O estudo busca identificar a realidade dos litígios ambientais que envolvem o direito humano à água, apresentando mecanismos autocompositivos de resolução da conflituosidade, por meio da atuação do Ministério Público. Como recorte específico, a dissertação aborda a situação alarmante dos corpos hídricos da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Formoso, na região sudoeste do Estado do Tocantins. A base teórica do estudo focou nas contribuições de autores e pesquisadores nas áreas do direito ambiental, geografia, ecologia e agronomia. A base metodológica ateve-se ao levantamento bibliográfico, estatístico, análise documental e processual. Reconheceu-se que acesso à justiça não é acesso ao Poder Judiciário, mas à solução do litígio com agilidade, eficiência, adequação, profissionalismo e compromisso social. O direito à água potável envolve questão de justiça ambiental e o órgão constitucionalmente incumbido da defesa do regime democrático deve oferecer alternativas para assegurar a todos uma vida com dignidade, valor supremo de uma sociedade comprometida com a solução pacífica dos conflitos, conforme preâmbulo da Constituição. Após o estudo das bases principiológicas do Direito Ambiental e da gestão dos recursos hídricos, palmilharam-se os caminhos da excessiva litigiosidade que sobrecarrega os tribunais brasileiros para identificar a necessidade de ampliar conhecimentos acerca da moderna teoria do conflito como forma de inspirar a atuação dos integrantes do Ministério Público a adotar, preferencialmente, métodos autocompositivos de resolução de conflitos. / The study seeks to identify the reality of environmental disputes involving the human right to water, by presenting mechanisms for solving conflicts, through the work of the Public Prosecution Service. As a specific clipping, the dissertation addresses the alarming situation of the water bodies of the Rio Formoso hydrological basin, in the southwest region of the state of Tocantins. The theoretical background of the study was based on the contributions of authors and researchers in the areas of environmental law, geography, ecology and agronomy. The methodological basis was based on bibliographical, statistical, documental and procedural analysis. It was recognized that access to justice is not access to the Judiciary, but to the solution of the litigation with agility, efficiency, adequacy, professionalism and social commitment. The right to clean water involves a question of environmental justice and the body constitutionally mandated to defend the democratic regime must offer alternatives to ensure a dignified life for all, a supreme value of a society committed to the peaceful resolution of conflicts, according to the preamble of the Constitution. After studying the principles of Environmental Law and the management of water resources, the paths of excessive litigiousness that overload the Brazilian courts to identify the need to expand knowledge about the modern theory of conflict as a way of inspiring the action of the members of the Public Prosecutor's Office to adopt, preferably, self-composed methods of conflict resolution.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:46:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KARINE APARECIDA DE OLIVEIRA DIAS ESLAR.pdf: 809960 bytes, checksum: ef3fad346296d3b7f54351adba276875 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-08 / Born within the international commercial law, arbitration has developed and spread as an alternative for the resolution of disputes with establishment of the Organization of American States - OAS, which represented the first effort of peaceful conflict resolution in Southern Hemisphere.The development of this way of conflict resolution isless bureaucratic and its legal contours in Mercosul came from the Brasilia Protocol, which provided that it would develop as a provisional means of conflict resolution.But it was with the enactment of Law 9.307 of 23 of September of 1996 that the procedure mentioned started to be held in the Brazilian territory. However, from a provisional methoddispute settlement in Mercosul, arbitration became definitive with the signing of the Protocol of OuroPreto, and later supplemented by the Protocols of Buenos Aires and Protocols of Olivos, but it still lacks an effective legislation more equitable for its goal, because for the States, the access to arbitral resolution is guaranteed, but not for the individuals of Mercosul, who are practically excluded from that access. / Nascida no seio do direito internacional comercial, a arbitragem se desenvolveu e se propagou como meio alternativo ao judicial para a resolução de controvérsias, permitindo, após a instituição da Organização dos Estados Americanos OEA, a qual representou o primeiro esforço de resolução pacífica de conflitos no sul do Continente Americano, o desenvolvimento deste meio heterocompositivo de solução de conflitos. Menos burocratizada, a arbitragem ganhou contornos legais no Mercosul a partir do Protocolo de Brasília, o qual proporcionou