京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21774号 / 工博第4591号 / 新制||工||1715(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科電子工学専攻 / (主査)教授 木本 恒暢, 教授 小野寺 秀俊, 准教授 久門 尚史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

在石油價格高漲、都市空氣汙染及全球溫室效應日趨嚴重的情況下，電動車的推廣被個許多國家視為重要的發展政策。但由於目前電動車受限於車價高、充電速度慢、性能尚不足以滿足多數使用者的需求，因此將電動車的推廣目標從一般民眾改為大眾交通運輸業者如:乘計程車，成為許多國家的優先目標。而在台灣由於電動車推廣並不普遍，計程車司機對於電動車並不了解，加上車價較汽油車高，在推廣上更加困難。因此電動計程車的推廣由計程車車隊購買，再以租賃的方式給予計程車司機使用是較為可行的方式，本研究針對電動車與計程車業者的搭配進行探討，並以台灣大車隊為例子作為可行性研究目標。 本研究從計程車司機、計程車車行、乘客、政府，四個腳色下去探討，由對計程車司機的問卷調查及目前車輛使用的方式、與台灣大車隊經營團隊的訪談結果、政府目前對電動車的政策方向及補助、還有各家車廠的電動車技術，從上述這些資訊去分析電動車在台灣作為計程車的可行性，以及可以帶來什麼樣的益處。最後再將電動車和現行汽油車做使用成本的比較，進一步凸顯電動車適合作為計程車使用的特性。 本研究發現: (1) 現行電動車的續航力足夠台灣一般計程車司機使用一整天不須充電。 (2) 在行駛相同的里程數下，電動車的充電費用遠低於汽油價格 (3) 以目前的車輛價格，電動計程車租金可達到計程車司機的接受範圍。(4)長期使用下，以電動車作為計程車的總成本低於使用汽油車，可以增加司機的收入 / In the soaring oil price, increasing urban air pollution and worsening global warming situation, promotion of Electric Vehicle has become an important development policy in many nations. However, many nations have focus and prioritize Electric Vehicle’s development in the public transit vehicle market instead of the consumer vehicle market, such as taxi, due Electric Vehicle’s high retail price, slow charging process and lack of functionality still cannot meet most consumers’ demands. In Taiwan, due to the lack of Electric Vehicle promotion and understanding in all markets and the higher price compared to petroleum-based vehicles, deployment of the aforementioned development policy has encountered more difficulties. Therefore, the more logical approach for Electric Vehicle promotion would be enabling taxi organization to purchase in mass numbers, then rent the vehicle to Taxi drivers. This research focuses on the partnership between the Electric Vehicle industry and the Taxi Organizations, and will focus on the Taxi Organization, Taiwan Taxi, as a feasible research target case study. This research will analyze based on four different roles of the Taxi industry, namely, the Taxi Driver, Taxi Organization, Taxi Customers and the government through: questionnaires that inquire about current vehicle use, interviews that provide insights to Taiwan Taxi’s management directions, documents that highlights government policy directions as well as subsidy on Electric Vehicles, and summaries that provide an understanding of each Electric Vehicle Manufacturers’ technologies. From the above analysis, this research will aim to determine the feasibility of Electric Vehicles as Taxi in Taiwan and the possible benefits of such change. Finally, this research will compare the cost of Electric Vehicle versus current petroleum-based vehicles as an operative cost comparison to further prove that Electric Vehicle is a suitable replacement technology for the Taxi industry. This research has found that: modern electric vehicle’s battery life is sufficient for regular taxi drivers in Taiwan for an entire day without recharge; under the same mileage, the cost of charging an electric vehicle is far cheaper than refilling petroleum; the cost of renting an electric vehicle is in an acceptable range compared to the current vehicle purchase price; in long terms, the cost of electric vehicles as taxi is far cheaper than using petroleum-based vehicles, which can increase the drivers’ profits.

