Nepal’s history is full of civil turbulence and the socio-economic development has been slow, however the last decade the social changes have been rapid. Some of the social changes include the profession of social work and peace initiative through inter-faith. The aim of this paper is to explore the role of social workers in peace-building in order to promote wellbeing and work-life in Nepal. This paper gives an insight into the life and relationship among the community members in Nepal, and an insight of how culture, religion, and history may impact people’s everyday-life. The data collection of this study was carried out through a field visit, with semi-structured interviews with twenty-five different key informants, during the period of February to May of 2018. The interviewees include grass-root to national level faith-leaders as well as social work academics. The result of this study indicates that there is a lack of trust among the community members, between government and its people, and government and its external influences, which effect community’s socio-economical standard. The findings also conclude that Nepali society lacks adequate and effective information-sharing, which seems to impact the community’s health and work-life. his study gives social workers an insight on how social bonds and trust among groups could be established, which could increase the well-being of the people in rural area of Nepal.

In this article, the author analyzes the complexity of a common problem in many parts of the world: social conflicts, putting emphasis on socio-environmental ones. Consequently, he starts addressing the social conflict concept and its elements, to approximate to its comprehension through various conceptions of the Theory of Law.Finally, the author provides a socio-anthropological analysis of Law in order to understand the importance of the knowledge of structural and systemic causes of socio-environmental conflicts and outlines an alternative solution. / En el presente artículo, el autor destaca y aborda la complejidad de un problema no poco común en nuestro país: los conflictos sociales, poniendo especial énfasis en aquellos de tipo socio-ambientales. Para ello, parte del concepto de conflicto social y analiza cada elemento que lo compone, para luego aproximarse a su comprensión a través de diversas concepciones de la Teoría del Derecho.Finalmente, realiza un análisis socio-antropológico del derecho para comprender la importancia del conocimiento de las causas estructurales y sistemáticas de los conflictos socio-ambientales, y esboza una alternativa de solución.

Construction de l´État, Intégration regional et resolution des conflits sont des temes que ont marquee leurs presence dans les etudes et debats sur le continent africain dans ces derniers années. Donc, c´est pour participer et contribuir dans ce debat que ce travail a fait une analise de la formation de l´État Sénegalais et du conflit casamançais, en distaquant les diferents fase de cette dernière et les tentative d´integration regionales faîte atravers la Federation du Mali (1959-1960) et de la confederation de la Sénégambie (1982-1989). De cette manière on a cherché a montré que le conflit de Casamance est le fruit du processus de formation de l´État du Sénégal. Et, sa résolution doit tenir conte des facteurs économiques, culturels, historique et politique. Cependant, c´est seulement avec une integration regional construite avec la population peut ammener paix, developpement et liberté non seulement dans la region de la Casamance mais dans le monde contemporain em general. / Construção do Estado, Integração regional e resolução de conflitos são temas que marcaram presença nos estudos e nos debates sobre o continente africano nos últimos tempos. Assim para participar e contribuir neste debate esse trabalho faz uma análise da formação do Estado do Senegal e do conflito casamencês, ressaltando as diferentes fases do processo da construção do mesmo e as tentativas de integração regional através da Federação do Mali (1959-1960) e da confederação da Senegâmbia (1982-1989). Dessa maneira, procurou-se mostrar que o conflito de Casamance é resultado do processo da formação do Estado do Senegal. E, a resolução do mesmo deve levar em conta sim os fatores econômicos, culturais, históricos e políticos. No entanto, a integração regional construída com a sociedade pode ser uma das formas de trazer paz, desenvolvimento e liberdade, não somente na região de Casamance, mas no mundo contemporâneo em geral. / State-building, regional integration and conflict resolution are topics which featured in studies and discussions on the African continent in recent times. To participate and contribute in this debate, this work makes an analysis of the formation of State of Senegal and conflict casamencês, pointing out the different stages of the construction process and attempts at regional integration through the Federation of Mali (1959-1960) and the Confederation of Senegambia (1982-1989). This way, sought to show that the conflict in Casamance is the result of the process of formation of State of Senegal. And, the resolution should take into account the economic factors, cultural, historical and political. However, only with regional integration built with society can bring peace, development and freedom, not only in the region of Casamance, but in the contemporary world in general.

