Effets de stresseurs environnementaux sur la fertilite des males chez l'abeille domestique apis mellifera l. en relation avec la fécondite de la reine. Dans un contexte de déclin des colonies d’abeilles mellifères, un appauvrissement de la qualité des reines, se traduisant par une production anormale de couvain et des renouvellements prématurés de reines, a été rapporté par les apiculteurs du monde entier. Partant de ce constat, l’hypothèse avait été émise qu’une atteinte de la fertilité des mâles (faux-bourdons), exposés aux stresseurs environnementaux, pouvait être responsable des défaillances observées chez les reines au sein des ruchers. Dans le but de vérifier cette hypothèse, des approches novatrices pour élever des faux-bourdons, en conditions contrôlées de laboratoire et en conditions semi-contrôlées, ont été développées. Les approches mises en oeuvre ont permis de démontrer que l’insecticide systémique Fipronil, la microsporidie pathogène Nosema ceranae et leur association avaient la capacité de générer des perturbations physiologiques de différents types chez les faux-bourdons incluant des altérations de la qualité des semences. De plus, les effets obtenus après les expositions à ces stresseurs ont montré que la fonction de reproduction de ces individus était particulièrement sensible à l’ensemble des stresseurs étudiés. L’insémination instrumentale de jeunes reines, avec des semences de mâles exposés au Fipronil, a mis en lumière une baisse de leur potentiel reproducteur résultant d’une diminution non seulement du nombre mais aussi de la viabilité des spermatozoïdes stockés dans la spermathèque. Considérant que le contenu de la spermathèque conditionne leur capacité à pondre et leur longévité, ces reines sont donc plus disposées à présenter des signes de défaillance pouvant se répercuter sur le fonctionnement général de leur colonie. Ainsi, les troubles de la reproduction induits par une baisse de la fertilité des mâles, exposés à une multitude de stresseurs environnementaux, pourraient en partie expliquer le déclin des colonies d’abeilles. De ce fait, une évaluation des effets reprotoxiques des substances auxquelles les mâles sont potentiellement exposés, pourrait être envisagée dans un cadre règlementaire à venir. Ainsi, les méthodes et les approches innovantes développées dans le cadre de ce travail pourraient représenter des bases pertinentes pour élaborer de nouveaux tests toxicologiques qui pourraient être utilisés dans la procédure d’enregistrement des pesticides. / In a context of honey bee decline, an impoverishment of queen quality, resulting in abnormal brood production and early queen renewal, has been observed worldwide. Hence, the assumption was made that fertility impairment of drones exposed to environmental stressors could explain the queen failure observed in apiaries. In order to test this assumption, original approaches to rear drones were developed in laboratory and semi-field conditions. These approaches enabled to show that the systemic insecticide Fipronil, the pathogen microsporidia Nosema ceranae and their combination disrupt drone physiology in different ways, including an impairment of the semen quality. In addition, results have highlighted the high sensitivity of the reproductive function of drone to all of these stress factors. The instrumental insemination of young queens with semen of drones exposed to Fipronil has shown a decrease in the reproductive potential of queens that resulted from a lower number and viability of spermatozoa stored in their spermatheca. Consequently, considering that the spermathecal content determines the egg-laying ability and the lifespan of queens, the risk of queen failure and colony dysfunction is higher. Thus, reproductive disorders, linked to a fertility decline of drones continuously exposed to numerous environmental stressors, could explain, at least in part, the phenomenon of honey bee decline. Thereby, an assessment of the reproductive toxicity of pollutants, including pesticides, to which drones are potentially exposed, should be considered in a future regulatory framework. In this way, the innovative methods and approaches developed in the frame of this work could represent pertinent bases to elaborate new toxicological tests that could be used in the registration procedure of pesticides.

Beekeepers help to secure the pollination capacity of bees by mediating bee-stressors. This study argues that beekeeper strategies are best conceptualized as a series of specialized practices for bettering bee-health, which are mobilized by a variety of actors, including those who are not traditionally considered ‘beekeepers’. The aim of this paper is to explore those human beliefs and practices which are most relevant for gaining insight into the current pollinator problem. Farmers, bee-conservationists, bee-researchers and honeybee-keepers all play an important role in securing bee health. The paper draws on the social-ecological perspective to consider alternative definitions of caring for bees, what shapes these conceptualizations and how these are reflected in beekeeper strategies, which inevitably contribute to the overall functioning of human-bee constituted systems. In the context of rising honeybee colony losses in Canada and of wild bee decline around the world, understanding the diversity of approaches for bettering bee-health is exceedingly important for initiating long-term, sustainable and multi-level bee-pollinator conservation.