前言 第一章 鐵路、公路交通政策、組織機構暨發展情況。 第二章 鐵路、公路交通運輸在其整個國民經濟發展中的作用。 第三章 鐵路、公路運輸能力之評析。 第四章 機車（火車頭）車輛工業與汽車工業。 第五章 經濟面的探討與評析。 第六章 鐵路、公路建設與國父孫中山先生實業計劃中鐵路、公路建設計劃之比較。 第七章 鐵路、公路建設未來的發展趨勢。 第八章 結論

No description available.

車輛間的通訊的已經越來越普及，智慧型車輛系統可以幫助使用者更容易得到資訊。隨著使用者的需求增加和製造車輛廠商的投資驅使車輛之間的溝通更加容易實現。在這個領域中有很多的應用和服務正慢慢增加中，除此之外，也有一部份的路由已經被開發出來但卻不適合這個移動性高的網路。因此我們試著找出一個適合這個系統的路由方案。 為了要改善系統效能跟減少delay時間，我們選擇地理位置相關的路由協定LAR來減少flooding封包。LAR是一種reactive的路由協定且它使用地理位置來減少flooding的overhead，然而LAR並沒有把壅塞的情況考慮進去，因為這是一個減少delay的重要因素。所以我們提出一個新的方案，叫做Traffic Aware Location Aided Routing (TALAR) 來改善壅塞的情況。我們也考量使用AP的優點、像較大的傳輸範圍以及固定的傳輸範圍，來更有效的找出路由路徑。 我們使用QUALNET simulation來評量，結果顯示delay時間有明顯改善，所以認為他的確有助於這個高速智慧型車輛的系統。 / The growth of inter-vehicle communication is exploding. An intelligent vehicular system (IVS) can help users in vehicles to get information more conveniently. The requirements from users and investment of car manufacture drive vehicle communication to become reality. Many applications and services are in demand over this new technology. Some architecture and routing methods have been developed, however, they may not suitable for IVS due to its high mobility and variable environment. Therefore, we try to find out a good routing solution for this system. In order to improve the performance and decrease delay, here we select geographic routing LAR (Location-Aided Routing) to reduce the flooding overhead. LAR is a reactive routing and it utilizes location information to reduce the flooding overhead. However, it seems not to take congestion into account which is an important factor for reducing delay. We propose a new scheme, called Traffic Aware Location Aided Routing (TALAR) to improve the congestion situation. We also use the AP’s advantageous properties such as extended transmission range and stability to help routing paths getting more efficient. We evaluate the performance via QUALNET simulations, and the results show the improvement of delay time. In the high mobility vehicular systems, it does help to construct an Intelligent Vehicular System.

近年來，無線網路發展的成熟、行車安全問題的重視、全球定位系統的普及，以及車用網路(Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, VANET)在研究上的前瞻性與未來的高應用價值，使得車用網路的發展也愈來愈受到各方的探討。然而，車用網路的拓撲變動性相當高且規模大，且屬於點對點(Ad-Hoc)的網路架構，因此，對於吞吐量(throughput)和碰撞率(collision)以及延遲時間(delay)皆有一定的需求。此外，由於車輛在道路上的分布容易造成訊號之間的碰撞和干擾，所以我們藉由修改RTS/CTS機制提出一個Detection-Based MAC，其機制可透過封包之間的訊息傳遞，偵測出網路的壅塞狀態，預測網路中鄰近節點的競爭情形，並依此來動態調整競爭視窗大小。最後，將此方法實作在IEEE 802.11p的媒體存取控制層(MAC)中，以解決車用網路節點互相干擾所造成的過多碰撞，並提升整體吞吐量。 / In recent years, the research on Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) has been paid much attention due to the development of wireless network becoming mature, people think highly of traffic safety issues, the popularity of Global Positioning System (GPS), promising applications of VANET being exploited. However, VANET has the essential property of rapid change of large scale network topology. Besides, vehicles randomly distributed over the road usually causes serious signal collisions and interferences. Thus, it calls for special concerns to deal with the performances of throughput, collision, and delay. In this paper we propose a Detection-Based MAC mechanism by modifying RTS/CTS to detect network congestions through message exchange, and predict number of competing nodes. Both these information is used to dynamically adjust contention window sizes. Simulations are implemented on the MAC layer of IEEE 802.11p. The results show that the proposed method is able to effectively reduce collisions and increase overall throughput.

