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全製程過度調整下之變動抽樣時間 / Economic Design of VSI Control Charts for Monitoring Over-adjusted Process柯芝穎 Unknown Date (has links)
The over-adjustment means that the process is adjusted unnecessarily when a false alarm occurs. It may result in shifts in process mean and variance affecting the quality of products and have the effect of an increase in variability and cost. In this paper, the economic variable sample interval (VSI) standard and control charts are proposed to monitor effectively the mean and variance of the over-adjusted process. We use a Markov chain approach to derive the design parameters of the standard and charts by the minimum of the cost function. An example of shampoo making process is used to illustrate the application and performance of the proposed VSI standard and charts in detecting shifts in process mean and variance. Furthermore, we compare the cost and performances for the economic FSI (fixed sampling interval) and VSI control charts.
Support for this research was provided in part by the National Science Council of the Republic of China, grant No. NSC 94-2118-M-004-003. / The over-adjustment means that the process is adjusted unnecessarily when a false alarm occurs. It may result in shifts in process mean and variance affecting the quality of products and have the effect of an increase in variability and cost. In this paper, the economic variable sample interval (VSI) standard and control charts are proposed to monitor effectively the mean and variance of the over-adjusted process. We use a Markov chain approach to derive the design parameters of the standard and charts by the minimum of the cost function. An example of shampoo making process is used to illustrate the application and performance of the proposed VSI standard and charts in detecting shifts in process mean and variance. Furthermore, we compare the cost and performances for the economic FSI (fixed sampling interval) and VSI control charts.
Support for this research was provided in part by the National Science Council of the Republic of China, grant No. NSC 94-2118-M-004-003.
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比較東西歐銀行體系之動態經濟效率許玟婷 Unknown Date (has links)
各國銀行業可能由於法規限制、經營管理能力與文化傳統上的差異,修正前期成本的調整速度未必完全一致。因此,本研究將Ahn et al.(2000)的生產函數模型延伸為成本函數,利用Translog成本函數衡量東西歐銀行生產成本的調整速度與長期成本效率,比較其成本效率之動態過程。採用一般動差法,分別估計1994到2005年歐洲29個國家,合計262家銀行之成本函數與技術效率。
實證結果得知,在西歐具有成熟的資本市場以及健全金融環境、管理經驗下,生產成本的調整速度,確較東歐各國銀行為快。在技術效率方面,不論在長短期,西歐各國銀行的相對效率值皆高於東歐。此外,東西歐銀行體系皆具有規模經濟與多元經濟之特性。
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電子文件註記系統之探討與實作江柏寬 Unknown Date (has links)
現代科技日新月異,學習者隨時隨地都可以利用簡單的設備連上網路取得檔案文件與網頁等數位資訊。也因此我們需要一種工具與機制來幫助學習者使用得到的數位資訊,精確的記錄個人的意見與知識,並且創造一個方便的訊息交換機制支援學習者之間的互動,進而促進個人與團體的知識成長。傳統的筆記主要功能是幫助個人的學習,記錄所習得的知識與心得,並且使個人得以瞭解自己的學習狀況以改善學習策略。而在資訊化的時代註記可以讓人們針對某些特定資源記錄任何個人意見,與其他使用者透過網際網路的連結進行意見交流及知識分享。本研究設計一種同時支援個人自我調整學習與團體合作學習的註記系統,以解決此一需求。
我們發現有些文件並不允許使用者修改其內容,因此無法直接在上面添加註記,或是有些資訊媒介本身並不支援註記呈現的功能,在這種情境之下,常見的作法便是選擇將文件與註記分開儲存,在不修改原始文件的情況下進行註記,並且在瀏覽的時候將兩者暫時結合呈現。此一模式解決了使用者無權編輯文件的問題,但是採用註記與文件分開儲存的策略在文件遭到修改時容易產生註記定位上的混淆,註記很可能會呈現在不正確的位置或是直接造成註記系統的執行錯誤,這是我們急需解決的問題。
本研究先對個人調整學習、合作學習與知識分享等文獻進行分析,並且參考現存註記系統的建置模式與註記重定位策略,建置一個可以支援個人與團體使用的註記系統,系統採用註記與文件分開儲存的模式使註記得以獨立於文件檔案之外,並且具備了同步與非同步的溝通機制,使用者可與他人即時交換文字資訊並且分享註記畫面。除此之外,本研究也設計了一種有效的註記重定位策略,可以在文章經過修改之後將註記重新正確顯示,並且在雛型系統上實作以驗證其可行性與正確性。
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股票指數調整的價格變動效果和分析師的盈餘預測反應 / The Effects of changes in price and analyst responses of earnings forecasts to stocks indices adjustments杜佳蓉, Tu, Chia Jung Unknown Date (has links)
本論文分為兩部分,第一部份探討日經225和摩根台指成分股調整的價格變動效果。第二部份則是探討分析師對於股票被納入日經225和摩根台指的盈餘預測反應和絕對預測誤差。 / Two essays are comprised in this dissertation to examine the effects of changes in price and the analyst responses of earnings forecasts to stocks Indices adjustments. Stock markets vary in nature from one country to another and the characteristic of stock index adjustments also alter significantly. The analytical results can provide better information for investors and management to make better decisions.
