Escherichia coli O157:H7 é um dos patógenos alimentares mais importantes da atualidade, e, recentemente, diversas cepas desse microrganismo foram isoladas no sul do Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar duas cepas de E. coli O157:H7, através da avaliação de sua resistência térmica, ácida e comportamento frente a diferentes desinfetantes e procedimentos de higienização de vegetais folhosos. Resultados demonstraram a redução significativa das contagens bacterianas, após 3 minutos a 60ºC, 2 minutos a 65º, 1 minuto a 70, 72º C e 75ºC. Contudo, após adaptação ácida, nenhuma das cepas foi inativada a 60ºC, por até 3 minutos. A 70ºC foi observado aumento significativo da resistência térmica apenas para a CC. Em relação à resistência ácida, ambas as cepas sobreviveram quando expostas ao meio TSBm a diferentes pH entre 2,0 a 9,5 ajustados com ácido clorídrico e ácido propiônico (AP). Apenas, o meio com pH 2,0, ajustado com AP, foi capaz de reduzir significativamente às contagens de ambas as cepas. Na avaliação da resistência aos desinfetantes, álcool etílico (96ºGl e 70%) e quaternário de amônio foram capazes de inativar ambas as cepas, mesmo na presença de matéria orgânica. O ácido orgânico, na concentração recomendada pelo fabricante e o dobro dessa concentração, reduziu cerca de 90% das contagens, após 5 minutos de exposição. O dicloroisocianurato de sódio só apresentou reduções significativas quando foram utilizadas duas vezes a concentração recomendada pelo fabricante. Todos os procedimentos de lavagem e desinfecção de alfaces, artificialmente contaminadas com E. coli O157:H7, reduziram as contagens em 2,97±1,21logUFC/g, apenas o tratamento conduzido a 10ºC, diferiu significativamente dos demais, apresentando maior redução 6,27±0,50logUFC/g. Esses resultados demonstram que as cepas de E. coli O157:H7 foram resistentes a diferentes situações de estresse, sendo portanto importantes do ponto de vista epidemiológico, visto que estão presentes no sul do Brasil e podem se tornar agentes etiológicos de surtos alimentares. / Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a major food pathogens today, and recently, several strains of this organism were isolated in southern Brazil. The objective of this study was to characterize two strains of E. coli O157: H7, by evaluating its thermal and acid resistance and behavior among different disinfectants and cleaning procedures on leafy vegetables. The results showed a significant reduction in bacterial counts after 3 minutes at 60 ° C, 2 min at 65 ° and 1 min at 70, 72 º C and 75 º C. However, after acid adaptation, none of the strains was inactivated at 60 ° C among 3 minutes. At 70 ° C significant increase in heat resistance was observed only for CC. Regarding acid resistance, both strains survived when exposed to TSBm medium at different pH adjusted from 2.0 to 9.5 with hydrochloric acid and propionic acid (PA). Only when the medium was adjusted with AP at pH 2.0 it was able to significantly reduce the counts of both strains. Evaluating the resistance to disinfectants, Ethyl Alcohol Free (96ºGl and 70 %) and quaternary ammonium were able to inactivate both strains, even in the presence of organic matter. For the orgnic acid in the concentration recommended by the manufacturer and at the double concentration there was reduced around 90 % of the counts after 5 minutes of exposure. The sodium dichloroisocyanurate only showed significant reductions when used in the double concentration recommended by the manufacturer. All procedures for cleaning and disinfecting the lettuces artificially contaminated with E. coli O157 : H7 counts decreased by 2.97 ± 1.21 log CFU / g , only the treatment conducted at 10 ° C reduced significantly from the others (6 , 27 ± 0.50 log CFU / g). The results demonstrate that the strains of E. coli O157 : H7 were resistant to different stress situations and therefore are important as an epidemiological point of view, as it is present in southern Brazil and can become etiologic agents of food borne outbreaks.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:57:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lopes_am_me_araca.pdf: 932429 bytes, checksum: 58f57b4ef355fad92340a3819101663b (MD5) / A atividade antimicrobiana do laser Er:YAG foi avaliada sobre biofilme bacteriano constituído por Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 e 3 cepas de Fusobacterium nucleatum e sobre biofilme de microrganismos salivares. Os biofilmes foram submetidos à ação do laser a 1,2 W e 10 Hz por 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 e 60 s e fez-se a avaliação da microbiota residual em ágar sangue, em anaerobiose. O biofilme salivar se mostrou mais sensível nos primeiros tempos de irradiação. A redução microbiana em relação ao controle foi estatisticamente significativa entre todos os tempos testados. Avaliou-se também a ação do laser Er:YAG sobre 7 cepas de Fusobacterium nucleatum inoculadas sobre a superfície de corpos-de-prova (5mmX4mm) de dentes extraídos. Fez-se a aplicação do laser nos mesmos parâmetros físicos mencionados anteriormente, durante 15 s, levando à eliminação total do