Text in Afrikaans / This study aims to analyze the conflict resolution process in Zimbabwe after the Lancaster House Agreement and the subsequent elections from March 4, 1980 up until 2002. The objective is to determine what effect this process has had on all the people in Zimbabwe, both nationally and locally. It also endeavours to evaluate their attempts to transform from a violent culture of guerilla warfare, to an all-inclusive sustainable peaceful environment and culture. The reason for this specific time period of the study lies in the fact that the peace building process of the Zimbabwean conflict resolution process was supposed to be introduced during this time. This is the era during which the root of historic conflict, according to the peace building theory, has had to be transformed. It also implies the start of the implementation of the radical land reform process. From this perspective the following 5 key questions form the raison d‟être of the study and will be analyzed in the different chapters: 1. The requirements for sustainable peace, according to the conflict resolution and peace building theory, as developed by Galtung, Mitchell, Lederach, Burton and Anstey. 2. The characteristics of the historical conflict structure to be transformed during the post-1980 period. 3. An evaluation of the development of an all inclusive, multi-faceted and integrated program for the transformation of the historical conflict structure. 4. An evaluation of the international managers‟ contributions for laying the foundation for the integration of peace-making and the subsequent phases of the peace building process. It also questions the degree of reconciliation and peace building. 5. The lessons learnt from the Zimbabwean experience and its implications for conflict resolutions and peace implementation processes in Southern African societies. Included in this question is to seek clarification and to develop proposals about the roles and contributions of internal and external role players on all levels of society in such processes. Hence the conclusive finding that conflict resolution and peace building is an integrated multi-dimensional process. This conclusion is confirmed in the Zimbabwean situation. Conflict involves the entanglement of needs, unappeased perceptions and codes of conduct during the period of negotiations. In Zimbabwe the escalation and de-escalation of these influences are clearly observed. The evaluation and manipulation of the history of Zimababwe, of which the manipulation is still continuing, is harming the process of reconciliation and peace building. The absence of an inclusive raison d‟être for all parties involved (regarding differences and diversities on ethnical, social, economical and other levels) implies a strong escalating and de-escalating factor in the irreconcilability in Zimbabwe. The initiation of an integrated and multi-dimensional process, mechanism and framework of reconciliation and peace is strongly advised. This process, mechanism and framework has to have an integrated structure starting at international level (United Nations Peace Building Commission) decentralizing into regional, national, provincial and local government structures. The process and mechanism must be part of the establishment of conflict resolution and peace building as an generic management style and approach aimed at the political and governing processes of societies in transformation. This is especially important for the current Zimbabwean situation. / Die oogmerk van die studie is „n ontleding van die konflikresolusie-proses in Zimbabwe sedert die Lancaster House-ooreenkoms en die daaropvolgende verkiesings van 4 Maart 1980 tot en met die jaar 2002. Die doelstelling is om te bepaal in watter mate en op welke wyse, daar op alle vlakke van die gemeenskap nasionaal en op plaaslike vlak, gepoog is om die geweldskultuur, wat kenmerkend van die guerrilla-oorlog was, te transformeer tot „n volhoubare inklusiewe vredesomgewing en -kultuur. „n Primêre motivering vir die keuse van die bepaalde navorsingstydperk is dat dit veronderstel is om die vredebou-periode van die Zimbabwiese konflikresolusie-proses in te lui. Dit is die era waartydens die bronne van die historiese konflik, ooreenkomstig die vredebou-teorie, getransformeer moes word. Dit sluit ook die era in waartydens die eerste stappe van die radikale grondhervormingsproses geïmplementeer is. In die lig hiervan word die onderstaande 5 kernvraagstukke as raison d‟être van die studie op „n hoofstukbasis ondersoek: 1. Wat is die vereistes vir volhoubare vrede, ooreenkomstig die konflikresolusie- en vredebouteorie soos veral ontwikkel deur Galtung, Mitchell, Lederach, Burton en Anstey? 