Over the past couple of decades, women have conquered most obstacles in their effort to scale the mountains of leadership and management, seemingly only to fall at the last hurdle by purposefully derailing and mistreating each other. As a large percentage of the workforce in the Western hemisphere is composed of women, the likelihood of experiencing a female superior throughout their career is very high for both men and women, giving rise to the threat of dealing with the Queen Bee Syndrome. The antecedent aim of this master thesis paper is to explore the reasons that give rise to and legitimize the so-called Queen Bee phenomenon, which describes a usually senior female holding a higher leadership-position, who actively opposes the rise of other females in male-dominated organizations, in connection to the Millennial Generation. For this purpose, the methodology approach of Grounded Theory was chosen, first and foremost establishing a theoretical framework comprising literature gathered from academic journals, professional and specific print and sources, as well as relevant writings from contemporary and topical media channels, such as the New York Times newspaper, or the Harvard Business Review. Second, a qualitative empirical study was conducted, for which several women from both the Millennial and its predecessor generation were interviewed, in order to explore opinions on perceived biases against female leaders and managers which, among other things may lead to typical Queen Bee behavior, its provenances, and their implications for business women and organizations. The gained insights are culminating in the emergence of a new theory, according to which female Millennials’ inherent narcissistic tendencies may not hinder them to pursue much-needed mentoring relationships with other females and even suggest the possibility of a diminishment of the dreaded female bully-boss paradigm.

M.Tech. / There is currently a lot of research work being done to gain insight into the value proposition for IT governance frameworks and different other variables that have significant bearing on successful implementation of IT governance in South African organizations. There has however been no adequate research conducted on how Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) policy and more specifically the four significant elements of the BEE scorecard (ownership, preferential procurement, skills development and management and control) affect IT governance within South African Enterprises. The study explores BEE policy as a means of redressing past inequalities and then presents BEE challenges that influence IT governance implementation. A broad outline of the research and a conceptual framework that will assist in monitoring the effectiveness of these four elements of the BEE scorecard towards IT governance implementation are presented. The study aims at giving an improved understanding and insights about the strength of the relationship between these two variables (BEE scorecard and IT governance), both of which have a bearing on the success of businesses operating in South Africa as a third variable. Kaplan and Norton„s balanced scorecard is used to measure business success (organization performance). The adopted method of data gathering was quantitative research with extensive use of questionnaires that targeted IT professionals and practitioners closely affiliated with BEE initiatives. The findings show a weak association between BEE and successful IT governance implementation. The results also reveal IT governance maturity has advanced to well-managed level 4.The human capital and diversity in the IT workforce lag behind in progress as a result of inadequate adherence to BEE metrics. There was a strong relationship between organization performance and BEE metrics, and a very weak link between IT governance and organization performance. It is envisaged that the resulting framework arising out of this work will form a foundation for other scholars and practitioners in the IT governance field to expand on gained knowledge, espousing the creation of a compressive IT framework that does not only focus on management tools and frameworks for IT governance efficiency but embraces the social dimensions of IT governance that may inhibit or enable IT governance effectiveness.