conteúdo séptico. O estudo avaliou também a irradiação do laser de Er:YAG durante tempos subinibitórios sobre a atividade hemolítica e susceptibilidade de 9 cepas de Fusobacterium nucleatum a amoxicilina, eritromicina, metronidazol e tetraciclina. Após a irradiação do laser, determinou-se a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) para as drogas através do método de diluição em ágar. A ação do laser sobre a atividade hemolítica foi determinada em sangue humano. Verificou-se que o laser Er:YAG não afetou a atividade hemolítica de Fusobacterium nucleatum, que se mostrou α-hemolítica, tampouco a susceptibilidade a drogas dos isolados testados. / Antimicrobial activity of Er:YAG laser was evaluated on a bacterial biofilm constituted by Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and 3 strains of Fusobacterium nucleatum and on biofilm produced by salivary microorganisms. Biofilms were irradiated by Er:YAG laser, 1,2 W and 10 Hz, for 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 60 s and the evaluation of residual contamination was performed on blood agar, under anaerobiosis. It was verified that salivary biofilm showed to be more susceptibility to the Er:YAG laser in shorter periods of laser irradiation. Bacterial reduction was significative in all tested periods of irradiation. The activity of Er:YAG laser was also evaluated on 7 strains of Fusobacterium nucleatum inoculated on samples of human dentin (5mm X 4mm), obtained from extracted teeth. The laser was used following the same physical parameters, as previously described, for 15 s, leading to complete elimination of their septic content. The study also evaluated the effects of subinibitory irradiation of Er:YAG laser on bacterial susceptibility of 9 strains of Fusobacterium nucleatum to antimicrobial drugs (amoxicillin, erythromycin, metronidazole, tetracycline) and hemolysis. Thus, after laser irradiation, the minimal inhibitory concentration of antimicrobial drugs was determined by using an agar dilution method. The influence of laser on hemolysis was carried out on human blood. It was verified that Er:YAG laser did not produce any measurable effect on hemolytic activity and the microbial susceptibility to tested antimicrobial drugs.

Submitted by Agda Marobo Andreotti (36897500836) on 2017-10-19T21:29:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE DOUTORADO AGDA MAROBO ANDREOTTI.pdf: 5621947 bytes, checksum: ad2de971e6e9dcd6b35700dd4f7bc0d1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-10-23T18:36:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 andreotti_am_dr_araca.pdf: 5621947 bytes, checksum: ad2de971e6e9dcd6b35700dd4f7bc0d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-23T18:36:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andreotti_am_dr_araca.pdf: 5621947 bytes, checksum: ad2de971e6e9dcd6b35700dd4f7bc0d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O controle da formação de biofilme é essencial para manter a saúde da cavidade anoftálmica dos portadores de prótese ocular. As propriedades físicas da resina acrílica, como a sua rugosidade, podem interferir na adesão de microrganismos nas próteses e na formação de biofilmes. Sendo assim, é necessário utilizar soluções de limpeza eficazes e que não causem irritação tecidual na conjuntiva ocular. O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar a influência da rugosidade de superfície da resina acrílica utilizada na confecção de próteses oculares na formação de biofilme bacteriano, bem como avaliar a eficácia antimicrobiana e citotoxicidade de diferentes soluções para desinfecção de próteses oculares. Para a análise da rugosidade, corpos de prova de resina acrílica foram confeccionados e divididos em 5 grupos de acordo com a granulação de lixa de polimento utilizada: 120, 400, 800, 1200 e 1200S (lixa + sílica). A rugosidade dos corpos de prova foi mensurada por meio de perfilômetro e imagens de Microscopia de Força Atômica foram obtidas para cada grupo. O crescimento das espécies Staphylococcus aureus e Staphylococcus epidermidis sobre os corpos de prova foi avaliado após 4 e 24h, por meio da contagem das Unidades Formadoras de Colônia (UFC)/mL. O efeito dos seguintes tratamentos: soro fisiológico, sabão neutro, clorexidina 4%, pastilhas efervescentes Efferdent®, triclosan 1% e citronela sobre biofilme formado sobre os corpos de prova de resina acrílica também foi avaliado por meio da determinação do número de UFC/mL. A citotoxicidade dos agentes antimicrobianos foi avaliada por meio dos testes de MTT e Neutral Red, após tratamento dos corpos de prova, diariamente, por 1, 7, 15, 30, 60 e 90 dias com as soluções já citadas, sendo avaliados ao fim de cada período. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística adequada, considerando se provinham de dados paramétricos ou não paramétricos. Os resultados demonstraram que os menores valores de rugosidade foram encontrados no grupo 800, 1200 e 1200S. A contagem microbiana foi menor no grupo 1200S e esta diferiu estatisticamente (p>0,05) do controle para ambos os tempos de avaliação e bactérias. Na análise da ação antimicrobiana das soluções para desinfecção, todos os protocolos promoveram redução do crescimento dos microrganismos testados comparados ao controle (crescimento sem a presença do antimicrobiano), sendo que os grupos submetidos ao tratamento com clorexidina 4%, pastilhas efervescentes Efferdent® e triclosan 1% eliminaram o biofilme (p>0,01). Ainda nos ensaios de citotoxicidade, em todos os grupos foi observada proliferação celular das células da conjuntiva acima de 84% (p>0,05). Dessa forma, conclui-se que a rugosidade não interfere significativamente na adesão bacteriana e formação de biofilme, exceto para o grupo 1200S, e que os protocolos de limpeza com imersão em clorexidina 4%, pastilhas efervescentes Efferdent® e triclosan 1% são totalmente eficazes na desinfecção e não apresentam citotoxicidade para com as células da conjuntiva humana, sugerindo sua indicação para desinfecção de próteses oculares. / The control of biofilm formation is essential to maintain the health of anophthalmic cavity of ocular prosthesis wearers. The physical properties of the acrylic resin, such as surface roughness, may interfere with the adhesion of microorganisms to the prostheses. Therefore, it is necessary to use cleaning solutions that are effective and do not cause tissue irritation in ocular conjunctiva. The aim of this study was to verify the influence of surface roughness of the acrylic resin used in the preparation of ocular prosthesis in the formation of bacterial biofilm, as well as to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy and cytotoxicity of different disinfectants in ocular prostheses. For roughness analysis, acrylic resin samples were prepared and divided into 5 groups according to the granulation of polishing sandpaper used: 120, 400, 800, 1200 and 1200S (sandpaper + silica). The roughness of the samples was measured using a profilometer and Atomic Force Microscopy images were obtained for each group. The microbial growth for Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis on the samples was evaluated after 4 and 24 h by counting the Colony Forming Units (CFU)/mL. The effect of the following solutions was also evaluated by CFU/mL: non treated group (immersed in saline solution), neutral soap, 4% chlorhexidine, Efferdent® effervescent tablets, 1% triclosan and citronella. The cytotoxicity of the solutions was evaluated by MTT and Neutral Red after treating the samples daily for 1, 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days with the solutions already mentioned, being evaluated at the end of each period. Data were submitted to proper statistical analysis, considering whether data were parametric or non-parametric. The results showed that the lowest roughness values were found in groups 800, 1200 and 1200S. 1200S group also presented the lowest values of microbial growth statistically different from control group (p>0,05), for both periods and bacteria evaluated. In the analysis of the solutions, compared to the control group (microbial growth without the presence of the antimicrobial), all protocols promoted a reduction in the growth of the microorganisms, and the groups submitted to disinfection with 4% chlorhexidine, Efferdent® effervescent tablets and 1% triclosan eliminated the biofilm (p>0,01). In addition, all groups showed cell proliferation of conjunctival cells above 84% in the cytotoxicity assays (p>0,05). Thus, it was concluded that the roughness does not significantly interfere in the adhesion of the microorganisms, except for group 1200S, and that the cleaning protocols with 4% chlorhexidine, Efferdent® effervescent tablets and 1% triclosan are totally effective in the disinfection and do not present cytoxicitiy with human conjunctive cells, what suggests their indication for cleaning of ocular prosthesis. / CNPq: 141722/2015-0

Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MAGISTER TECHNOLOGIAE: CHEMICAL ENGINEERING in the FACULTY OF ENGINEERING at the CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2013 / This study focused on quantifying two types of internationally regulated contaminants found in drinking water: 1) Trihalomethanes (THMs) and 2) Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). The first contaminants monitored were THMs, classified as a group of chemicals that are formed along with others during the disinfection of water using liquid chlorine, chlorine dioxide or chlorine gas. Hence, the resulting compounds are called disinfection by-products (DBPs). The disinfectant reacts with natural organic matter in water to form common THMs, which include chloroform (CHCl3 or CF), bromodichloromethane (CHCl2Br or BDCM), dibromochloromethane (CHClBr2 or DBCM) and bromoform (CHBr3 or BF), with chloroform being the most common in chlorinated water systems. The current study has focused on THMs for two primary reasons: 1) THMs have raised significant concern as a result of evidence that associate their presence in drinking water with potential adverse human health effects, including cancer and 2) the levels of THMs in drinking water post-treatment is not monitored regularly in South Africa and thus far, there is inadequate and limited information