汽車產業是僅次於房地產最大產業，去年(2016)全球小型車輛(Light Duty)新車銷售量已突破九千萬輛，來到九千零四十萬輛。汽車的發明使得人與人之間的距離縮短到極致。長期以來，汽車一直只是單純的交通工具，頂多就是將冷氣和音響裝到汽車上，讓駕駛較為舒適、不致無聊。然而，隨著資訊電子技術發展一日千里，資訊電子已快速取代以傳統機械為主的汽車零配件成為汽車提升性能、效率、安全，以及娛樂功能的最重要推動力，也使汽車愈來愈高科技化。如今，汽車各類電子已經廣泛應用在汽車上，這些電子晶片不只用來偵測車體行進時的狀態與傾角、引擎轉速與溫度調節、燃料噴射、自動變速、輪胎壓力等各項基本參數，其他像是讓倒車更安全的倒車雷達、不須要鑰匙就能開車門的指紋辨識防盜系統、即使在高速公路上奔馳也能上網的行動無線寬頻網路、以及車內多媒體影音娛樂系統、GPS衛星導航等等，都是靠電子零組件才能運作。 汽車電子化被認為是汽車技術發展進程中的一次革命，汽車電子化的程度被看作是現代汽車水平的重要標誌，是用來開發新車型，改進汽車性能最重要的技術措施。汽車業者增加汽車電子設備的數量、促進汽車電子化是奪取未來汽車市場的重要的有效手段。汽車電子產品市場將在汽車產業發展的保障下穩步發展，各類汽車電子產品在汽車中的普及率將持續提高，隨著未來汽車市場的快速發展和汽車電子的價值含量迅速提高，汽車電子產業將形成巨大的經濟規模效應，且汽車電子產品占汽車的成本亦將進一步提高。汽車電子會成為全球資訊業者矚目的焦點，在於電子零配件佔汽車生產成本比例日益升高以及全球汽車電子產業的高度成長。根據工研院IEK統計，2013年全球汽車電子產品市場約1,670億美元，預估到了2019年將倍增達3,011億美元。全球汽車電子產業持續加溫，再加上法規對節能、安全的日益要求、消費者對舒適、對信息娛樂的需求、電動車、無人駕駛等的崛起將大大地刺激對汽車電子未來的成長。這些數據顯示，隨著傳統 3C電子產業的成長逐漸趨緩之際，汽車已成為對電子零組件需求增加最快的一個產業。 長年以來，政府政策以及台灣廠商主要以3C電子代工市場為定位，享受經濟規模的好處，但產業發展已進入成熟期。高科技產業在高競爭壓力及低毛利的挑戰下，普遍壓縮了獲利的成長空間，電子代工業者紛紛陷入削價競爭的紅海，再加上中國政府對當地電子企業的支持，在資金、資源甚至法令上對當地企業有無比的助益，形成優勢，使得台灣電子產業在內外環境夾擊下更難擴展。汽車電子在台灣琢磨不多，乃是由於汽車電子經濟規模小，對技術、品質要求較一般電子高出甚多且進入門檻高，需要很冗長的開發與投資，是昔日造成台灣企業不願進入的主因。因此，台灣汽車電子產業在國際間是較為陌生的，大部份的技術都被國際大廠或原車廠所掌握。近年來台灣企業以及政府已慢慢了解到全球車輛電子化所帶來的商機，並可為台灣的電子產業於全球汽車電子產業上占有一席之地。車輛電子產業則為台灣3C 產業(Computer, Communication, Consumer Electronics)帶來了創造高利潤空間之曙光，成為另一令人矚目之第4C 產業（Car）。但是因車輛產業有其特殊的供應鏈生態，以及高安全可靠度要求，因此要如何跨足車輛電子，是台灣科技產業中最熱門的話題之一。 本論文著重在車輛電子零組件、模組產品並以台灣上櫃廠商A公司為例，如何進如嚴苛的汽車電子市場及其進入OE(Original Equipment)之策略，避免紅色供應鏈創造藍海市場及價值。A公司成立於1998年，從事車用電子二極體製造，全球市占率超過51%，第二、三、四名依次為德國BOSCH，日本日立(Hitachi)， 日本Sanken電氣。此四家已佔全球新車市場95%以上用量，形成寡占市場生態體系。在A公司未進入此市場前，車用二極體之霸主為德國BOSCH。然而，A公司創立不過十餘年，對汽車產業來說只是初生之苗，如何在短短十年內於嚴苛的車電市場中取得領先地位以贏擊國際大廠，其競爭優勢、戰略戰術策略、經營方向是本論文研究重點之一。再者，A公司近年著手於研發節能環保之新世代電子產品，以期更有效能的電子產品被開發出來。在未來新汽車電子市場中，A公司如何能再創新優勢，其是否能延續既有的競爭策略或有不同戰略作法與國際大廠一較天下，確實值得深入討論。藉由A公司經驗，以國際汽車環境、法規要求、技術、安全性、未來產品發展趨勢、環保節能等各個面向所採取的宏觀策略來提供或建議台灣廠商現有或新進入者如何能切入此汽車電子的利基市場，提出未來台灣汽車電子零組件產業發展方向、影響關鍵零組件主要因素之變化、產業可能面臨問題與解決對策等，以及其所要面對的問題與挑戰提供建議與策略，藉以提供政府相關單位或民間企業在做未來長期計劃政策訂定或商業決策時的參考，並期望能促進台灣廠商在汽車電子產業形成強而有力的供應鏈生態網。 / The automotive industry is becoming the second largest industry in the world. The new car sales of global small vehicles have exceeded 90 million, arriving to 90.4 million in year 2016. The invention of the automobile shortens the distance between people. The automobile has always been just a simple transport for a long time, and it just installs the air-conditioner and audio to the car to make driving more comfortable, not be boring. However, with the rapid development of electronics technology, it has been not only replaced the traditional mechanical-based auto parts but also become the most important driving force to enhance automobiles’ performance, efficiency, safety, and entertainment functions that is making more and more high-tech of automobile. Nowadays, all kinds of electronic vehicles have been widely used in the car, these electronic chips are not only used to detect the moving vehicle of its state and tilt, engine speed and temperature regulation, fuel injection, automatic