2. Wat was die kenmerke van die historiese konflikstruktuur wat in die post-1980- periode moes transformeer? 3. Het daar in die post-1980-periode „n inklusiewe, multi-vlakkige en geïntegreerde program vir die transformasie van die historiese konflikstruktuur, ontwikkel? 4. Het die internasionale bestuurders van die proses die grondslag gelê vir „n integrering van vredevestiging met die verdere fases van vredebou? In watter mate was versoening en vredebou enigsins „n prioriteit? Indien nie, waarom nie? 5. Watter lesse kan vanuit die Zimbabwiese ervaring geleer word wat kan bydra tot 'n beter begrip van praktiese konflikresolusie en vredebou-implementeringsprosesse in veral Suider-Afrikaanse gemeenskappe? Watter bydraes kan en moet interne en eksterne rolspelers speel? Voortspruitend hieruit word daar ook aanbevelings aan die hand gedoen oor die integrasie van internasionale en nasionale (eerste, tweede en derde vlakke) rolspelers in hierdie verband. Teen hierdie agtergrond word samevattend bevind dat konflikresolusie en vredebou, „n geïntegreerde multi-dimensionele en multi-vlakkige proses is. Vanuit die Zimbabwe situasie word bevind en bevestig dat konflik uit „n geïntegreerde wisselwerking van behoefte- en doel-onversoenbaarheidspersepsies met voort-spruitende konflikterende gesindhede en gedragspatroon-verskynsels, bestaan. Daar word ook aangetoon dat daar duidelike eskalerende en de-eskalerende invloede teenwoordig is. Daar is ook bevind dat die wyse hoe die geskiedenis van Zimbabwe evalueer en hanteer is en steeds word, die bou van versoening en langtermyn vrede benadeel. Die afwesigheid van „n inklusiewe raison d‟être wat alle rolspelers inbind tot een Zimbabwiese sentiment, ten spyte van diepliggende verskille en diversiteite op etniese, stam, sosiale, ekonomiese, klas en ander terreine, is „n sterk eskalerende faktor en gevolg in hierdie verband. Die loodsing van „n diepliggende en veelvlakkige versoeningsproses, sal die identifisering van sódanige sentiment – die aorta van Zimbabwe se konstruktiewe, volhoubare voortbestaan – as primêre samebindende prioriteit moet neem. Teen hierdie agtergrond word „n geïntegreede versoenings- en vredebou meganisme en raamwerk ontwikkel en voorgestel. „n Meganisme en proses wat multi-vlakkige deelname vanaf „n internasionale (United Nations Peace Building Commission) tot en met „n streeks, nasionale, provinsiale en plaaslike fokusvlak, verseker. „n Proses en meganisme wat ook deel uitmaak van die meer prominente vestiging en institusionalisering van konflikresolusie en vredebou as „n generiese bestuurstyl en program in die politieke en regeerprosesse in oorgangsamelewings, maar veral ook in die Zimbabwe situasie. / Political Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Afrika-Politiek)

L’optimisation globale fiable est dédiée à la recherche d’un minimum global en présence d’erreurs d’arrondis. Les seules approches fournissant une preuve numérique d’optimalité sont des méthodes d’intervalles qui partitionnent l’espace de recherche et éliminent les sous-espaces qui ne peuvent contenir de solution optimale. Ces méthodes exhaustives, appelées branch and bound par intervalles, sont étudiées depuis les années 60 et ont récemment intégré des techniques de réfutation et de contraction, issues des communautés d’analyse par intervalles et de programmation par contraintes. Il est d’une importance cruciale de calculer i) un encadrement précis de la fonction objectif et des contraintes sur un sous-domaine ; ii) une bonne approximation (un majorant) du minimum global. Les solveurs de pointe sont généralement des méthodes intégratives : ils invoquent sur chaque sous-domaine des algorithmes d’optimisation locale afin d’obtenir une bonne approximation du minimum global. Dans ce document, nous nous intéressons à un cadre coopératif combinant