論文採用言談分析(conversational analysis)作為研究框架。除此之外,本研究以言語行為理論(speech act theory),合作原則(Cooperative Principles)及禮貌原則理論(Politeness Principles)作為理論基礎。 本篇論文調查八個雙人面對面的日常會話,其中同性別的會話共四份(包含男生和男生的會話兩份,以及女生和女生的會話兩份),跨性別之間的會話共四份。在這八段會話當中,總共找到152筆語料。在分析的過程中,先將同意的語料做分類,進而分析同意的類別、程度、語用策略的使用、社會因素(性別),以及這四者之間的互動。 研究結果顯示,(一)同意類別方面,人們使用同意核心(Head act alone)和同意修飾語(Supportive moves alone)的頻率皆高於同意核心和修飾語的併用;(二)六個同意支類別方面,同意表徵(Agreement marker)使用頻率顯著高於其他五個同意支類別;(三)同意的強度方面,無條件同意(Agreement without contingency)的使用率顯著高於有條件同意(Agreement with contingency);(四)無條件同意的支類別方面,強化同意(Upgrading agreement)的使用率顯著高於持平同意(Preserving agreement);(五)語用策略方面,篇章修辭策略(Textual rhetoric strategies)的使用率顯著高於人際修辭策略(Interpersonal rhetoric strategies);(六)篇章修辭策略的支類別方面,強調策略(Emphasis)和闡述策略(Elaboration)是最常被使用的;(七)修飾語的支類別和篇章修辭策略的互動方面,研究結果發現一項語用策略分工:強調策略通常使用於受同意的命題內容(Agreed propositional content),而闡述策略通常使用於新增的命題內容(Extra propositional content);(八)人際修辭策略方面,研究結果也發現一項語用策略分工:讓步策略(Concession)通常使用於同意核心,而支持策略(Supporting)通常使用於同意修飾語;(九)最後,研究結果顯示性別會影響人們的同意使用情形。特別是女性容易在同意類別、同意強度和語用策略的使用上,受到聽話者的性別的影響。 / This thesis investigates people’s choice among categories of agreement construction, degrees of agreement, and pragmatic strategies in agreement. Also, the influence of gender is examined. Conversational analysis (CA) is taken as the framework of this thesis. Besides, speech act theory (Austin, 1962; Searle, 1975), Cooperative Principle (Grice, 1975), and Politeness Principles (Brown and Levinson, 1978, 1987; Leech, 1983) are theoretical foundations of this study. 8 face-to-face conversations, including 4 same-gender groups and 4 cross-gender groups, which yield 152 tokens of agreement, were investigated. Related data are classified and analyzed by categories of agreement, degrees of agreement, and pragmatic strategies in agreement, social factor—gender in this study, and the interaction among the four. The results of quantitative analyses confirm the following findings. (1) For categories of agreement, people apply both head act alone and supportive move alone more frequently than head act with supportive moves. (2) For the six subcategories of agreement, agreement marker overrides the other five. (3) For degrees of agreement, agreement without contingency emerges much more frequently than agreement with contingency. (4) For the subtypes of agreement without contingency, upgrading agreement is used significantly more than preserving agreement. (5) For pragmatic strategies, textual rhetoric strategies are applied much more frequently than interpersonal rhetoric strategies. (6) In textual rhetoric strategies, emphasis and elaboration are adopted most of the time. (7) For the interaction of subtypes of supportive moves and textual rhetoric strategies, a division of pragmatic labor emerges: emphasis often occurs in agreed propositional content, while elaboration often occurs in extra propositional content. (8) For interpersonal rhetoric strategies, a division of pragmatic labor is also located: concession often appears in head act alone, whereas supporting often appears in supportive moves alone. Lastly, (9) Gender is an influential factor in the use of agreement. Women are the one who tend to be influenced by hearer’s gender in their choice of categories of agreement, degree of agreement, and pragmatic strategies in agreement.

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