about their concentration levels for drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) and distribution stations (DWDSs) of the Western Cape, South Africa before, distribution to various suburbs, including townships. THMs normally occur at higher levels than any other known DBPs and their presence in treated water is a representative of the occurrence of many other DBPs. THMs were quantified in chlorinated drinking water obtained from seven (7) DWTPs, namely; Atlantis, Blackheath, Faure, Brooklands, Steenbras, Voelvlei and Wemmershoek, and one DWDS in Plattekloof. This included determining THMs concentration in tap water collected from various suburbs including townships, to assist local authorities in obtaining information on their concentration and whether or not the presence of residual chlorine and organic matter on post-treatment results has increased THMs at the point of use. THM analysis was performed using liquid-liquid extraction/gas chromatography with electron capture detector (LLE-GC-ECD) analytical process according to the EPA method 501.2, which was used with minor modifications. The instrument operational conditions were as follows: Column → DB5-26, 30 mm, 0.53 mm, 1.0 μm df HP-1 (Agilent Technologies, USA); Carrier gas → Helium at a constant inlet pressure of 15 kPa; Make-up gas → 99.9% Nitrogen gas at 60 L/min; Injector temperature → 40°C; Oven temperature → 270°C and Detector temperature → 300°C. Since natural organic matter (NOM) in raw water is a precursor for THM formation, NOM analysis was performed as total organic carbon (TOC) using Spectroquant TOC test kits. Other drinking water quality parameters analysed were pH, residual free chlorine, conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS). The average Total THM concentrations detected from seven of the DWTPs, including the DWDS, ranged from 26.52 μg/L (for Plattekloof) to 32.82 μg/L (for Brooklands), with the observed concentrations being comparable. The average chloroform concentrations were the highest in all the water samples, ranging from 11.74 μg/L (for Plattekloof) to 22.29 μg/L (for Voelvlei), while DBCM had the lowest concentration. The only DWTP that was not comparable with the seven DWTPs was Atlantis, with the highest average TTHM concentration of 83.48 μg/L and a chloroform concentration of 46.06 μg/L. From the tap water samples collected from 14 Western Cape suburbs, the average TTHM concentrations ranged from 5.30 ug/L (for Mandalay) to 13.12 μg/L (for Browns Farm, Philippi), and all these concentrations were lower than the TTHM concentrations detected in the water samples from the DWTP. Overall, the average total THM and individual THM species concentrations were below the recommended SANS 241:2011 and WHO drinking water guideline limits. This included the observed pH (6.39 to 7.73), residual free chlorine (0.22 to 1.06 mg/L), conductivity (121 to 444 μS/cm), TDS (93.93 to 344.35 mg/L) and TOC (0.38 to 1.20 mg/L). All these water quality parameters were within the specification limits stipulated in SANS 241. However, the average residual free chlorine concentration for Atlantis was very low (0.06 mg/L), which was below the WHO minimum residual free chlorine concentration guideline value of 0.2 mg/L for a distribution network – an indication that suggested the need for a re-chlorination station prior to distribution to households. Low chlorine content might result in the formation of unwanted biofilms in the distribution network, thus reducing the organoleptic properties of the water. Additionally, there was no direct link between several water quality parameters quantified (i.e. pH, TOC and water temperature) to TTHM formation. However, a high chlorine dose was observed to result directly in a higher concentration of chloroform in treated water prior to distribution. The second contaminants monitored were Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), which are non-biodegradable, persistent and toxic organic chemicals known for their ability to contaminate environmental matrices, including drinking water sources. In recent years, many researchers considered it essential to identify and quantify PFC levels in drinking water worldwide with the main focus being on the two most abundant PFCs; namely Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Their toxic effects to human health, plants and wildlife were also evaluated, classifying them as possible carcinogens. We know from the literature reviewed that, although the presence of PFCs in drinking water has been documented worldwide, there is limited information about their presence specifically in South African drinking water sources, even about less studied PFCs such as Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), Perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA), Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUA), Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDeA) and the well-known PFOA including PFOS. Although several other PFCs have been detected in water sources and reported in various studies, the USEPA only issued drinking water guideline limits for Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) of 400 ng/L and 200 ng/L, respectively, with no mention of the other PFCs. However, these PFCs have similar properties to those of PFOA and PFOS as they have been shown to impose similar detrimental health effects on human health. This study thus focused on the detection of PFCs in both raw and treated drinking water in the Western Cape DWTPs such as Atlantis, Blackheath, Faure, Brooklands, Steenbras, Voelvlei and Wemmershoek, and one DWDS in Plattekloof. Water samples (raw and treated water) used in this study for PFC analysis were collected in 2L polypropylene screw capped bottles. PFC analysis was performed in four sample batches for each location collected through the period of October to December 2012 (summer). PFCs were analysed in accordance with a modified EPA method 537, which entails solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by analysis using a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometer (LC/MS/MS). The slight modification was with the water sample volume used for extraction, which was increased from 250 mL to 500 mL. The instrument used was an HPLC - Ultimate 3000 Dionex HPLC system and MS model - Amazon SL Ion Trap, with the following MS/MS operational conditions and Ion mode: MS Interface → ESI; Dry temp → 350C; Nebulizing pressure → 60 psi; Dry gas flow → 10 L/min; Ionisation mode → negative; capillary voltage → +4500V; End plate offset → −500V while the separation column was a Waters Sunfire C18, 5 μm, 4.6 × 150 mm column (Supplier: Waters, Dublin, Ireland) with an operational temperature of 30C. From the results obtained in this study, seven different PFCs (i.e. PFHpA, PFDoA, PFNA, PFUA, PFDeA, PFOA and PFOS), were detected in raw and treated water with PFOA and PFOS being the least detected PFCs as they were detected only in raw water (PFOA) from Faure, as well as raw and treated water (PFOS) from Brooklands. The highest concentration observed in treated water was for PFHpA, which was quantified at a maximum average concentration of 43.80 ng/L (Plattekloof). The maximum average concentrations of other PFCs detected were as follows: PFDoA - 4.415 ng/L for Faure raw water; PFNA - 2.922 ng/L for Plattekloof outlet; PFUA - 7.965 ng/L for Brooklands treated water and PFDeA - 2.744 ng/L for Faure raw water. Another observation from the results was that the concentration of the majority of the PFCs detected in treated water was higher than that quantified in raw water, suggesting possible contamination by materials used during water treatment. In conclusion, THMs detected in treated water from various DWTPs and one DWDS in the Western Cape met the required local and international drinking water quality guidelines, while the presence of PFOS, PFOA, PFHpA, PFDoA, PFNA, PFUA and PFDeA in treated water requires that local water professionals continue to monitor their presence to ensure that measures for their reduction are in place. Furthermore, the National standards (SANS 241) for municipal drinking water guidelines must be updated to include the monitoring of PFCs, including the lesser known and less studied PFCs such as PFHpA, PFDoA, PFNA, PFUA and PFDeA.

Discussões sobre prevenção e controle de Infecção Relacionada à Assistência à Saúde (IRAS) deve ser irrestrita e ampliada a outros estabelecimentos de saúde. A literatura sobre controle de infecção é tradicionalmente fundamentada na prática do contexto hospitalar, e há uma lacuna quando se trata de atendimento pré-hospitalar. Além dos profissionais da área saúde, outros profissionais compõem a equipe entre eles, bombeiros e policiais militares, rodoviários e outros, que não tiveram em sua formação profissional conteúdo específico que lhes fornecesse conhecimento sobre a prevenção e o controle de infecções nas situações de atendimento a vítimas com potencial risco de contaminação por fluidos biológicos, sendo a educação, portanto, a arma contra a disseminação de doenças infecciosas. Objetivo: avaliar a eficácia de uma intervenção educativa utilizando mapas conceituais e indicadores de conformidade para higienização das viaturas móveis do Atendimento Pré-Hospitalar de uma capital da região centro-oeste do Brasil. Método: Estudo de natureza quantitativa, quase-experimental, a coleta de dados foi de julho de 2014 a janeiro de 2015. Participaram do estudo 34 bombeiros do Batalhão de Salvamento em Emergência (BSE) do Corpo de Bombeiros Militar do Estado de Goiás (CBMGO) que atuam nas viaturas de suporte básico e avançado de vida. O estudo foi desenvolvido em quatro fases: Elaboração e validação de conteúdo do indicador de conformidade para higienização das viaturas; Avaliação da conformidade da higienização das viaturas antes da capacitação; Intervenção Educativa e Avaliação da conformidade da higienização das viaturas após intervenção. Foi aplicado um questionário antes da intervenção e 30 dias depois. Os indicadores de conformidade foram validados por um corpo de oito juízes com cálculo do Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC 70%). A avaliação da eficácia da capacitação foi feita pelo teste de McNemar, sendo considerado p 0,05. A capacitação dos