In the first essay, we examine price effects associated with changes in the composition of the Nikkei 225 Index and MSCI Taiwan Index. The analytical results show the price effects on stocks experiencing adjustments in the Nikkei 225 Index are consistent with the price pressure hypothesis. The price effects of composite stocks changed for the MSCI Taiwan Index are consistent with the downward sloping demand curve hypothesis. Based on classifying the characteristics of composite stocks into three categories, we find that large-scale added stocks dominate the price trend of the whole added sample in the Nikkei 225 Index. Also, added stocks with upwards revision earnings forecasts make more abnormal returns than the added stocks with downwards revision earnings forecasts in the Nikkei 225 Index during the post-announcement period. The electronic stocks earn larger abnormal returns than non-electronic stocks in the MSCI Taiwan Index. That can enable investors to profit by buying electronic stocks and added stocks with upwards revision earnings forecasts. The price reactions for the composite stocks in the Nikkei 225 Index and MSCI Taiwan Index around the Internet bubble burst have significantly difference.
In the second essay, we study the earnings forecast changes and absolute forecast errors made by analysts of the Nikkei 225 Index and MSCI Taiwan Index. Depending on the properties of brokerage firms that analysts work for, we divide them into local analysts and foreign analysts to separate who are more accurate than one the other. The results show that in comparison with the matching firms in Japan, the magnitudes of mean forecast revisions and absolute forecast errors are smaller made by analysts focusing on firms newly added to the Nikkei 225 Index. For firms newly added to the MSCI Taiwan Index, the magnitude of changes in analysts EPS forecasts do not differ clearly from those of their peer groups. Absolute forecast errors made by analysts focusing on firms newly added to the MSCI Taiwan Index are smaller than those made by analysts focusing on the matching firms. This phenomenon demonstrates firms that are newly added to the Nikkei 225 Index and MSCI Taiwan index exhibit significantly improved performance. In terms of the relative accuracy of local and foreign analysts, the results display that the forecasts of foreign analysts are less accurate than those of local analysts in Japan and the forecasts of foreign analysts are more accurate than those of local analysts in Taiwan.
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我國地價稅稅基評估之理論與實証分析--以台中市公告地價為分析對象黃淑惠 Unknown Date (has links)
摘 要
地價稅乃地方財政之主幹,若按「平均地權」申報地價與照價徵稅的辦法,課徵地主的不勞而獲,不但可以充裕地方財政收入,且可抑制地價上漲,後者更有協助經濟發展之功用,但因土地具不移性與異質性,以致土地市場的資訊無法充分流通,再加上政府在財力有限的情況下無法推行「照價收買」,以致在民國42年以前所推行的地主自行申報地價多屬偏低,無法貫徹政策目標,政府乃不得已根據傳統的市場比較法進行公告地價的評估,囿於政治因素與估價方法兩項原因,公告地價的成果一直過份偏低,以本文所研究的台中市為例,由83至88年,公告地價僅及交易價格的一成一。