que a mesma se desenvolvesse como meio provisório de solução de conflitos.Todavia, com a edição da Lei 9.307 de 23 de setembro de 1996 que o crescimento vertiginoso da arbitragem se deu no território brasileiro consagrando-a como meio alternativo ao judicial. Contudo, de meio provisório de solução de controvérsias do Mercosul, a arbitragem passou a definitivo com a assinatura do Protocolo de Ouro Preto, sendo posteriormente complementado pelos Protocolos de Buenos Aires e pelo Protocolo de Olivos. Ainda hoje, porém, prescinde de uma legislação mais equânime para efetivação de seu objetivo de solucionar conflitos de forma equitativa, uma vez que aos Estados o acesso se dá de forma integral, enquanto que para os particulares do Mercosul, a acessibilidade de solução de litígios pelo sistema é excludente.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diogo Albaneze Gomes Ribeiro.pdf: 1427256 bytes, checksum: 040a344742e9958f178c327c9717832a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-17 / This study aims to investigate the use of arbitration in contracts executed in the electric power sector, analyzing not only their pertinence, but, principally, their effective application in generation, distribution, transmission, and commercialization contracts of electricity. The industry, after going through a process of unbundling, that distinguished the monopolized activities likely to be provided for in the/a competition regime, underwent major innovations introduced by Law 9.648/1998 (that created the independent electricity producer and made commercialization an autonomous activity). As a result of these innovations, the contractual relationship between the actors of the sector multiplied, turning it into one of the most complex regulated markets and, consequently, propitious to the use of alternative mechanisms for conflict resolution, including arbitration. In this context, the use of mediation, conciliation, and arbitration institutes came to be expressly provided for in various industry standards, and, in some situations, mandatory use as in the commercialization of electricity. For these reasons, arbitration in the electricity sector is turning into a field that, increasingly, deserves attention from the arbitration community / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo investigar a utilização da arbitragem nos contratos firmados no setor de energia elétrica, analisando não apenas o seu cabimento, mas, principalmente, a sua efetiva aplicação nos contratos de geração, distribuição, transmissão e comercialização de energia elétrica. O setor, após passar por um processo de desintegração vertical (unbundling), que distinguiu as atividades monopolizadas das suscetíveis de serem prestadas em regime de competição, passou por importantes inovações trazidas pela Lei 9.648/1998 (que criou a figura do produtor independente de energia elétrica e a comercialização como atividade autônoma). Como resultado dessas inovações, multiplicaram-se as relações contratuais entre os agentes do setor, transformando-o em um dos mercados regulados mais complexos e, consequentemente, propícios para a utilização de mecanismos alternativos de solucionar conflitos, incluindo a arbitragem. Nesse contexto, a utilização dos institutos da mediação, conciliação e arbitragem passou a ser expressamente prevista em diversas normas do setor, sendo, em algumas situações, de uso obrigatório como ocorre no âmbito da comercialização de energia elétrica. Por esses motivos, a arbitragem no setor de energia elétrica vem se transformando em um campo que vem, cada vez mais, merecendo atenção da comunidade arbitral

O presente trabalho aborda a inserção dos meios alternativos de resolução de conflitos no processo civil e propõe a consideração de tais métodos como técnicas processuais voltadas ao atingimento dos escopos da jurisdição, tomada essencialmente como função pública voltada à pacificação de conflitos. São apresentados os institutos fundamentais do processo civil e se parte de uma releitura do processo civil a partir da busca da efetividade e da consideração do escopo da pacificação como escopo magno da jurisdição, o que justifica a introdução de meios complementares de solução de conflitos voltados à promoção da solução consensual dos litígios. Tem-se, então, em certa medida, a ampliação do objeto de estudo do processo civil. Tendo em vista a necessidade de se agregar novos institutos à consecução dos escopos do processo, os meios alternativos de solução de conflitos passam a ser tratados não mais como meros equivalentes jurisdicionais, mas como ferramentas do próprio sistema processual para a consecução de seus escopos. Isso conduz ao alargamento do objeto da ciência processual, à alteração do conteúdo programático das Escolas de Direito e à formação de um novo profissional da área jurídica. Dentre os métodos de resolução de conflitos existentes, são descritas a negociação, a conciliação, a avaliação neutra e a mediação, com destaque para esta última pela maior amplitude de aplicação e de técnicas