des méthodes d’intervalles et des algorithmes évolutionnaires. Ces derniers sont des algorithmes stochastiques faisant évoluer une population de solutions candidates (individus) dans l’espace de recherche de manière itérative, dans l’espoir de converger vers des solutions satisfaisantes. Les algorithmes évolutionnaires, dotés de mécanismes permettant de s’échapper des minima locaux, sont particulièrement adaptés à la résolution de problèmes difficiles pour lesquels les méthodes traditionnelles peinent à converger. Au sein de notre solveur coopératif Charibde, l’algorithme évolutionnaire et l’algorithme sur intervalles exécutés en parallèle échangent bornes, solutions et espace de recherche par passage de messages. Une stratégie couplant une heuristique d’exploration géométrique et un opérateur de réduction de domaine empêche la convergence prématurée de la population vers des minima locaux et évite à l’algorithme évolutionnaire d’explorer des sous-espaces sous-optimaux ou non réalisables. Une comparaison de Charibde avec des solveurs de pointe (GlobSol, IBBA, Ibex) sur une base de problèmes difficiles montre un gain de temps d’un ordre de grandeur. De nouveaux résultats optimaux sont fournis pour cinq problèmes multimodaux pour lesquels peu de solutions, même approchées, sont connues dans la littérature. Nous proposons une application aéronautique dans laquelle la résolution de conflits est modélisée par un problème d’optimisation sous contraintes universellement quantifiées, et résolue par des techniques d’intervalles spécifiques. Enfin, nous certifions l’optimalité de la meilleure solution connue pour le cluster de Lennard-Jones à cinq atomes, un problème ouvert en dynamique moléculaire. / Reliable global optimization is dedicated to finding a global minimum in the presence of rounding errors. The only approaches for achieving a numerical proof of optimality in global optimization are interval-based methods that interleave branching of the search-space and pruning of the subdomains that cannot contain an optimal solution. The exhaustive interval branch and bound methods have been widely studied since the 1960s and have benefitted from the development of refutation methods and filtering algorithms, stemming from the interval analysis and interval constraint programming communities. It is of the utmost importance: i) to compute sharp enclosures of the objective function and the constraints on a given subdomain; ii) to find a good approximation (an upper bound) of the global minimum. State-of-the-art solvers are generally integrative methods, that is they embed local optimization algorithms to compute a good upper bound of the global minimum over each subspace. In this document, we propose a cooperative framework in which interval methods cooperate with evolutionary algorithms. The latter are stochastic algorithms in which a population of individuals (candidate solutions) iteratively evolves in the search-space to reach satisfactory solutions. Evolutionary algorithms, endowed with operators that help individuals escape from local minima, are particularly suited for difficult problems on which traditional methods struggle to converge. Within our cooperative solver Charibde, the evolutionary algorithm and the intervalbased algorithm run in parallel and exchange bounds, solutions and search-space via message passing. A strategy combining a geometric exploration heuristic and a domain reduction operator prevents premature convergence toward local minima and prevents the evolutionary algorithm from exploring suboptimal or unfeasible subspaces. A comparison of Charibde with state-of-the-art solvers based on interval analysis (GlobSol, IBBA, Ibex) on a benchmark of difficult problems shows that Charibde converges faster by an order of magnitude. New optimality results are provided for five multimodal problems, for which few solutions were available in the literature. We present an aeronautical application in which conflict solving between aircraft is modeled by an universally quantified constrained optimization problem, and solved by specific interval contractors. Finally, we certify the optimality of the putative solution to the Lennard-Jones cluster problem for five atoms, an open problem in molecular dynamics.