profissionais foi baseada na teoria da aprendizagem significativa de David Ausubel e da construção de um mapa conceitual idealizado por Joseph Novak. Resultados: Dos 71 indicadores de conformidade, foram excluídos 26, totalizando 45 indicadores. Na avaliação pré-intervenção, somente um (2,9%) socorrista sabia definir limpeza, quatro (11,8%) sabiam o conceito de desinfecção, 14 (41,2%) sabiam da importância de se higienizar a viatura e do uso de EPI. Após intervenção no total três (8,8%) bombeiros sabiam conceituar limpeza, cinco (14,7%), desinfecção, quanto à importância da limpeza e desinfecção 16 (47,1%) e em relação à importância do uso de EPI foram 15 (44,1%) A observação do procedimento de higienização melhorou quanto aos parâmetros de secagem da viatura após a lavagem (p=0,004) e desinfecção da viatura (p=0,002). Os dados mostram que após o curso teve uma ligeira melhora no número de questões corretas, sendo estatisticamente significativa (p=0,021). Conclusão: a intervenção educativa utilizando uma metodologia ativa com a construção de mapas conceituais não se mostrou totalmente eficaz. A observação dos procedimentos de higienização das viaturas manteve-se no mesmo padrão, exceto para secagem e desinfecção; os bombeiros socorristas não melhoraram o conhecimento da definição de limpeza e desinfecção e o entendimento da importância de se higienizar a viatura e o uso de EPIs. / Discussions on prevention and control of infection Related to Health Care (IRHC) should be unrestricted and expanded to other health care facilities. The literature on infection control is traditionally based on the practice of hospital context, and there is a gap when it comes to pre-hospital care. In addition to health care professionals, other professionals make up the team, firefighters, police officers and others who have not taken their training specific content to provide them with knowledge about prevention and control of infections in situations with potential risk of contamination by biological fluids, therefore, education is the weapon against the spread of infectious diseases. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention using concept maps and compliance indicators for cleaning of mobile cars of Prehospital care from a capital of the midwestern region of Brazil. Method: quantitative study, quasi-experimental, data collection was from July 2014 to January 2015. The study included 34 firefighters Rescue Battalion Emergency (BSE) of the Fire Brigade of the State of Goiás working in basic and advanced life support vehicles. The study was developed in four phases: Development and content validity of compliance indicator for cleaning of vehicles; Conformity assessment of the cleaning of vehicles before training; Educational Intervention and Conformity assessment of the cleaning of vehicles after intervention. A questionnaire was applied before the intervention and 30 days after. Compliance indicators were validated by an 8 experts judge with Content Validity Index (IVC 70%). The evaluation of training effectiveness was taken by McNemar test, being considered p 0.05. The training of professionals was based on the theory of meaningful learning of David Ausubel and the construction of a conceptual map designed by Joseph Novak. The data show that after the course there was a slight improvement in the number of correct questions, being statistically significant (p = 0.021) and that the course brought a homogenization knowledge given to reducing the standard deviation. Results: Of the 71 indicators of compliance, 26 were excluded, totaling 45 indicators.The pre-intervention assessment, only one (2.9%) rescuer knew cleaning definition, four (11.8%) knew the concept of disinfection, 14 (41.2%) knew the importance of sanitize the vehicle and the use of PPE. After intervention a total of three (8.8%) firefighters knew conceptualize cleanliness, five (14.7%), disinfection, on the importance of cleaning and disinfection 16 (47.1%) and of the importance of the use of PPE were 15 (44.1%). The observation of the cleaning procedure improved regarding these parameters drying after washing (p=0,004) and disinfection of the vehicle (p=0,002) Conclusion: The educational intervention using an active methodology and the construction of conceptual maps was not fully effective. The observation of the vehicles cleaning procedures remained the same pattern, except for drying and disinfecting rescuers firefighters have not improved the knowledge of the definition of cleaning and disinfection and understanding of the importance of sanitizing the vehicle and the use of PPE.