transmission, tire pressure and other basic parameters. The other vehicle systems like reversing radar, fingerprint identification system, the Internet mobile wireless network on the highway, multimedia entertainment system, GPS satellite Navigation and so on are all relying on electronic components to operate it. Automotive electronics is considered a revolution in the development of automotive technology, it is seen as an important indicator of modern vehicle level, using to develop new models, improve the performance of the most important vehicle technical measures. It is an important and effective measure to increase the number of automotive electronic equipment, promote the automotive electronics by automobile manufacturers in order to seize the automobile market in the future. The prevalence of all types of automotive electronics products will continue to increase based on the rapid development in the future of auto market and increase of automotive electronics’ value. Automotive electronics will become the focus in the global information industry due to the increasing proportion of electronic components in automobile production costs, and high growth of the global automotive electronics industry. The auto electronics parts is estimated to account for $ 3,705 in 2015,and increases more than 65% in the total cost of production of an automobile. As for the overall market value is even more astonishing. The global automotive electronics market in 2013 is about 1,670 billion US dollars, and it is estimated to 301.1 billion US dollars according to IEK statistics. The automotive electronics will greatly growth in the future because of the continuing development of the global automotive electronics industry, regulation for energy efficiency and safety, consumer demand for comfort and entertainment, electric cars and unmanned driving, etc. These data show that the automobile electronic components has become the fastest growing industry. For many years, government policy and Taiwanese manufacturers is mainly to focus on 3C electronic foundry market, enjoying the benefits of economies scale, but this industry development has already entered a mature period. The electronic foundry industry has plunged into low-price Red Ocean competition because of the high pressure competition and low-margin challenges in high-tech industry, and with China government's support for local electronics companies. All of these factors make Taiwan electronics industry hard to expand it. Taiwan enterprises are unwilling to enter the field of automotive electronics due to the small size of the automotive electronics economy, technology and quality requirements are much higher than general electronic. In addition, it needs a long time to develop and invest because of high threshold entrance. Therefore, Taiwan's automotive electronics industry is relatively unfamiliar in the international market because most of the technologies are possessed by international automakers or the original equipment. In recent