Com o fim da Guerra-Fria uma série de conflitos surge em diferentes pontos do globo. Em sua maioria eles são de natureza intra-estatal, marcados por alto grau de violência e com múltiplos atores envolvidos. Acompanha essa nova realidade a adoção de uma postura coercitiva por parte da Organização das Nações Unidas, doravante comum nas chamadas intervenções humanitárias. A partir deste quadro propõe-se aqui analisar os fatores constitutivos desses conflitos, representados em dois estudos de casos emblemáticos do tema em foco, Somália (1992) e Timor Leste (1999), bem como o comportamento da ONU em face desses novos desafios. O fio condutor de toda a pesquisa consistiu em demonstrar sua principal hipótese: o sucesso dos processos de resolução de conflitos chefiados pela ONU foi comprovado somente em episódios nos quais a organização internacional considerou outros recursos além do uso da força militar e enfatizou abordagens mais abrangentes, as quais consideravam atores da sociedade civil originários de diversas camadas sociais. / The end of the Cold War is followed by many internal conflicts around the world. Most of these conflicts, are characterized by a high level of violence and composed by actors from different origins. This work is an analysis of coercive power in humanitarian interventions, ruled by the United Nations, concerning conflict resolution process and humanitarian interventions undertaken in East Timor (1999) and in Somalia (1992). The main goal is to discuss the reasons why United Nations used military force in humanitarian interventions, as well as to highlight the approach to conflict resolution processes developed by international organizations. This work argues that conflict resolution processes tend to be successful when they are based on a broader approach, which concerns actors form civil society, coming from different social origins.

Submitted by Sinomar Soares de Carvalho Silva (sinomaruft@uft.edu.br) on 2017-04-25T18:33:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Murilo Francisco Centeno - Disserta????o.pdf: 1183043 bytes, checksum: f70814123d0da37f1d743156d2c082e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-25T18:33:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Murilo Francisco Centeno - Disserta????o.pdf: 1183043 bytes, checksum: f70814123d0da37f1d743156d2c082e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / O presente trabalho versa sobre meios alternativos de solu????o de conflitos na Administra????o P??blica. A disserta????o teve por escopo propor diretrizes contributivas para a institui????o e o funcionamento da C??mara de Preven????o e Resolu????o Administrativa de Conflitos do Estado do Tocantins, a ser implantada em aten????o ao disposto no artigo 174 do C??digo de Processo Civil de 2015 e no artigo 32 da Lei de Media????o, considerando que o conjunto legislativo delineou os tra??os fundamentais das c??maras cong??neres, a serem criadas no ??mbito das Administra????es P??blicas, remetendo, por??m, aos entes federativos a regula????o do modo de composi????o, do funcionamento e demais especificidades. A escassez de par??metros objetivos de regulamenta????o desafiam as Administra????es P??blicas a tornarem efetivas as mencionadas c??maras. Assim, mediante pesquisa eminentemente bibliogr??fica e documental, foram investigados os fundamentos te??ricos que embasam a utiliza????o de mecanismos de consensualidade no ??mbito da Administra????o P??blica, especialmente a partir da consensualidade administrativa expressa na administra????o p??blica dial??gica ou democr??tica, qualificada pela participa????o do administrado na forma????o da vontade administrativa, assim como manifestada no incremento da atividade contratual e na gest??o por acordos, vertente na qual se incluiu os meios alternativos de solu????o de conflitos envolvendo a Administra????o P??blica. A viabilidade e possibilidade jur??dica da negocia????o na preven????o e solu????o de conflitos envolvendo ??rg??os e entidades da Administra????o P??blica foram discutidas mediante a exposi????o dos argumentos que fundamentaram obje????es ?? transa????o nas controv??rsias de tal natureza, assim como foram estudadas a principiologia e as diretrizes que orientam a legisla????o rec??m-mencionada. Foi tamb??m investigada a C??mara de Concilia????o e Arbitragem da Administra????o Federal, atrelada ?? Advocacia-Geral da Uni??o, por considerar que a experi??ncia da Uni??o na gest??o extrajudicial e consensual de seus pr??prios conflitos