Orientador: Lucia Regina Durrant / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T12:37:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hervatin_HeloisaLitholdo_M.pdf: 1981858 bytes, checksum: ffb8ed64cae5f9232a96630b93cc06fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O pólen apícola é a aglutinação do pólen presente nas flores coletados pelas abelhas operarias, e depositados na entrada da colméia. O estudo visou avaliar a qualidade microbiológica e físico-química do pólen IN NATURA e do submetido a diferentes processos de secagem, simulando as condições de processamento do produto comercializado. Também avaliou as amostras adquiridas no comercio do estado de São Paulo. Registrou-se a escassez das pesquisas sobre a qualidade microbiológica do pólen apícola. Primeiramente a pesquisa, analisou amostras de pólen apícola obtidas através de coletores instalados nas colméias pertencentes ao apiário experimental do Pólo Regional de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico dos Agronegócios do Vale do Paraíba, localizado em Pindamonhangaba-SP, pertencente à Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios. A coleta ocorreu nos intervalos de 24horas, 48horas e 72horas, objetivando a presença e/ou quantidade de microrganismos patogênicos no pólen com relação ao tempo de permanência do produto no campo. As amostras foram congeladas por 48horas, e submetidas a dois processos de secagem (circulação de ar em sistema aberto a 40-42°C e sistema de circulação de ar fechado a 30°C). Foram realizadas as análises físico-químicas para os parâmetros de pH, umidade e atividade de água e as microbiológicas com avaliação de Bacillus cereus, Estafilococos coagulase positiva, coliformes a 45°C, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp, bolores e leveduras, além de microrganismos sulfitos redutores. Amostras de pólen apícola desidratado foram adquiridas no mercado vajerista do Estado de São Paulo, com registro no Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF), submetidas aos mesmos parâmetros. Através dos cálculos estatísticos observaram-se possíveis diferenças e/ou correlações existentes entre os parâmetros analisados (microbiológicos, físico-químicos) para os tratamentos propostos (frequência de coleta e processos de desidratação). Verificou-se que as amostras analisadas, as IN NATURA e as desidratadas, mostraram-se isentas dos principais patógenos como Salmonella sp e Estafilococos coagulase positiva, porém, a população de bolores e leveduras foi relativamente elevada. Podendo concluir que os bolores e leveduras são os parâmetros microbiológicos mais significativos para o pólen apícola, seguido por Bacillus cereus e por bactérias coliformes totais, sendo parâmetros que devem ser introduzidos na legislação; além do processo de desidratação normalmente utilizado para pólen, não reduzir a população fúngica. Com base na Legislação atual para padrões microbiológicos em alimentos, considerando o grupo da granola, todas as amostras analisadas, encontram-se dentro dos padrões estabelecidos. Bolores e leveduras não estão incluídos na Legislação do MAPA. A época do ano teve influência na contaminação de Bolores e Leveduras, paralelamente com o tempo de permanência do pólen no campo, sendo indicada a coleta do material a cada 24horas. Assim os processos de secagem devem ser otimizados para permitirem a obtenção de produto livre de contaminantes microbiológicos; juntamente com a higienização do material nas diferentes etapas de produção e processamento do pólen, com foco na busca de materiais que substituam a madeira que é extremamente porosa, de forma a permitir higienização adequada e satisfatória. Outro parâmetro a ser considerado é a embalagem para o produto que merece atenção de especialistas nesta área / Abstract: The bee pollen is the agglutination of pollen present in flowers collected worker bees, and deposited at the entrance of the hive. The study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality and physico-chemistry of the pollen in nature and subject to different processes of drying, simulating the processing conditions of the product sold. Also evaluated the samples acquired in the trade of the state. We have registered the scarcity of research on the microbiological quality of bee pollen. First the research, analyzed samples of bee pollen obtained from collectors installed in the experimental apiary hives belonging to the Regional Technology Development Center of Agribusiness of the Paraíba Valley, located in Pindamonhangaba-SP, belonging to the Agency of Technology Agribusiness Paulista. Frequency of collection in intervals of 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours, to the presence and/or amount of pathogenic microorganisms in pollen with the time of product in the field. The samples were frozen by 48 hours, and subjected to two drying processes (movement of air in the open system 40-42°C and a system of closed circulation of air at 30°C). Performed the analysis for the physical-chemical parameters of pH, humidity and water activity and with the microbiological assessment of Bacillus cereus, Coagulase positive Staphylococci, coliforms at 45°C, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, molds and yeasts, and micro sulphites reducing. Acquired samples of dried bee pollen market of the State of São Paulo, with registration at the Federal Inspection Service (SIF), subject to the same parameters. Through statistical calculations were observed possible differences and/or correlations between the analyzed parameters (microbiological, physico-chemical) for the proposed treatments (frequency of collection and processes of dehydration). It was found that the samples analyzed, the IN NATURE and dehydrated, were free of major pathogens such as Salmonella and Coagulase positive Staphylococci, however, the population of yeasts and molds is relatively high. May conclude that the yeasts and molds are the most significant microbiological parameters