University of Macau / Faculty of Education

許多國家在面臨劇變的政經環境時，民眾亦相對要求增加公共服務，而為尋求解決之道，則推行政府再造運動作為改革基礎，以提升政府機關施政績效目標，除將預算制度作為主要的改革重心外，並結合中程策略計畫制度，強調以組織整體的目標為導向，以績效評估為手段，要求公共組織應建立公共策略規劃暨績效預算的中程計畫架構。 本研究旨在探討各國採用公共策略規劃應用在體育機關時，所制定的流程以及計畫方式，並分析我國推動中程施政計畫之背景與現況，瞭解策略規劃理論的定義與模式，並以體育機關相關人員對中程計畫制度之意見，提出適合我國行政院體委會中程施政計畫之運作方式與計畫內容，供未來領導者管理之參考。 本研究採取文獻探討法及深度訪談法，首就各國中程計畫制度及策略規劃理論進行探討分析，再對行政院整合性機關、體育相關機關等人員進行訪談，以實地蒐集個案方面的資料，包括機關的願景與目標、計畫擬訂過程、相關配套措施及內部支持程度，除對策略規劃理論作進一步的建議，並對行政院體育委員會中程施政計畫規劃作業提出具體改善措施。 本研究發現：（一）願景建構階段：應蒐集國內外相關體育資料，召開小組會議撰擬體育白皮書，作為訂定中程施政計畫之依據，而高階領導者應傾全力支持組織願景，並具備協調溝通的能力。（二）內外在環境分析階段：為善加運用體育團體等外在豐富資源，應就各類利害關係者進行評估，瞭解機關面臨的機會與威脅，另應就組織內部的資源、現行策略與成果進行評估，鑑定組織本身的優缺點。（三）策略制定階段：整合各類策略目標、對各項計畫排列優先順序、邀集相關人員組成規劃小組。（四）策略執行階段：進行各項計畫之追蹤管考、落實跨組織之合作機制、有效運用各種人力資源，形成夥伴關係。（五）策略評估階段：訂定可衡量組織績效指標的方法、擬訂具體指標確實改善組織缺失。 最後，綜合各國中程計畫制度經驗、策略規劃理論模式與相關機關對中程計畫制度的看法，為行政院體育委員會中程計畫制度作業提出建議。

本文主要在說明研究體育頻道邁向數位化過程，並以緯來體育台最為個案研究，探討藉由模組化生產建構體育頻道的數位平台。 本研究發現，以模組化概念生產緯來體育台的棒球內容，本研究提出五項策略性建議： 1.解構原產品策略：重點為Live直播賽事的解構與後製作。 2.棒球賽事的知識編碼：依據棒球規則對內容單元的前製編碼。 3.棒球運動的創意編碼：針對棒球內容架構的創意編碼。 4.多媒體轉換策略：著重生產過程內容的跨平台應用，如以網際網路為主要平台，建製【網路影音資料庫】。 5.特殊功能編碼策略：基於影視內容的產品特性，利用畫面的高度解析與分格特性等，呈現展現棒球運動的力與美及其他趣味性的特質。 而建構緯來體育台的數位平台，本研究歸納為三大架構，由「模組化生產資訊產品族」創造具創意的內容價值源頭，並透過知識管理的概念建構多樣多元「內容平台」；再藉由功能導向的「寬頻應用平台」進行整合、加工與篩選、互動、編輯與應用等功能；並以策略聯盟方式用建構無障礙的「傳輸平台」將價值傳遞到消費者手中，以完成數位平台架構。

我國籃球運動，在1994年成立中華職業籃球聯盟，在歷經6年的經營，於1999年正式宣布解散，使我國籃球運動自此回歸業餘。在中華職業籃球聯盟之後，由中華民國高級中等學校體育總會主辦之「HBL高中籃球聯賽」再次地在國內引起一陣風潮，籃球賽事又再度吸引球迷目光。而中華民國大專院校體育總會所主辦之UBA大專籃球聯賽無論是電視轉播、媒體報導甚至現場觀眾人數，皆無法與人氣鼎沸的高中籃球聯賽相提並論。為何兩者雖皆屬於體育類非營利組織，主管機關同樣為內政部，目的事業主管機關亦同樣為教育部及行政院體育委員會，亦分別有大型企業之贊助，所經營之籃球聯賽卻有如此之差異？本研究發現，高中體總對籃球聯賽之行銷，設有臨時任務編組，並累積多年行銷運作過程之經驗，轉化為智慧資本，並與行銷公司及贊助廠商定期召開會議，不致在行銷過程中產生問題。而大專體總與行銷公司及贊助廠商之合作過程，則缺乏充分溝通協調，導致行銷效果不彰。大專體總與高中體總在其行銷運作時同樣面臨困難，包括球員配合行銷活動問題、運動組織與行銷公司配合問題等問題。另外，主動積極檢視行銷公司執行行銷之成效。除行銷本身運作之困難，尚有其他外在因素會阻礙行銷計畫之進行。包括學生球員與社會球隊球員重疊之問題、少子化趨勢等，皆增加了行銷之困難度。