utilizadas. São apresentados os fundamentos teóricos da mediação, as principais técnicas utilizadas e o procedimento que se recomenda seja observado para a condução adequada dessa forma de solução de controvérsias. Descritos esses métodos, passa-se à abordagem de algumas experiências de aplicação dos meios alternativos de forma complementar ao processo civil, destacando-se especialmente a disciplina legal estabelecida nos Estados Unidos da América e na Argentina. O presente trabalho culmina com a apresentação de um cronograma de instalação de setores de mediação anexos ao sistema judicial, abordando o recrutamento de mediadores, a capacitação necessária, o papel dos operadores do direito na empreitada e a metodologia de trabalho empregada, tudo a partir das bases legislativas já existentes em nosso ordenamento e do sucesso do projeto de gerenciamento de casos elaborado pelo CEBEPEJ - Centro Brasileiro de Estudos e Pesquisas Judiciais. A ampla utilização da mediação como instrumento de pacificação e consecução dos escopos da jurisdição já é possível independentemente de legislação própria .e específica, embora a institucionalização possa constituir um instrumento importante da divulgação e implementação da mediação em nossa sociedade. Buscou-se lançar as bases teóricas e práticas do uso da mediação como ferramenta de consecução dos escopos da jurisdição, principalmente o da pacificação, a partir de uma visão diferenciada do conflito e da necessidade de formação de um novo profissional da área jurídica, incorporando ao processo civil métodos complementares de solução de conflitos marcados pelo traço da interdisciplinaridade que permitirão alcançar o processo civil que se almeja: efetivo, célere e voltado preponderantemente à pacificação dos conflitantes. / The present work tackles the insertion of alternative dispute resolution methods in civil procedure, and proposes to consider these methods as procedural techniques focused on obtaining the scope of the jurisdiction, taken essentially as a public function towards the pacification of disputes. The fundamental institutes of civil procedure are presented from a new reading in the field, seeking effective solutions and considering the scope of pacification as a substantial scope of jurisdiction, thereby justifying the introduction of supplementary means for the resolution of disputes focusing on the promotion of a consensual resolution of disputes. The subject of study of civil procedure is hence to some extent broadened. In view of the necessity to aggregate new institutes in order to attain the scopes of the process, the alternative dispute resolution methods are henceforth treated not as mere jurisdiction equivalents but as tools of the very procedure system for the attainment of its scopes. This leads to the widening of the subject of the science of civil to the modification of programme contents in the Colleges of Law and to the building of a new law professional. Negotiation, conciliation, neutral early evaluation and mediation fall within the methods used to resolve disputes, particular emphasis being laid on the latter due to the extent of its application and the techniques used. The theoretical foundations of mediation, the main techniques used and the recommended procedure to be observed for a proper execution of this form of resolution of controversies are presented. Once completed the description of those methods, we shall move onto the experience of the application of alternative means as a supplementary form in civil proceedings, while highlighting more particularly the legal discipline established in the United States of America and in Argentina. This work then culminates with the presentation of a schedule for the insta1lation of additional mediation sectors alongside the judicial system, while tackling the recruitment of mediators, the necessary qualification, the role played by law professionals in this enterprise and the work methodology employed, all of which from the legal bases existing in our ordinance and the success of the case management project elaborated by CEBEPEJ - the Brazilian Judicial Studies and Research Centre. The wide use of mediation as a pacification tool for the attainment of the scopes of jurisdiction is a1ready possible, regardless of the specific legislation itself, although the institutionalisation may constitute an important tool for the release and implementation of mediation in our society. The purpose of this study was to set the theoretica1 bases and practices of the use of mediation as a tool to attain the scopes of jurisdiction, and mainly that of pacification from a differentiated viewpoint of dispute and from the necessity of qualifying a new legal professional by incorporating supplementary methods into civil proceedings for the resolution of disputes marked by the trait of an interdisciplinary approach, hereby making it possible to reach the civil procedure aspired to: an effective and diligent proceeding turned most and foremost towards the pacification of the parties in dispute.