years, Taiwan enterprises and the government have gradually understood the global automotive electronics will bring some business opportunities, and it would hold a portion of global automotive electronics for Taiwan's electronics industry. The automotive electronics industry not only creates another road for Taiwan’s 3C industry but also becomes the 4C industry (Car). However, the automobile industry has its special supply chain ecology as well as high security and reliability requirements, so how to cross the automotive electronics is one of the most popular topics in Taiwan's technology industry. The emphasis of this research paper is on the automotive electronics components and modules, using A Technology Corporation, an OTC company as an example, explaining how to enter into the strict automotive electronics market and the strategies to enter the OE automotives, in order to prevent Red Oceans in supply chain and create values in Blue Oceans. A Technology Corporation was established in November, 1998. Its main product automotive diode stands more than 51% global market share, followed by Germany’s Bosch, Japan’s Hitachi, and Japan’s Sanken. These top 4 suppliers monopolize above 95% of all diodes globally in this oligopoly market. Germany’s Bosch had stood above 50% market share before A Technology Corporation entered the market. With merely 10 years in the auto industry, A Technology Corporation could still be considered as an infant. Another key of this research paper is to explain how A Technology Corporation obtained the leading position, winning over international well known manufacturers, achieving competitive advantage through effective strategy, methodology, tactics, and operations. Furthermore, over recent years A Technology Corporation has been focusing especially more on the development of advanced electronics applications for the new generation in environmental protection and new energy technology for better efficiency. In the future of the new automotive electronics market, how A Technology Corporation can re-invent and re-innovate to create new advantages through current competitive strategy or different strategic approach to compete with other international manufacturers, is a topic worthy of discussion. With A Technology Corporation’s experience in automotive regulatory requirements, technology, security, product trends, environmental protection and energy conservation, A Technology Corporation can help offer recommendations to other Taiwan manufacturers or new entrant on how to enter this niche market. A Technology Corporation can also provide advice and strategic directions on future development of the automotive electronics to government agencies and private enterprises, including the impact of change on key components and the challenges this industry faces and potential solutions, for long-term policy planning or decision-making, in turn, promoting Taiwan manufacturers in the automotive electronics industry to form a strong supply chain and network.