inspira os dispositivos legais. A partir deste percurso e da an??lise cr??tica da experi??ncia concreta da Uni??o, foram apresentadas diretrizes contributivas para a institui????o e o funcionamento da c??mara local, vinculada ?? Procuradoria-Geral do Estado. / This paper discusses the alternative means of conflict resolution in Public Administration. Therefore, the purpose of the dissertation was to propose contributory guidelines for the institution and operation of the Chamber of Prevention and Administrative Resolution of Conflicts of the State of Tocantins, to be implemented in compliance with the provisions of article 174 of the Code of Civil Procedure of 2015 and article 32 of Law of Mediation, considering that the legislative set delineated the fundamental features of the congeners chambers, to be created within the scope of the Public Administrations, referring, however, to the federative entities, the regulation of the way of composition, functioning and other specificities. The scarcity of objective parameters of regulations challenges Public Administrations to make the aforementioned chambers effective. Thus, through an eminently bibliographical and documentary research, the theoretical foundations underlying the use of consensuality mechanisms within the Public Administration were investigated, especially from the administrative consensuality expressed in the dialogical or democratic public administration, qualified by the participation of the administered in the formation of the Administrative will , as well as manifested in the increment of the contractual activity and management of agreements, which included the alternative means of conflict resolution involving the Public Administration. The viability and legal possibility of negotiation in the prevention and resolution of conflicts involving public administration entities were discussed through the explosion of the arguments that grounded the objections to the transaction in the controversies of this nature, therefore the principiology and principles guiding that oriented the Legislation mention before were also studied. The Chamber of Conciliation and Arbitration of the Federal Administration, linked to the Federal Attorney General's Office, was also investigated, considering that the Union's experience in the extrajudicial and consensual management of its own conflicts inspires legal provisions. From this path and the critical analysis of the concrete experience of the Union, it was presented contributory guidelines for the establishment and functioning of the local chamber, linked to the Attorney General's Office.

Com o fim da Guerra-Fria uma série de conflitos surge em diferentes pontos do globo. Em sua maioria eles são de natureza intra-estatal, marcados por alto grau de violência e com múltiplos atores envolvidos. Acompanha essa nova realidade a adoção de uma postura coercitiva por parte da Organização das Nações Unidas, doravante comum nas chamadas intervenções humanitárias. A partir deste quadro propõe-se aqui analisar os fatores constitutivos desses conflitos, representados em dois estudos de casos emblemáticos do tema em foco, Somália (1992) e Timor Leste (1999), bem como o comportamento da ONU em face desses novos desafios. O fio condutor de toda a pesquisa consistiu em demonstrar sua principal hipótese: o sucesso dos processos de resolução de conflitos chefiados pela ONU foi comprovado somente em episódios nos quais a organização internacional considerou outros recursos além do uso da força militar e enfatizou abordagens mais abrangentes, as quais consideravam atores da sociedade civil originários de diversas camadas sociais. / The end of the Cold War is followed by many internal conflicts around the world. Most of these conflicts, are characterized by a high level of violence and composed by actors from different origins. This work is an analysis of coercive power in humanitarian interventions, ruled by the United Nations, concerning conflict resolution process and humanitarian interventions undertaken in East Timor (1999) and in Somalia (1992). The main goal is to discuss the reasons why United Nations used military force in humanitarian interventions, as well as to highlight the approach to conflict resolution processes developed by international organizations. This work argues that conflict resolution processes tend to be successful when they are based on a broader approach, which concerns actors form civil society, coming from different social origins.