本文首先建立理論模型,此乃將Fujita的家庭居住均衡模型加以擴充,在加入地價稅的考慮以後,本文證實應將各都市的差額地租收歸公有,藉以興建公共財,本文進一步研究發現地價稅稅基評估若有不實,一方面使得土地利用浪費,另一方面政府所提供的公共財必有不足,由此產生資源分配的無效率。
本文特以土地稅稅基評估的「效率性」與「公平性」兩項指標,藉以檢定公告地價評估的成效,效率性乃指評估價格與交易價格的比率,如前所述,台中市歷年的評估價格比率僅有一成一,而公平性又可分為水平公平與垂直公平,本文首先利用變異係數以測定水平公平,台中市公告地價的變異係數高達71%,此表示相同價值的土地,評估結果相差甚鉅,次利用Kochin and Parks公式測定垂直公平,也發現具有累進現象。
本文主張未來土地市場若能加強資訊流通,可採業主估價法,藉民間力量協助政府進行地主自行申報地價,在此之前,可採各種大量估價法,因其估價客觀,又有固定的公式可供遵循,不會像目前遭受地價評議委員會的非議,本文所探討的包括標準宗地估價法、特徵價格法、無母數迴歸估價法、以及逼近調整法,其中以逼近調整法較佳,因其評估價格比率可接近於1,變異係數接近30%,而且達到垂直公平,故無論在稅基評估的效率性與公平性兩方面,均有長足進步。
本文更進一步認為,公告地價無須每年重新評估,因其需動用大量人力與物力,在非全面重估的期間,可以「地價指數連動法」以評估公告地價,本文所提出的地價指數編製方法共有重複交易法、特徵價格法、以及無母數迴歸法,其中以特徵價格法與無母數法的效果較佳,但特徵價格法有函數設定問題,故本文建議採無母數迴歸法以編製地價指數。
以往一般均懷疑公告地價的評估結果偏低,但無實際數據可茲參考,本文根據實際資料,指出偏低的成數,並經實証求得在公平上也不理想,經過研究提出各種大量估價法以求改進,且利用地價指數連動法以節省評估的工作,方法客觀,切實可行,而且本文所研究的各種方法均可推廣至其他地區,這是本文的貢獻,政府若能採本文的建議,不但可以充實地方財政收入,且可達到增進土地利用的目標。
目 錄
頁次
目 錄 ………………………………………………….… Ⅰ
圖 目 錄 ………………………………………….………… Ⅲ
表 目 錄 …………………………………………….……… Ⅳ
第一章 緒論 ………………………………………..…… 1-22
第一節 研究動機與目的 …………………………………… 2
第二節 研究方法與範圍 ………….………………………… 5
第三節 文獻回顧 …………………………………………… 8
第二章 公告地價的評價理論 ……………..……………. 23-38
第一節 土地市場的資訊效率……….………………………… 23
第二節 地價稅的課稅評價理論 …………………….……… 28
第三章 現行公告地價評價方法之探討 ……………… 39-73
第一節 現行公告地價評價的方法 ………………….……. 39
第二節 實証樣本的說明 …………………………………….. 51
第三節 目前公告地價評估結果的檢定 …….….………… 59
第四章 公告地價評價方法的改進 ……………………. 75-157
第一節 業主估價法…………………….…………….………. 76
第二節 標準宗地估價法……..………………………………. 82
第三節 特徵價格法..….….………………………………….…. 107
第四節 無母數迴歸………………………………….……….. 131
第五節 逼近調整法 …………………….……………………..143
第六節 各種不動產估價方法之比較 ………………………. 152
第五章 公告地價的指數連動法….……………………… 159-193
第一節 地價指數的編製方法 ………………..………..……. 161
第二節 藉重複交易法編製地價指數……………….….……… 166
第三節 藉特徵價格法編製地價指數 …………………………. 174
第四節 藉無母數模型編製地價指數……………………... .…... 183
第五節 各種地價指數編製方法之比較………………………. 190
第六章 結論與建議 ………………………….……..… 195-201
第一節 結論 …………………………………………….….. 195
第二節 建議 ………………………………………….…...... 200
參考文獻 ………………………………………………..…….…... 203
附 錄 ………………………………………………………….. 213
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不動產租賃契約價值之研究林雅悅 Unknown Date (has links)
為因應市場變動性及解決租約僵固性,不動產租賃契約中多存在變動條款,以提供承出租雙方彈性管理使用。租金調整係不動產租賃契約中常見的選擇權條款,惟在契約自由原則下,不論歐、美國家租金僅向上調整方式,或國內以一固定比例向上調整租金方式,均造成租金下固性之情形,明顯獨厚出租人,導致承租人過度負擔市場變動風險,進而產生租約價值偏離理論價值之缺失。由於傳統評定租約價值之現金流量法無法評價租約中選擇權價值,近年來國外學者廣泛應用各種選擇權評價方法,期能求得理論上之租約價值,同時改善承出租雙方間權益不公之現象。
本研究基於租金僅向上調整隱含選擇權價值之觀點,應用二項式選擇權評價方法,建構不動產租賃契約評價模式。經由個案模擬,探討不同租金調整方式下租約價值之差異;同時運用敏感度分析,瞭解各變數變動對於選擇權價值將產生何種影響。最後藉由分析結果,對於承出租雙方在租金調整決策上提出建議。 / To manage more flexible and reduce transaction costs for both landlords and tenants, most clauses of real estate lease implicit option value. Rent review is a common option-like term. Leases with upward-only rent review clauses not only existed in USA and UK, but also in Taiwan. The rent will be merely adjusted upwards. Because of traditional discounted cash flow method can not deal with the option nature in leases, many scholars applied option pricing approaches to evaluate lease contract value in recent years.