本研究透過個案探討的方式，進行 A 公司汽車電子零組件業務大陸佈局策略分析與研究，得到以下的結論： (1) 大陸汽車電子零組件市場仍處於春秋戰國時代，如何站在棋盤上不要被擠掉，以享受未來進入軌道後的利潤是重大課題； (2) 為求貼近市場及滿足客戶的需要，跟隨台灣汽車零件廠商移往中國大陸發展，增加A公司的利基市場； (3) 增加汽車電子零組件業務展，有效改善A公司業務集中於被動元件景氣波動風險。佈局大陸市場兼收國際投資風險分散之效。 而本論文對 A 公司大陸經營策略提出以下的建議：(1) 公司建立完整的人才培育養成及留才計畫，以建構足夠的人力資源因應寬且深的展策略；(2) 配合大陸當地文化，建立良善管理制，連結激勵性的獎酬制度，以達績效誘因及控管之目標；(3) 完善的資訊系統提升管理效能，戰情中心的設立以強化公司的應變能力；(4) 淘汰落水狗產品，加強產品研發能力及技術提升，創造利基產品，降低對單一產品之依賴度，將景氣與原廠策略率變動影響降至最低；(5) 配合大陸當地景氣及同業發展，檢討調整發展策略，以達永續經營及獲利持續成長之目標。

在現今車載傳輸安全資訊中最重要的兩個評估效能參數 -- Latency和reliability，要兼顧到這兩個的效能在現今不可靠的無線連接中是很困難的工作。這主要的挑戰是來自於在網路連接層的廣播，使用了不可靠的傳輸，例如:當某點接受到一個訊息時並不會傳輸一個反饋的信息給來源端通知它已接受到此信息。在現今有許多的方法是利用多於的點去增加接受的可靠性，但這將會增加網路頻寬的負載。 在我們的論文中我們提出了一個新的傳輸安全資訊的方法，使用少數relay去完成快速的安全資訊傳輸，並且在相同時間內去保持高效能傳輸的可靠性。在這我們介紹了兩個relay的型式同時地去減少end-to-end 傳輸延遲時間和增加傳輸範圍可靠性。地理樹狀演算法是由樹演算法而來的，它可以減少不必要的relay和傳輸資訊碰撞的發生，而802.11p則是用在優先權比較高的點擁有比較小的重新傳輸延遲時間。 / Vehicular environments impose a set of new requirements on today’s wireless communication systems. Latency and reliability are very important means to disseminate safety information like time-sensitive emergency messages (EMs) in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs). Providing low-latency, high-coverage and scalable multi-hop EM broadcast is a hard task in VANET with unreliable links. The major challenge comes from the fact that the link-layer broadcast uses unreliable transmissions, i.e., no positive feedback to acknowledge the reception of the message. Many existing works have used redundant relay nodes to enhance the reliability of broadcast packet reception. However they often involve more relays than it is necessary, which increases the network load and undermines the scalability of the protocol. Moreover, large latency is often incurred due to coarse protocol design. In this thesis, we propose a new EM broadcast scheme that uses a small number of relays to achieve fast multi-hop EM propagation, at the same time to maintain a high level of transmission reliability. Two types of relays are introduced to reduce latency and to enhance reliability simultaneously, so that low-latency, the desired reliability level and small overhead can be achieved at the same time. The inverse tree algorithm (ITA) is based on tree algorithm, the mechanism to select single relay distributive, which features an effective redundant relay suppressing mechanism and very small rebroadcast delay for high priority nodes. Simulation study shows that ITA and multi-channel achieves close to 100% reliability, while using a small number of relays with very low broadcast latency under a wide range of road traffic conditions.

This business plan has been prepared to provide the reader with information about IMBA Motors Limited (IML), including business structure, company goals, projected growth, venture capital requirements, start-up costs, an investment analysis and the industry trends. IMBA Motors Limited has identified eco-friendly two-wheeled transportation as its primary interest and to that end the company has focused its efforts on the establishment of an importership that will import a complete line of hybrid scooters and develop retailer, sales and marketing, and after-sales service functions. We want to provide quality transportation for all socially responsible and environmentally conscious parties. Focused on a quality, eco-friendly lifestyle, IMBA Motors Limited is a company primed to take advantage of an expanding and profitable scooter industry in Taiwan. IMBA Motors Limited is seeking seed capital of NT$ 60 million for initial company operations. IMBA Motors Limited projects gross sales of NT$ 1.3 billion and a net income of NT$78 million in year 3, with an NPV of NT$ 50 million, a payback within 34 months and an IRR of 33%. The initial investor will receive an equity stake in the company and preferential rights to invest in subsequent equity rounds.