RESUMO Desinfecção da dentina radicular pela irradiação dos lasers de ND:YAG, HO:YAG e ER:YAG: um modelo in vitro A provável causa do insucesso da terapia endodôntica é a persistência de microrganismos colonizando os túbulos dentinários. Para reduzir o risco de insucesso e, se possível, o tempo despendido no tratamento endodôntico, novos equipamentos e materiais são constantemente desenvolvidos. O objetivo desta investigação foi estudar o efeito da irradiação laser intracanal na desinfecção dos túbulos dentinários de dentes bovinos recém-extraídos, utilizando-se um modelo in vitro. Os grupos irradiados pelos vários lasers foram comparados ao tratamento com hidróxido de cálcio, freqüentemente utilizado como medicação intracanal. O cemento radicular foi removido, o canal preparado e os dentes, cortados, resultando em 180 corpos de prova padronizados. Para promover a colonização bacteriana, os corpos de prova foram incubados, a 37 o C, em frascos contendo caldo de tripticase de soja e Enterococcus faecalis, o qual continha um plasmídeo que permitiu o seu crescimento em um meio seletivo com cloranfenicol. Os corpos de prova foram divididos em cinco grupos experimentais e três grupos-controle. Para irradiação foram utilizados os lasers pulsados de: Ho:YAG a 2,1 µm; Nd:YAG (1,06 µm); e Er:YAG (2,94 µm) com e sem refrigeração ar/água. Os grupos tratados receberam três parâmetros diferentes de irradiação com cada tipo de laser: energia abaixo do limiar de modificação física (physical modification threshold - ½ do PMT) por 60s; no limiar (PMT) por 60s; e, acima do limiar (120s). O Grupo 5 recebeu sete dias de tratamento com hidróxido de cálcio. Como controles, três espécimes para cada grupo receberam água estéril (controle negativo), três receberam KI3, após exposição à bactéria (controle negativo) e três não receberam tratamento após exposição à bactéria (controle positivo). A quantidade de bactérias foi estimada mediante a contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias (u.f.c.). De modo a avaliar, paralelamente, se os comprimentos de onda laser utilizados no experimento poderiam ser absorvidos pelo E. faecalis, foram obtidos espectros de absorção no UV, VIS e IR, por meio de espectroscopia. A análise estatística mostrou uma redução bacteriana como segue: Ho:YAG > hidróxido de cálcio > Nd:YAG > Er:YAG com refrigeração ar/água > Er:YAG sem refrigeração ar/água. Houve uma significativa redução bacteriana no grupo irradiado pelo Ho:YAG no limiar de modificação – PMT (50 mJ, 10 Hz, 66 J/cm 2 , por 120s), seguida pelo Ho:YAG a 50 mJ, 10 Hz, 33J/cm 2 , por 60s e pelo grupo que recebeu hidróxido de cálcio. Os dois últimos grupos não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significativas. O espectro de absorção pelas bactérias (E. faecalis) nas faixas dos comprimentos de onda do UV e VIS apresentou picos de absorção em 361 nm e em 377 nm (UV). Já o infravermelho próximo revelou uma baixa absorção pelo microrganismo testado. / SUMMARY Disinfection of intracanal dentin by Nd:YAG, Ho:YAG and Er:YAG laser irradiation: an in vitro model A possible cause for root canal failure is the persistence of bacteria that have colonized dentinal tubules. To reduce this risk and, if possible, to also shorten the time-consuming endodontic therapy, new equipment and materials are constantly being introduced. The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of disinfection of dentinal tubules by intracanal laser irradiation using an in vitro model. The groups irradiated by various lasers were compared with calcium hydroxide, a material frequently used as intracanal medication between appointments. Freshly extracted, intact bovine incisors were used. The root cementum was removed and the teeth cut to produce 180 standardized specimens. For bacterial colonization, specimens were incubated at 37 o C in test tubes with Tryptic Soy Broth and Enterococcus faecalis, which carried a plasmid that allowed the growth in a selective medium containing chloramphenicol. The specimens were divided in five treatment groups and three control groups. For irradiation, pulsed delivered Ho:YAG laser at 2.1 µm, Nd:YAG laser (1.06 µm), and Er:YAG and Er:YAG laser (2.94µm) with and without air/water coolant, were used. Lasers groups received three different laser settings for treatment: output energy below the physical modification threshold (½ of PMT) for 60 sec, at the PMT for 60 sec and above the PMT (120 sec). Group 5 received a seven-day treatment with calcium hydroxide. As controls, three specimens for each treatment group received sterile water instead of bacteria (negative control), three received iodine potassium-iodide after bacterial exposure (negative control), and three did not receive treatment after bacterial exposure (positive control). The number of bacteria was estimated by counting CFU. In order to evaluate whether the lasers used in the experiment could be absorbed by the bacteria E. faecalis, an UV, VIS and NIR spectra were obtained using a spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis showed the bacterial reduction as follow: Ho:YAG laser > hidróxido de cálcio> Nd:YAG laser > Er:YAG laser with air/water coolant > Er:YAG laser without air/water coolant. There was a significantly higher bacterial reduction in the group irradiated by the Ho:YAG at the PMT (50mJ, 10 Hz, 66 J/cm 2 for 120 sec), followed by Ho:YAG irradiated at 50mJ, 10 Hz, 33 J/cm 2 for 60 sec, and the group that received calcium hydroxide. The latter two groups were not significantly different. The UV and VIS absorbance spectrum presented two absorbance peaks at 361nm and 337nm (UV). The NIR spectrum revealed a very low absorbance by the E. faecalis.