for the bee pollen, followed by Bacillus cereus bacteria and total coliforms, and parameters to be introduced into legislation, in addition to the dehydration process typically used for pollen, is not able to eliminate fungal its population, based on current legislation for microbiological standards in food, considering the group of granola, all the samples, are within the standards set. Yeast and molds are not included in the legislation of the MAP. The time of year influences the contamination of molds and yeasts, along with the time of pollen in the field, being given the collection of material every 24 hours. Thus the process of drying must be optimized to allow the achievement of product free of microbiological contaminants, together with the cleaning of equipment in various stages of production and processing of pollen constantly, with a focus in the search for materials to replace the wood that is extremely porous to enable proper cleaning and satisfactory. Another parameter to be considered is the packaging for the product deserves the attention of specialists in this area / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

A rainha é a progenitora de todos os integrantes da colônia de abelhas (Apis mellifera L.) através da qual são passadas as características hereditárias para seus descendentes, sendo de extrema importância nos programas de melhoramento genético apícola. A qualidade de uma rainha é determinada principalmente por fatores intimamente relacionados à sua estrutura reprodutiva, o que é refletido tanto no peso destas, como na atividade de postura e na sua longevidade. Por esse motivo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do peso ao nascer de rainhas de abelhas africanizadas sobre o os aspectos relacionados ao comportamento reprodutivo em rainhas fecundadas naturalmente e inseminadas instrumentalmente, bem como acompanhar o desenvolvimento e produtividade das colônias descendentes destas rainhas. Os experimentos foram realizados no Apiário Experimental do Departamento de Genética da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto USP, onde foram estabelecidas doze colônias de abelhas africanizadas divididas em quatro grupos: seis colônias com rainhas fecundadas naturalmente e seis inseminadas instrumentalmente, subdivididas em três colônias com rainhas leves (< 180 mg) e três com rainhas pesadas (> 200 mg), onde o peso foi registrado imediatamente após as rainhas emergirem. As rainhas leves e pesadas, fecundadas naturalmente, foram acompanhadas simultaneamente em colméias de observação, visando analisar o comportamento de acasalamento dos dois grupos, enquanto que as rainhas inseminadas instrumentalmente, de ambos os pesos, foram fecundadas com 6 l de sêmen. Após as fecundações, todas as rainhas foram estabelecidas em caixas tipo núcleo, montadas a partir biomassa semelhante. Vinte dias após a introdução das rainhas nos núcleos estas colônias foram avaliadas quinzenalmente, por meio de mapeamento dos quadros a fim de estimar a porcentagem de ovos, cria aberta, cria fechada e pólen estocado, assim como foram realizados teste de viabilidade de cria. O acompanhamento do tempo de expansão populacional foi estimado através do período necessário para transferência das colônias das caixas tipo núcleo (com três quadros e alimentador) para caixas tipo ninho (com nove quadros e alimentador). Na análise dos dados relacionados ao comportamento de acasalamento observouse que as rainhas leves realizaram maior quantidade de vôos nupciais que as rainhas pesadas, sendo que 56% das nove rainhas leves realizaram mais de um vôo nupcial, enquanto que apenas 33% das nove rainhas pesadas realizaram mais de um vôo nupcial, embora esta diferença não tenha sido estatisticamente significante. Constatamos ainda diferença de um dia na idade de realização de vôos de acasalamento, sendo que as rainhas leves saíram um dia antes, com idade média de 6,11 ± 1,53 dias, enquanto que para as rainhas pesadas essa média foi de 7, 09 ± 4,59 dias. Esta diferença também foi observada na idade em que as rainhas iniciaram a ovoposição, que foi de 7,77 ± 1,86 dias para rainhas leves e 9,88 ± 3,02 dias para rainhas pesadas. Com relação à duração dos vôos nupciais e horário em que foram realizados, ambos ii os grupos tiveram resultados muito semelhantes. As comparações das médias dos dados gerados pelos mapeamentos realizados em colônias com rainhas fecundadas naturalmente e inseminada instrumentalmente, mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significantes relacionada área de postura de ovos (P = 0,117) e área de cria fechada (P = 0,003), onde as colônias descendentes de rainhas pesadas apresentaram desempenho superior em relação as colônias com rainhas leves. Este melhor desempenho é representado ainda pela maior taxa de viabilidade de cria das colônias com rainhas pesadas, dado estatisticamente significante. Atrelado a este fato, as colônias com rainhas pesadas mostraram-se ainda mais rápidas na expansão populacional, que colônias com rainhas leves, onde foi verificada uma diferença média de 24 dias a menos, pelas colônias descendentes de rainhas pesadas, para a transferência para caixas maiores tipo ninho. Quando comparamos as rainhas fecundadas naturalmente e inseminadas instrumentalmente, foi observada diferença média de um dia na idade em que iniciaram a ovoposição, sendo que as rainhas fecundadas naturalmente iniciaram com 9,31 ± 2,49 dias e as rainhas inseminadas instrumentalmente com 10,43 ± 0,51 dias. Observou-se também diferença estatisticamente significante apenas para a variável área de postura (P = 0,004), onde as colônias com rainhas fecundadas naturalmente apresentaram médias superiores, muito embora esta diferença não tenha afetado o desenvolvimento geral das colônias com rainhas inseminadas instrumentalmente, o que foi representado pelo tempo de expansão populacional, igual entre as colônias com rainhas de ambos os tipos de fecundação. Conclui-se que a utilização da técnica