Construction de l´État, Intégration regional et resolution des conflits sont des temes que ont marquee leurs presence dans les etudes et debats sur le continent africain dans ces derniers années. Donc, c´est pour participer et contribuir dans ce debat que ce travail a fait une analise de la formation de l´État Sénegalais et du conflit casamançais, en distaquant les diferents fase de cette dernière et les tentative d´integration regionales faîte atravers la Federation du Mali (1959-1960) et de la confederation de la Sénégambie (1982-1989). De cette manière on a cherché a montré que le conflit de Casamance est le fruit du processus de formation de l´État du Sénégal. Et, sa résolution doit tenir conte des facteurs économiques, culturels, historique et politique. Cependant, c´est seulement avec une integration regional construite avec la population peut ammener paix, developpement et liberté non seulement dans la region de la Casamance mais dans le monde contemporain em general. / Construção do Estado, Integração regional e resolução de conflitos são temas que marcaram presença nos estudos e nos debates sobre o continente africano nos últimos tempos. Assim para participar e contribuir neste debate esse trabalho faz uma análise da formação do Estado do Senegal e do conflito casamencês, ressaltando as diferentes fases do processo da construção do mesmo e as tentativas de integração regional através da Federação do Mali (1959-1960) e da confederação da Senegâmbia (1982-1989). Dessa maneira, procurou-se mostrar que o conflito de Casamance é resultado do processo da formação do Estado do Senegal. E, a resolução do mesmo deve levar em conta sim os fatores econômicos, culturais, históricos e políticos. No entanto, a integração regional construída com a sociedade pode ser uma das formas de trazer paz, desenvolvimento e liberdade, não somente na região de Casamance, mas no mundo contemporâneo em geral. / State-building, regional integration and conflict resolution are topics which featured in studies and discussions on the African continent in recent times. To participate and contribute in this debate, this work makes an analysis of the formation of State of Senegal and conflict casamencês, pointing out the different stages of the construction process and attempts at regional integration through the Federation of Mali (1959-1960) and the Confederation of Senegambia (1982-1989). This way, sought to show that the conflict in Casamance is the result of the process of formation of State of Senegal. And, the resolution should take into account the economic factors, cultural, historical and political. However, only with regional integration built with society can bring peace, development and freedom, not only in the region of Casamance, but in the contemporary world in general.

La socialité diverse des femelles primates reflète une combinaison de stratégies compétitives et coopératives. Différentes théories expliquent cette diversité. Les macaques sont un bon exemple de variation sociale. L’objectif de ma thèse est d’approfondir la connaissance des sociétés de macaques par l’étude d’une espèce peu connue, les macaques à crête, Macaca nigra, dans son milieu naturel, la réserve de Tangkoko à Sulawesi, Indonésie. 2600 heures de données comportementales ont été prises sur 42 femelles adultes d’Octobre 2008 à Juin 2010. En combinant une analyse compréhensive des variables comportementales, je confirme le style social tolérant des femelles. En examinant la fonction des interactions post-agression par l’analyse des liens entre agression, anxiété, caractéristiques des conflits et de celles des dyades impliquées et les interactions post-agression, je détermine que celles-ci ne servent pas à réduire l’anxiété ou à “raccommoder” les relations sociales mais fonctionnent plutôt pour signaler l’intention pacifique ou pour réaffirmer le statut social. En étudiant l’influence des relations de dominance et de parenté sur les interactions sociales, je détermine que la force des liens sociaux n’est pas forcement liée a la dominance ou la parenté et que les coalitions sont formées entre femelles proches en dominance, mais pas entre apparentées ou proches affiliées. Ces résultats contrastent avec d’autres sociétés animales et mettent en évidence la complexité des sociétés tolérantes. Ma thèse apporte de nouvelles bases empiriques sur la variation sociale dans une perspective comparative et apporte un nouveau cadre théorique sur l’évolution des sociétés animales. / The diversity in female primate sociality reflects a combination of competitive and cooperative strategies. Different frameworks explain such diversity. The genus Macaca is a good example of social variation. The aim of my thesis is to foster our understanding of macaque societies by studying one little-known species, the crested macaque, Macaca nigra, under natural conditions, the Tangkoko Reserve, in Sulawesi Indonesia. From October 2008 to June 2010, I gathered 2600 hours of behavioural data on 42 adult females. By quantifying a comprehensive set of behaviours, I confirm the females’ tolerant social style. I investigate the function of post-conflict interactions by analysing the relationship between aggression, anxiety, characteristics of conflicts, of dyads involved in conflicts, and the occurrence of post-conflict interactions. Post-conflict interactions did not serve to reduce stress or to “repair” relationships but function as a signal of benign intent or to reassert social status. I analyse the hierarchical and nepotistic influence on social relationships and show that social bonds are not entirely shaped by kinship or dominance. Coalitionary support occurred amongst females close in rank but not amongst close kin or strong affiliates. These patterns represent meaningful contrasts to other animal species and highlight the complexity of social life in tolerant societies. By combining behavioural and genetic data, my thesis brings an empirical basis to theoretical frameworks on the evolution of social diversity, reflects on the interplay between different factors in a comparative perspective and provides a general framework for the evolution of animal societies.