我國自1995年開始，為促進高等教育資源有效運用，對規模較小或同性質較高之國立大學推動整併，期望將高等教育資源作更合理的分配，亦能提升辦學績效，並使最少投資，發揮最大經濟規模效益，追求大學卓越發展，進而提升國家競爭力。教育部為整合資源、發揮綜效、掌握契機、提升體育競爭力，建立科際整合的體育學術殿堂，將現有位於桃園之國立體育學院及位於臺中的臺灣體育學院整併為國立臺灣體育大學。 本研究以國立臺灣體育大學（桃園）為範圍，依據企業組織整併理論及國內外大學整併經驗，分析體育大學整併內外環境，且以規模經濟、大眾化與市場化、共同成長原則為評估指標，訪談桃園校區參與整併之教職員，研究發現如下： 一、影響大學整併成敗原因，通常並非單一因素。 二、世界各國大學整併通常為政府積極推動，其中較好的方式係政府除規劃充分之整併環境外，其餘包括整併對象選擇到協商過程，均應交由整併雙方學校自主選擇。 三、體育大學整併最大問題為距離遠、同質性高，整併後仍為單科專業大學，以致二校區現有系所與運動代表隊，具有高度重疊性，使各類教職員隱含遷調危機及面對變動可能影響自身權益，帶來不安定之心。 四、當政府推動體育大學整併，先強制選擇對象而後以協商方式推動，不能貫徹整併政策，又不願強力積極介入訂定組織架構及組織規程，此為體育大學整併邁向失敗主要原因。 依據上述研究發現，建議教育部宜參採國外大學整併實施經驗並應通盤考量；現有大學整併之法制位階不足，不完備亟待改進；推動大學整併，應依既定大學整併原則實施，避免過多政治因素涉入；教育部對體育大學整併政策要及早規劃；除大學整併之外，亦可考慮大學合作；國家運動競技發展，需要政府大力提供資源。對國立臺灣體育大學桃園校區之建議，體育大學整併是學校發展的契機；應積極發展體育學術、強化競技；體育大學整併如繼續規劃，應採區域鄰近、異質互補方向辦理；教職員工須培養第二專長，因應學校組織整併變局。 關鍵字：高等教育、整併、體育大學 / For a more efficient use and reasonable distribution of advanced educational resources, advance of teaching performances, excellent developments of universities, the maximum economic benefits with least investment, and augment of national competitiveness, Taiwan government had made efforts since 1995 which tried to carry out the merger among small-scale or homogeneous national colleges/ universities. The Ministry of Education led a policy which integrated National College of Physical Education and Sports in Taoyuan and National Taiwan College of Physical Education in Taichung into National Taiwan Sport University to integrate the resources. Consequently, it could achieve the best performances, to promote the competitiveness in physical education fields, and establish a subject-integrated scholastic palace. This research used National Taiwan Sport University in Taoyuan as a sample to analysis the internal and external environment of merging the two schools by applying organization merger theories and experiences of merger from local and oversea universities. Furthermore, this research made some in-depth interviews with the faculty staffs in Taoyuan campus who played a part in merger project with the the indexes for evaluation of scaled economies, popularization, marketization and mutual-growth principals. The findings were as bellowing: 1 The factors that influence the results of the merger are more than one attribution. 2 Looking into the merger cases abroad, the governmental authorities usually played active roles contributing to the implementation of the merger of the universities. One of the better modes is that government plans the environment of merger adequately, and allowed the two parties of merger schools autonomy in the process of negotiation and selecting their coping parties. 3 When the process of merger, the most serious problem for which National Taiwan Sport University had faced was the long distances, high homogeneity, and overlapping of the profession in terms of academic departments after merger so that the present departments and sport teams represented high overlap, which makes faculty staffs faced variation of position, worried for their vested interests to be affected, and felt uncertain for the changes. 4 The main reasons why the merger of the two physical colleges failed in the end were discussed on two dimensions as following. On the one hand government forced the colleges to choose parts then motivate the merger with negotiation, which couldn’t implement the policy, and on the other government wouldn’t interfered in concluding treaties of organizational frameworks and regulations when the government promoted the merger. Based on the findings mentioned above, this study suggested that Ministry of Education should take thorough consideration and refer to some empirical merger experiences from overseas universities before the Ministry initiated implementation of domestic merger strategies first. Second, lacking legislation for executed authorities to promote the merger among universities contributed to an inefficient implementation of the strategies; on this regard, there should be plenty of rooms left for improvement for the governmental side. Third, the whole merger strategies should be brought out much earlier in advance by the government and besides the issue of “merger” that could create benefits, the possibilities of the collaboration and cooperation between universities should also be taken into account. Last but not least, the developments of sports and athletics which indicate a nation’s competiveness would always rely on the full support by the governments to provide sufficient resources. As for National Taiwan Sport University, the merger was considered a critical timing for the school to initiate their developments; one should take the opportunity to improve academic research of physical education, and to foster athletic events and sports. If the continuity of the merger is carried out, the school is suggested to adhere some of the principals indicating to select the coping parties physically nearby; however with heterogeneity in the professional fields for the complementation. Furthermore, the faculty staff of the school is expected to cultivate their second specialty in order to meet the demands derived from the change caused by the merger. Keywords：higher education; merger; Sport university