de inseminação instrumental de abelhas é uma metodologia viável para a aplicação em programas de melhoramento apícola, uma vez que não encontramos diferenças no desenvolvimento entre colônias descendentes de rainhas inseminadas instrumentalmente e descendentes de rainhas fecundadas naturalmente. Tomando-se por base os principais resultados obtidos no presente trabalho concluímos que a utilização da característica fenotípica peso da rainha acima de 200mg como uma característica importante a ser adotada em programas de seleção e melhoramento de abelhas / The queen is the progenitor of all the honey bee colony members. The quality of a queen is determined mainly by factors closely related to her reproductive structure, including weight, egg-laying activity and longevity. We evaluated the influence of adult eclosion weight on the reproductive behavior of naturally mated and instrumentally inseminated Africanized queens, and we monitored the development and productivity of colonies headed by these queens. Twelve colonies of Africanized honey bees were divided into two groups: six colonies with naturally mated queens and six with instrumentally inseminated queens; there were three light queens (<180 mg) and three heavy queens (> 200 mg) in each mating type group; queen weight was recorded immediately after the virgin queens emerged. The virgin queens in the naturally mated queens group were introduced into observation hives, to compare the mating behavior of the light and heavy queens. The other six queens were artificially inseminated with 6 l semen. After the inseminations, all of the artificially inseminated queens were introduced into four standard Langstroth frame nuclei, which were established with similar numbers of bees and brood area. Beginning 20 days after the introduction of these queens, the colonies were evaluated twice per month, by mapping combs to estimate the areas containing eggs, open and closed brood and stored pollen; the viability of the brood was also investigated. We observed the time it took to outgrow the nucleus boxes (three combs plus an internal frame-size feeder); the colonies were then transferred to 10 frame hives (with nine combs and a feeder). We observed that the light queens made more nuptial flights than heavy queens; five of the nine light queens made more than one nuptial flight, whereas only three of the nine heavy queens took more than a nuptial flight, though this difference was not significant. We also observed a one day difference in the age of queen when she made her mating flights; the light queens went on their first mating flights at a mean age of 6.11 ± 1.53 days, while for the heavy queens the mean was 7.09 ± 4.59 days. A similar tendency was observed in the age at which the queens started oviposition, which was 7.77 ± 1.86 days for light queens and 9.88 ± 3.02 days for heavy queens. The two types of queens had similar duration and time of day of nuptial flights. Heavy queens (both artificially and naturally inseminated) produced significantly more eggs (P = 0.117) and more sealed brood (P = 0.003) than did light queens. Brood viability was significantly greater in the colonies headed by heavy queens. Colony expansion was also faster in colonies with heavy queens. It took an average of 24 days less for the heavy-queen colonies to expand to a point that they needed to be transferred from the four-frame nucleus hives to the 10-frame standard hives. Oviposition by the naturally mated queens began earlier (9.31 ± 2.49 days) than by instrumentally inseminated queens (10.43 ± 0.51 days). Naturally mated queens laid significantly more eggs (P = 0.004), although this difference did not affect the rate of colony population expansion. We concluded that the use of instrumental iv insemination of honey bees is a viable methodology for use in bee breeding programs, since we found no differences in development between colonies with artificially versus naturally inseminated queens. We also concluded that queen weight above 200 mg is a useful characteristic to select for in Africanized honey bees.

In nature, pollinators must navigate fields of resources presenting a variety of features, differing in shape, size, colour, etc. Foraging on a flower by flower basis is slow and maladaptive. Instead foragers must be able to differentiate between rewarding and unrewarding floral species while also generalizing learned information between flowers of the same species. The ability to categorize stimuli occurs on several levels of abstraction, laid out by Herrnstein (1990). In order to categorize objects, animals must first be able differentiate between them without memorizing each stimulus separately. Consequently, objects can be grouped by physical characteristics through perceptual categorization, or, on a more abstract scale, by the function they serve to the animal. This thesis explores the bees’ ability to categorize flowers, following the levels of categorization to answer two questions: Can bees form categories? And how abstract can their categorization become? There has been limited investigation previously in categorization in bees, and no research done on invertebrates addresses categorization beyond physical features. The bees’ ability to form categories was evaluated with four experiments of preference: 1) similar-but-different judgements; 2) perceptual categorization; 3) simple and mediated generalization; and 4) functional relevance. Results show firstly that bees can generalize characteristics within flower species, but also differentiate individual flowers. Secondly, bees can form perceptual categories, and while they rely on physical floral features for categorization, bees also demonstrated preliminary abilities for functional generalization as well. These results provide an explanation to natural foraging techniques adopted by the bees. The adaptive nature of categorization allows foragers to find resources more efficiently and better prepare in changing environments.