This research assumes that upward-only rent review clause is embedded option value and uses binomial option pricing approach to develop the lease pricing model for real estate. Firstly, the author compares different rent review types and their value by case study. Moreover, this study uses sensitive analysis to probe how important variable affect option value. Finally, I provide suggestions to landlords and tenants in rent review policy decision.
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就業安定基金之研究-以歐盟為例 / A study on employment stabilization fund in EU周宓 Unknown Date (has links)
歐洲整合(European Integration)至今已超過五十年,整合目的主要是為求整體經濟之協調進步,強化經濟與社會之凝聚,更致力消弭不同區域之差距與不利發展地區之落差,藉此能夠促進經濟與社會均衡發展且持續地提昇。為回應全球化所帶來就業安定之挑戰,歐盟利用歐洲社會基金(European Social Fund)與歐洲全球化基金(European Globalization Adjustment Fund)作為支持其就業政策之財政工具,試圖透過基金與就業政策之相互配合達到歐盟內政策整合及就業安定之目標。歐盟基金之創設具有象徵歐洲團結之意義,然歐洲社會基金與歐洲全球化調整基金與其他歐盟基金不同之處在於其係以勞動者為主體而設立之基金,並以促進勞動者就業為主要目的。
歐洲社會基金自1960年創立以來,便與歐盟就業安定政策密不可分, 其主要支持促進歐盟內技能之實用性與職業之流動性,特別藉由職業教育輔導勞工轉業,提升勞工適應產業的變更過程與生產體系變更之能力。隨著全球化與市場開放的趨勢不斷發展,國際競爭日趨激烈,歐盟另設置了歐洲全球化調整基金為協助因產業結構變遷而失去工作的勞工,使他們能盡快找到工作,减少因貧富差距加大而引發的社會問題,並將全球化調整基金支持範圍限於受全球化影響而大量解雇之情事,以補充歐洲社會基金未能涉及之層面。如今,歐洲社會基金與全球化調整基金共同支持歐盟里斯本策略、就業策略,致力使歐洲成為一個最有競爭力與最有活力的經濟區,同時應創造更多且更好的工作和高度社會凝聚。故本文希望透過歐洲社會基金與歐洲全球化調整基金運作之探究,了解歐洲社會基金如何與就業政策相互配合以達安定就業之目標。
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台灣生技企業特殊籌資工具之探索性研究 / The preliminary study of special financing tool for Taiwan Biotech coporations鄭師安 Unknown Date (has links)
根據美國生技產業協會(Biotechnology Industry Organization, BIO)的資料顯示,純研發型的生技公司難以取得投資資金,且投資者對公司的現金部位益發看重。而我國的台灣經濟研究院調查也指出國內生技廠商在研發階段所面臨到的重大困難是「資金取得不易」,這些正反應出國內外投資者對生技產業特殊性的疑慮,進而不願意投入大量資金。
為解決國內生技研發型公司資金不足之問題,本論文分析了美國生技公司籌資狀況及常使用之工具,並考量台灣生技產業所面臨之整體環境,為國內生技企業建立了具實用價值的特殊籌資工具及發行模式,以滿足不同的籌資需求及降低投資者的風險。而為驗證此一籌資工具之可行性,本論文也挑選國內一家生技研發型公司,以其業務及財務現況,進行特殊籌資工具之定價,並提供發行前後應注意之相關事項。 / According to the research report from BIO(Biotechnology Industry Organization), it is hard for research-based biotech companies to get financing and investors are more concerned about whether the company has enough cash or not .The same result can be found in the investigation of Taiwan Institute of Economic Research(TIER).They find out the research-based biotech companies in Taiwan encounter one difficult problem - hard to get enough money to support their R&D .All these facts just reflect the special characteristics of biotech industry and the investment trend among biotech field.
The goal of this thesis is to resolve the financing problem faced by the research-based biotech companies in Taiwan, so we analyze how American biotech companies get enough financing to support their R&D, and then, construct the special financing tool for the research-based biotech companies under the economical situation in Taiwan, in order to fulfill the needs of biotech companies and reduce the investment risk. In this thesis, we use a case study to verify the pricing model of special financing tool and propose some material facts should be resolved when stocks issuing.