Submitted by Maria Aparecida (cidazen@gmail.com) on 2017-05-03T13:07:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Wermeson Pinheiro.pdf: 786371 bytes, checksum: 125d04c80ae36cf355b93db335c4f9ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-03T13:07:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wermeson Pinheiro.pdf: 786371 bytes, checksum: 125d04c80ae36cf355b93db335c4f9ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-15 / The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of Conflict and Citizenship of the City of St. Louis Solution for Legal Centres - MA from 2013 to 2015, from the actions undertaken by the State of Maranhão Court of Justice to implement Resolution No 125/2010 of the National Council of Justice (CNJ), which established the National Judicial Policy Suitable Treatment of Conflicts of Interest. For this, rebuilt from the modernity, the process of transformation of the state and the judiciary in the world and in Brazil, which resulted in increased litigation and bureaucracy, slowness and inefficiency of the judicial services. This time, he served as theoretical framework the third wave of access to justice movement formulated by Cappelletti and Garth, who presented as a solution for legal problems a wide range of reforms aimed to make it simple, economical and efficient justice system and create alternative means of conflict resolution. It argued that the implementation process of alternative means of conflict resolution in Brazil was the result of international economic pressures of the World Bank and internal dissatisfaction with the performance of the judiciary, especially, after the democratization of the country with the Federal Constitution of 1988 . This reform, which was to mark the Constitutional Amendment No. 45/2010, was influenced by the managerial vision of public administration, established in Brazil by Constitutional Amendment No. 19/98, which encouraged the CNJ to implement the judicial administration typical elements of the initiative private as strategic planning, achievement of goals, measuring results in a clear relationship of cost benefit. It was formulated reasoning from the deductive method, as it left the general impositions of CNJ on the National Judicial Policy Treatment Suitable for Conflicts of Interest to reach local findings on the implementation of efficiency of this policy, taking advantage, for both, the Technical Document 319 of the World Bank, Resolution 125/2010 of the CNJ, Resolution No. 10/2011 of the Maranhão Court of Justice and the reports and crafts provided by Citizenship and Conflict Settlement Judicial centers portrayed the operation of these units in the years from 2013 to 2015. As a result, it was found that CEJUSC, although in full operation, need better structure and can be better exploited. / Objetivou-se com a presente pesquisa avaliar a eficiência dos Centros Judiciários de Solução de Conflitos e Cidadania da cidade de São Luís – MA no período de 2013 a 2015, a partir das ações desenvolvidas pelo Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Maranhão para concretizar a Resolução nº 125/2010 do Conselho Nacional de Justiça (CNJ), que instituiu a Política Judiciária Nacional de Tratamento Adequado dos Conflitos de Interesses. Para isso, reconstruiu-se, a partir da modernidade, o processo de transformação do Estado e do Poder Judiciário no mundo e no Brasil, que resultou no aumento de demandas judiciais, bem como na burocracia, morosidade e ineficiência da prestação jurisdicional. Desta feita, serviu como marco teórico a terceira onda do movimento de acesso à justiça formulada por Cappelletti e Garth, que apresentou como solução aos problemas da justiça uma ampla variedade de reformas tendente a tornar mais simples, econômico e eficiente o sistema de justiça e criar meios alternativos de solução de conflitos. Sustentou-se que o processo de implantação dos meios alternativos de solução de conflitos no Brasil foi fruto de pressões econômicas internacionais do Banco Mundial e da insatisfação interna com a atuação do Poder Judiciário, sobretudo, após a redemocratização do país com a Constituição Federal de 1988. Essa reforma, que teve como marco a Emenda Constitucional nº 45/2010, foi influenciada pela visão gerencial de administração pública, instituída no Brasil pela Emenda Constitucional nº 19/98, a qual incentivou o CNJ a implantar na administração judiciária típicos elementos da iniciativa privada como planejamento estratégico, cumprimento de metas, aferição de resultados, em uma clara relação de custo benefício. Formulou-se o raciocínio a partir do método dedutivo, pois se partiu das imposições gerais do CNJ sobre a Política Judiciária Nacional de Tratamento Adequado dos Conflitos de Interesse para chegar às constatações locais sobre a eficiência de implantação desta política, valendo-se, para tanto, do Documento Técnico 319 do Banco Mundial, da Resolução 125/2010 do CNJ, da Resolução nº 10/2011 do Tribunal de Justiça do Maranhão e dos relatórios e ofícios fornecidos pelos Centros Judiciários de Solução de Conflitos e Cidadania que retrataram o funcionamento destas unidades nos anos de 2013 a 2015. Como resultado, verificou-se que os CEJUSC, embora em pleno funcionamento, carecem de melhor estrutura e podem ser melhor explorados.