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1948年5月，上海舉辦第七屆全中國運動會，臺灣首次組隊參賽即一鳴驚人，榮獲男子田徑總冠軍，同時更展現守秩序、法紀律、團結合作、服從裁判的運動精神。不論場內的運動實力和場外的運動風範，皆被大會評為「全國第一」。究其因，實肇基於日本統治期間致力發展體育運動所展現的成果。事實上，臺灣在日本統治之前，近代式體育運動僅在西洋勢力所及的範圍內施行，成效自是相當有限，迨至日治時期，乃藉由學校教育與社會體育兩大方向，開始全面性、普遍地提倡體育運動而獲致相當程度的發展成果。值是之故，本論文主旨即在探討日本統治下的臺灣，究竟為何／如何發展體育運動，以及有何成效。 本文係以當時臺灣地區運動員的競賽為主，包含內地人(日本人)、本島人(臺灣人)以及高砂族(原住民)，因為此三種族群皆是當時臺灣運動代表隊的組成份子，以做為主要的論述對象更能得知當時臺灣體育運動的發展情況。在論文內容方面，首先，從近代西洋體育運動的興起與發展談起，隨著歐美列強國力的擴張將其科技文明與生活形態傳至亞洲，再至日本明治維新前後追求改善國民體格而向學習歐美體育運動，而臺灣即在此時代背景之下被納為日本殖民地。其次，探討日治時期各界人士對於體育運動所提出的觀念看法，以說明發展體育運動的動機與目的。再次，討論推行體育運動的主要機構，主要著眼於人事、經費以及如何運作等方面，以瞭解是由哪些人／在什麼樣的時代背景之下／如何從事體育運動的發展。第四、討論臺灣運動選手參加各項運動競賽的成績表現，主要以全島性比賽，以及與鄰近的朝鮮、滿洲、日本、菲律賓等地的比賽成績作較，可大致明瞭臺灣的運動技術水準。第五、分析社會領導階層人士所從事的休閒運動，以考察當時是哪些休閒運動最受是有錢有閒階級的喜愛，並從中討論體育運動的發展概況。 經由本文的討論發現，日治時期體育運動的發展係在官方強力主導、民間配合實施之下進行推廣。其次，臺灣的體育組織是日本帝國體育組織在殖民地的分支機構，臺灣全島性的運動比賽成為日本全國性比賽的地方預選賽，臺灣優秀的運動選手與隊伍在島內勝出者即成為地區性代表隊，順理成章前往日本參加更高層級的比賽。此外，體育是現代教育不可偏廢的項目，不僅能改善個人體格發育，也有助促進健康衛生；同時，體育並非僅是單純的身體運動而已，有時亦被視為國力的象徵，發展體育運動有助陶冶國民性格和促進日臺融合。最後，隨著日本統治的時間漸久以及統治程度的強化，臺灣體育運動呈現日漸普及的趨勢，而另一方面，則漸帶有濃厚的日本色彩，甚至許多日式運動術語發至今仍是使用中的辭彙即是明證。至於日治時期臺灣體育運動的成績表現究竟如何呢？整體而言，不僅與殖民母國日本仍然相去甚遠，即便連同為殖民地的朝鮮、滿洲、菲律賓等地亦有所不及。然而，雖然未見日治時期臺灣運動選手與中國正面交手的紀錄，但從1948年的上海全國運動會成績可推知，日治臺灣體育運動的整體水準，似乎不在同時期的中國之下。 關鍵字：日治時期 臺灣 體育史 體育觀 武德會 體育俱樂部 臺灣體育獎勵會 臺灣體育協會 明治神宮體育大會 甲子園 網球 棒球 田徑 游泳 登山 馬術 高爾夫 / In May 1948, the 7th China Sports Game was held in Shanghai. The athletic performance of male track and field athletes amazed the world by winning the overall championship though it was the debut of Taiwan in this athletic event. These male athletes disciplined themselves, obeyed the rules, cooperated with one another, obeyed the referees’ orders, and exhibited good sportsmanship. Both their athletic performance and sportsmanship on the sports field or beyond sports field were ranked as “national champion” by the sponsor. Their great performance actually was the achievement from the devotion to developing athletic sports during Japanese Occupation Period. In fact, before the colonization of Japan, modern athletic sports in Taiwan were only practiced in few regions where foreigners aggregated and the effect of athletic performance was quite limited. The overall promotion of athletic sports was put into practice through school education and social sports activities until the Japanese Occupation Period and so was the great performance achieved at that time. The main purpose of this study is to investigate why and how the Japanese developed athletic sports in Taiwan and the effects. The research subjects were mainly the athletes at that time in Taiwan, including the Japanese, the Taiwanese, and the aboriginals (indigenous people) since these three groups were all members of sports representatives in Taiwan at that time. These subjects were investigated to find out about the development of athletic sports in Taiwan at that time. Firstly, the study probed into the rise and the development of modern western athletic sports. With the expansion of national powers of European countries and the U.S., their science, technology, and life styles were spread to Asia. Moreover, after Meiji Restoration, the Japanese started to put emphasis on improving their physique and hence learnt the western athletic sports. And Taiwan was colonized by Japan under