Composition of pollen pellets foraged by honeybees, sampled in Degernäs and Tavelsjö, Västerbotten County, during early summer 2020, is used to explore if honeybees are monofloral or polyfloral. Samples from different days and different colours were evaluated by light microscopy. Each unique pollen species in each pellet was morphologically identified with help of an international pollen database (PalDat) and a common bee plant document, using light microscopy and scanning electron microscope photographs. A selection of pollen species were identified down to species level and were used to explore which wild pollinators can also pollinate these plant species, to speculate around possible competition scenarios between them and honeybees. SEM and DNA extraction were performed with a selection of the pollen pellets and with the extracted DNA, different PCR primers targeting different plant gene markers were tested to see which ones worked with pollen from northern Sweden. More detailed pictures of the pollen grains were seen in SEM which helped ease the species identification of some of them. The results showed that only a few of the pollen pellets had only one detected plant species while the rest had 2 or more plant species in them. Thus, these data indicate that the honeybees in Degernäs and Tavelsjö are polyfloral, at least for the samples studied in this bachelor thesis. Methods are evaluated and the findings were that a combination of morphological and molecular biology studies are both needed to be able to establish a new updated pollen database for northern Sweden.

Detta är en undersökning om hur uppdraget i programmering i skolan har tolkats på väg nerfrån Skolverket till eleverna genom en kvalitativ studie. Intervjuer har tillämpats som metodoch dessa har analyserats utifrån ett tolkningsperspektiv med en iterativ ansats. För dennastudie har deltagarna varit ett undervisningsråd från Skolverket, en IKT-samordnare frånLinköpings kommun, en rektor, en digitaliseringsansvarig, fyra lärare samt sex elever. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vad olika deltagare på olika nivåer i utbildningssystemethar för åsikter gällande tolkningen av de didaktiska frågorna vad, hur och varför inomprogrammeringsundervisning. Studien inleds med en kort historisk genomgång om programmering i skolan och detredovisas också om olika begrepp relaterat till programmering. Resultatet av denna studie visar på likheter om vad undervisningen ska innehålla men ocksåsmå skillnader när det gäller hur man ska undervisa inom programmering. Däremot har detskett omtolkningar i organisationens olika delar avseende syftet medprogrammeringsundervisning i skolan. Man finner att flera av deltagarna, från Skolverket nertill lärarna, har delvis liknande uppfattningar om syftet. Men när eleverna ska beskriva syftetmed programmering i skolan så betonar de programmering som något fundamentalt för derasframtid, vilket skiljer sig från de övriga deltagarna i de genomförda intervjuerna.

In north-western Germany, inland dunes and natural floodplains were widespread in the past. Due to the regulation of the natural course, large rivers have experienced serious anthropogenic influences resulting in a decline of adjacent natural floodplains. The realization of a restoration project in north-western Germany had the aim to restore a floodplain composed of inland dunes and seasonally flooded grasslands. Within this project, the response of wild bee communities to such restoration measures was evaluated. Therefore, an analysis of the succession and distribution patterns of wild bee communities in restored and target habitats was conducted. In chapter 1 and 2 the success of the restoration measures was evaluated by a comparative analysis of wild bee communities at restoration and target sites. The results show a rapid colonization of a species-rich wild bee community reflecting a community composition which is composed of generalists, specialists and parasitic species. The quantity of entomophilous plant species and the proportion of bare ground had a strong influence on wild bee species composition. To gain insight into the connectivity of wild bee populations, the population genetic structure of two wild bee species, Andrena vaga and Andrena fuscipes was analysed in chapter 3 and 4. Additionally, general intrinsic factors that maintain the genetic diversity and influence the degree of inbreeding were evaluated in chapter 5 on the basis of an extensive literature survey. These results reflect a high dispersal ability and inter-population movement of wild bees. For both species a high genetic diversity within populations and a low genetic differentiation among populations was found. In conclusion, wild bees proved to be useful indicators for monitoring the effects of restoration projects. The combination of population genetic analyses and community monitoring provides the opportunity to evaluate different aspects of restoration success.