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二專生自我調整學習之理論建構與實證研究 / Theoretical Construction and Empirical Study of Self-regulated Learning of Two-year Junior College Students陳品華 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究的主要目的,在於了解二專學生的自我調整學習及自我調整學習教學之效果。研究中除探討二專生自我調整學習所涉及之重要歷程與因素、檢視自我調整學習與學業表現之間的關連外,並驗證融入式自我調整學習策略教學之效果。
本研究採文獻探討與實證研究二部分進行之。首先,就自我調整學習之概念、理論與相關研究進行文獻分析,據以形成二專生自我調整學習之研究架構,而後,進行實證研究考驗之。實證研究方面,分別進行問卷調查及教學實驗二項研究,問卷調查係針對目前二專各類科學生進行抽樣調查,有效樣本1717人,分析並比較其於國文科的自我調整學習情形及學業表現;教學實驗則採準實驗設計,以二專四個班級共222名學生為對象,將自我調整學習策略教學融入實驗組之心理學課程之中進行之,分析並比較實驗組(N=110)與控制組(N=112)之自我調整學習及學業表現。
本研究根據研究發現,獲致結論如下:
一、 二專生的自我調整學習,主要包括學習的動機信念與學習策略的使用二個重要歷程,且此二歷程密切關連。
二、 二專生的自我調整學習策略,主要包括認知策略與意志控制策略二類,且此二類策略密切關連。
三、 二專生的個人變項會影響其自我調整學習。
四、 二專生的自我調整學習會影響其學業表現。
五、 自我調整學習策略教學可融入二專學科課程之中。
六、學習回饋為融入式自我調整學習策略教學之重要關鍵,應同時兼顧學習結果及學習歷程之回饋。
七、融入式自我調整學習策略教學可增進二專生自我調整學習策略的使用,並提昇其學業表現。
最後,本研究依據研究結論,提出對二專教師、學校、教育主管機關及未來研究之建議,以作為二專教學、教育政策實施及相關研究之參考。 / The main purpose of this research was to investigate the self-regulated learning of two-year junior college students and the effects of self-regulated learning intervention. In this research, the important processes and factors involved in self-regulated learning of two-year junior college students as well as their relationships with academic performance were examined. Besides, it validated the effects of integrated self-regulated learning strategy instruction.
Employing both literature and empirical researches. It analyzed the concepts, theories, and relevant studies of self-regulated learning on the literature to construct the study framework first, and conducted empirical studies to validate it afterwards. The empirical studies included a survey as well as a teaching experiment. The survey resulted a valid sample totaled 1717, out of a random sample of the current two-year junior college students. The self-regulated learning and academic performance on Chinese learning were analyzed and compared. The teaching experiment was a quasi-experiment. With four classes totaled 222 as subjects; the experiment embedded strategy instruction in the Psychology curriculum of experiment group. The self-regulated learning and academic performance of both experiment group (N=110) and control group (N=112) were analyzed and compared.
According to the findings, the conclusions were rendered as follows:
1. The self-regulated learning of two-year junior college students mainly consisted of two important processes: the motivational belief and the use of learning strategy. The two processes were interrelated.
2. The self-regulated learning strategy of two-year junior college students mainly consisted of two kinds of strategies: the cognitive strategies and the volitional control strategies. The two kinds of strategies were interrelated.
3. The personal variables of two-year junior college students would affect their self-regulated learning.
4. The self-regulated learning of two-year junior college students would affect their academic performance.
5. The self-regulated learning strategy instruction could be integrated in the curriculum of two-year college.
6. Learning feedback was the key factor in the integrated self-regulated learning strategy instruction. It should include learning result feedback and learning process feedback.
7. The integrated self-regulated learning strategy instruction could improve the use of self-regulated learning strategy and academic performance of two-year junior college students.
Finally, based on the conclusions, it provided concrete suggestions for two-year junior college instruction, relevant educational policies, and further studies.
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何者較能增加表演藝術票房收益: 票價折扣或座位調整? / On Increasing Performing Arts’ Box Office Receipts: Ticket Discount vs. Seat Re-categorization田鵑華, Tien, Chuan Hua Unknown Date (has links)
本文從差別取價之觀點切入,討論目前具價格僵固性之表演藝術產業的票房收入情形,在消費者受多種因素影響其購票決策時,廠商如何採取最適因應策略、以使營收極大化。本文以折價票及座位調整作為廠商策略,建立一經濟模型探討在不同座位種類、座位品質、及外在條件時,廠商採取各策略之最適反應。
從結果我們發現,就座位調整來說,當為兩種價區時,只有當外在條件好時增加高價區可增加營收,在其他外在條件下則不然;而若增加為三種價區座位,除特定區間外,所有的外在條件與座位品質組合皆能找到一增加營收的最適座位調整方式。而另一方面就折價票之效果,則是不論條件為何、皆不能增加營收。
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