Le 30 janvier 1972, dans la ville nord-irlandaise de Derry/Londonderry, treize personnes furent tuées par des soldats britanniques alors qu’elles participaient à une manifestation pour les droits civiques. Ce « Bloody Sunday » provoqua immédiatement des polémiques : les soldats affirmaient avoir répliqué à des tirs, ce que contestaient vigoureusement les civils. Le verdict de la première enquête publique, qui conclut en 1972 que les soldats avaient agi dans les règles, ne fut jamais accepté par les familles des victimes, qui lancèrent en 1992 une campagne réclamant une nouvelle enquête. En 1998, dans le contexte du processus de paix, le gouvernement britannique accéda à cette requête et créa l’enquête Saville. Le défi était grand : comment réécrire la mémoire officielle d’un événement aussi symbolique, alors que celui-ci avait déjà été intégré dans des mémoires collectives antagonistes et fortement enracinées ? Ce travail étudie l’enquête Saville à la lumière de trois grands concepts : la vérité, la justice et la mémoire. La vérité, car la découvrir était l’objectif premier de l’enquête. La justice, car une enquête publique, bien que n’étant pas un procès, la sert en rétablissant la confiance en l’Etat de droit et en accordant aux victimes une reconnaissance officielle. Enfin, la mémoire, car une tentative de réécrire la version officielle d’un tel événement se heurtait forcément aux mémoires collectives existantes : celles des communautés nationaliste et unioniste, mais aussi de l’Etat. Cette enquête chargée d’oeuvrer pour la réconciliation a donc du gérer les difficultés nées de ces relations étroites mais parfois conflictuelles entre vérité, justice et mémoire. / On January 30th, 1972, in the Northern Irish city of Derry/Londonderry, thirteen people who had been taking part in a civil rights demonstration were shot dead by British soldiers. This ‘Bloody Sunday’ immediately sparked controversy: the soldiers claimed they had fired in retaliation, which civilian witnesses categorically denied. In 1972, the conclusion of the first public inquiry that the soldiers had acted within the rules was rejected by the victims’ families, who launched a campaign demanding a new inquiry in 1992. In 1998, as the peace process was under way, the British government granted a second public inquiry, to be chaired by Lord Saville. This inquiry faced a major challenge: how could they rewrite the official memory of such a symbolic event, which had already been integrated into deeply entrenched, antagonistic collective memories? Three main concepts were used to study the Saville inquiry in this work: truth, justice and memory. Finding the truth was announced as one of the inquiries’ main objectives. Justice is also highly relevant, for even though the inquiry is not a trial, it does serve justice by restoring confidence in the rule of law and providing official recognition for the victims. Finally, the importance of memory is paramount, as any attempt to rewrite the official narrative of an event was bound to clash with existing collective memories: the collective memories of the nationalist and unionist communities, but also the official memory of the British state. Truth, justice and memory thus appear to be closely linked, but may also collide, making it difficult for the inquiry to reach the objective of bringing about reconciliation.

Teachers of deaf and hard of hearing students spend more time in conflict resolution than their general education colleagues do. Although emerging research suggests that both students and teachers benefit from an approach to student conduct that is more purposeful than traditional behavior modification models, further research was necessary to clarify how such an effective purposeful program would work. The purpose of this inquiry was to explore how teachers of deaf and hard of hearing students perceived and used a purposeful approach to student conduct. Deutsch's conflict resolution theory served as the conceptual framework. A single case study design was selected for this qualitative study conducted in a rural residential school for deaf and hard of hearing students in the western United States. Data were collected from interviews with six teachers, observations, and documents. Data were analyzed using line-by-line coding and the constant comparative method to construct categories for each data source, and examined across all data sources to determine emergent themes and discrepancies. Results indicated that teachers of deaf and hard of hearing students used a two-step approach to collaborative conflict resolution that included engaging in perspective-taking and engaging in solution generation. This study promotes positive social change by informing school administrators on how to plan effective teacher training on using a purposeful approach to student conduct with deaf and hard of hearing learners.