this background. Secondly, it investigated the concepts and viewpoints on athletic sports proposed from all walks of life during Japanese Occupation Period to demonstrate the motives and purposes of athletic sport development. Thirdly, it investigated the major facilities responsible for promoting athletic sports from the aspects of personnel matters, funds, and the operation methods to understand who were involved, how they developed athletic sports, and under what kind of background were athletic sports developed. Fourthly, it investigated the performance of athletes in each kind of sports games, especially national games. The study also compared the athletic performance of Taiwan with that of nearby countries such as Korea, Manjou, Japan, and Philippine to understand the athletic level of Taiwan. Fifthly, it analyzed the leisure sports that the leaders of the society engaged in to explore the preferences of leisure sports of the rich at that time and further investigate the profile of athletic sports development. This study found that the development of athletic sports in Taiwan during Japanese Occupation Period was dominated by the government with the cooperation of non-government in promotion. The sports organizations in Taiwan were the colonial branches of sports organizations in Japanese Empire and the national sports competitions in Taiwan became local preliminaries of Japanese national competitions. The outstanding athletes in Taiwan and the winners of local preliminaries would become the local sports representatives to participate in competitions of higher level in Japan. In addition, the study found that physical education is indispensable in modern education, which not only improves the physical development of individuals but also improves health. Meanwhile, athletic sports ability not simply teaches a kind of physical movement and it is sometimes viewed as a symbol of national powers. The development of athletic sports helped cultivate the personality of people and improved the integration ethnic integration between Taiwan and Japan. With the increase of colonization time and the reinforcement of governance, the athletic sports in Taiwan gradually became more and more popular. On the other hand, it was found that the sports activities in Taiwan was greatly influenced by Japan and even the Japanese sports vocabularies are still used now in sports activities. As for the athletic performance of Taiwan during Japanese Occupation Period, as a whole, the athletic performance of Taiwan was better than Japan and other colonies of Japan, such as Korea, Manjou, and Philippine. Although the athletes in Taiwan during Japanese Occupation Period did not compete with the athletes of China, it could be inferred from their athletic performance that the overall level of athletic sports in Taiwan during Japanese Occupation Period was equivalent to that of China. Keywords: Japanese Occupation Period, Taiwan, sports history, viewpoint of sports, Dai-Nippon Butokukai, sports club, Taiwan sports sponsorship association, Taiwan sports association, Meigi-jingu Athletic Meet, Koshien, tennis, baseball, track and field, swimming, mountain climbing, equestrian, golf

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

University of Macau / Faculty of Education