Unresolved conflict is responsible for at least 50% of resignations in the workplace, which negatively affects an organization's reputation and profitability. Although there has been ample research on the link between conflict resolution and leadership, there was limited research on conflict aboard military installations specifically. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore conflict resolution strategies of civilian small business managers who work on a military installation in Southern Arizona. The theory of realistic conflict, or realistic group conflict theory, was used as the conceptual framework for this study. The data collection process involved semistructured interviews of 11 managers selected from 4 different civilian small businesses via purposive sampling along with company documents and public information found on the Internet containing conflict resolution processes within the organization. Transcribed interviews were coded and analyzed using software to help generate emergent themes. Yin's comprehensive data analysis method of compiling, assembling and disassembling, interpreting, and making conclusions resulted in the emergence of 3 themes: effective communication, situational leadership, and organizational culture. The results from this study may help business leaders identify strategies for resolving conflict, as well as recognize issues beforehand, mitigating conflict before is develops. This study has implications for positive social change, in that potential outcome of reduced conflict may lead to more organizational productivity and increase the revenue stream that is input into base programs for military members, their families, and other government employees, subsequently improving their quality of life.

An important challenge facing humanity today is to determine how to resolve intractable conflicts. Intractable conflicts are intensely violent conflicts that are difficult to resolve and last at least one generation. The purpose of this study was to explore the themes leaders used in resolving intractable conflicts by writing peace agreements, which achieved at least a ninety percent implementation rating by the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame. The research questions focused on the distribution of societal themes defined by Bar-Tal as present within societies experiencing an intractable conflict. This study used a multicase study approach and a directed content analysis of the narratives, chosen because the study began with an existing concept as a guide for determining initial codes. A categorization matrix was developed based on the existing concept and expanded to include one new category not initially included. The texts were coded by hand and the data were interpreted to reveal the findings, which show that the distribution of themes within narratives of the peace accords contained themes supported by Bar-Tal's research as being functional in transitioning a society out of conflict and absent themes found as being dysfunctional in helping societies make this transition. Second, interpretation of the findings confirmed that knowledge found in transformational leadership literature extends knowledge of narratives of peace accords. A new model of peacemaking emerged from these findings entitled the peace accords transformational leadership model. If leaders understood how to craft narratives of peace, then positive social change would result from a quicker end to violent conflicts and lasting peace for the societies suffering within them.

<p>This composite dissertation explores mediation in internal armed conflicts from a bargaining perspective. Four separate essays investigate why mediation occurs, why it is successful, and why peace guarantors’ commitments are credible. Essay 1 examines the conditions under which mediation takes place. The study argues that whereas it is costly for governments to accept international mediation, it is a less costly intervention tool for potential third parties. This argument implies that mediation will be more likely when and where negotiated settlements are least likely to be reached, a contention that is supported by empirical tests. Essay 2 reviews the contemporary debate on what types of mediators that can disseminate information in a credible manner, and formulates a set of testable hypotheses on mediation partiality. The analysis shows that negotiated settlements are more likely if biased or interested mediators intervene, while neutral mediators are not associated with mediation success. Essay 3 elaborates on the role of biased mediators. It proposes that rebels face a commitment problem when negotiated settlements are to be reached, which government-biased mediators can mitigate. The study finds that such types of mediators outperform rebel-biased mediators in terms of helping combatants to settle the armed conflict. Essay 4 deals with the commitment problem that comes to pass between, on the one hand the primary parties, and on the other, the potential peace guarantors. The study probes the requests and promises for third-party security guarantees and suggests that the reputation of the United Nations (UN) enhances its credibility as peace guarantor compared to non-UN actors. It finds that although the UN is more restrictive with its promises, it is more likely that peacekeeping forces will be provided if the UN is one of the guarantors. In sum, utilizing unique data from two time-periods (post World War II and post Cold War), this dissertation arrives at new insights on the role of mediators in bringing about negotiated settlements of internal armed conflicts.</p>