Nesta pesquisa estudou-se o emprego de radiação ultravioleta em reatores de batelada e em reator com escoamento contínuo (unidade comercial de alta intensidade), respectivamente em escala de laboratório e real. Os ensaios em batelada tiveram como finalidade monitoramento da potência radiante da lâmpada de baixa pressão de vapor de mercúrio durante a vida útil, determinação da intensidade média de radiação ultravioleta incidente no interior da câmara de desinfecção, obtenção dos coeficientes do modelo de Hom para coliformes totais, Escherichia coli e Clostridium perfringens e comparação da resistência à desinfecção desses microrganismos indicadores e colifagos. Os ensaios em sistema contínuo apresentaram como principal objetivo estudo da resistência dos microrganismos indicadores à desinfecção em condições de operação em escala real. Nos ensaios de desinfecção utilizou-se esgoto sanitário tratado em nível secundário. Os microrganismos indicadores apresentaram a seguinte ordem decrescente de resistência à desinfecção: C. perfringens, coliformes totais, E. coli e colifagos. As percentagens de inativação de C. perfringens, coliformes totais, E. coli e colifagos nos ensaios em batelada variaram de 0 a 99,882%, 36,3 a 99,999%, 21,8 a 100% e de 86,5 a 100%, respectivamente. Os resultados de inativação obtidos para coliformes totais e E. coli apresentaram ajustes pelo modelo de Hom com valores de R2 superiores a 0,81 e 0,76, respectivamente. Comprovou-se que a instalação contínua é inadequada para efluentes com elevadas concentrações de sólidos em suspensão e matéria orgânica. / In this research the use of ultraviolet radiation was studied in batch and continuous flow (high intensity commercial unit) reactors, respectively in laboratory and real scale. The batch assays were aimed to monitor the wattage of the low-pressure mercury lamp during its lifetime, to determine the mean ultraviolet radiation intensity inside disinfection chamber, to obtain Hom model coefficients for total coliforms, Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens and to compare the resistance to disinfection of these indicator microorganisms and coliphages. The assays in the continuous system presented as main objective to study the resistance of these indicator microorganisms to disinfection in real scale operational conditions. In the disinfection assays wastewater treated by a secondary level was used. The indicator microorganisms presented the following decreasing order of disinfection resistance: C. perfringens, total coliforms, E. coli and coliphages. C. perfringens, total coliforms, E. coli and coliphages inactivation percentages in batch assays varied from 0 to 99,882%, 36,3 to 99,999%, 21,8 to 100% and from 86,5 to 100%, respectively. The inactivation results obtained for total coliforms and E. coli presented adjustments by Hom model with R2 values above 0,81 and 0,76, respectively. It was proved that the installation of high intensity is not adequate for effluents with high concentration of suspended solids and organic matter.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 é um dos patógenos alimentares mais importantes da atualidade, e, recentemente, diversas cepas desse microrganismo foram isoladas no sul do Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar duas cepas de E. coli O157:H7, através da avaliação de sua resistência térmica, ácida e comportamento frente a diferentes desinfetantes e procedimentos de higienização de vegetais folhosos. Resultados demonstraram a redução significativa das contagens bacterianas, após 3 minutos a 60ºC, 2 minutos a 65º, 1 minuto a 70, 72º C e 75ºC. Contudo, após adaptação ácida, nenhuma das cepas foi inativada a 60ºC, por até 3 minutos. A 70ºC foi observado aumento significativo da resistência térmica apenas para a CC. Em relação à resistência ácida, ambas as cepas sobreviveram quando expostas ao meio TSBm a diferentes pH entre 2,0 a 9,5 ajustados com ácido clorídrico e ácido propiônico (AP). Apenas, o meio com pH 2,0, ajustado com AP, foi capaz de reduzir significativamente às contagens de ambas as cepas. Na avaliação da resistência aos desinfetantes, álcool etílico (96ºGl e 70%) e quaternário de amônio foram capazes de inativar ambas as cepas, mesmo na presença de matéria orgânica. O ácido orgânico, na concentração recomendada pelo fabricante e o dobro dessa concentração, reduziu cerca de 90% das contagens, após 5 minutos de exposição. O dicloroisocianurato de sódio só apresentou reduções significativas quando foram utilizadas duas vezes a concentração recomendada pelo fabricante. Todos os procedimentos de lavagem e desinfecção de alfaces, artificialmente contaminadas com E. coli O157:H7, reduziram as contagens em 2,97±1,21logUFC/g, apenas o tratamento conduzido a 10ºC, diferiu significativamente dos demais, apresentando maior redução 6,27±0,50logUFC/g. Esses resultados demonstram que as cepas de E. coli O157:H7 foram resistentes a diferentes situações de estresse, sendo portanto importantes do ponto de vista epidemiológico, visto que estão presentes no sul do Brasil e podem se tornar agentes etiológicos de surtos alimentares. / Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a major food pathogens today, and recently, several strains of this organism were isolated in southern Brazil. The objective of this study was to characterize two strains of E. coli O157: H7, by evaluating its thermal and acid resistance and behavior among different disinfectants and cleaning procedures on leafy vegetables. The results showed a significant reduction in bacterial counts after 3 minutes at 60 ° C, 2 min at 65 ° and 1 min at 70, 72 º C and 75 º C. However, after acid adaptation, none of the strains was inactivated at 60 ° C among 3 minutes. At 70 ° C significant increase in heat resistance was observed only for CC. Regarding acid resistance, both strains survived when exposed to TSBm medium at different pH adjusted from 2.0 to 9.5 with hydrochloric acid and propionic acid (PA). Only when the medium was adjusted with AP at pH 2.0 it was able to significantly reduce the counts of both strains. Evaluating the resistance to disinfectants, Ethyl Alcohol Free (96ºGl and 70 %) and quaternary ammonium were able to inactivate both strains, even in the presence of organic matter. For the orgnic acid in the concentration recommended by the manufacturer and at the double concentration there was reduced around 90 % of the counts after 5 minutes of exposure. The sodium dichloroisocyanurate only showed significant reductions when used in the double concentration recommended by the manufacturer. All procedures for cleaning and disinfecting the lettuces artificially contaminated with E. coli O157 : H7 counts decreased by 2.97 ± 1.21 log CFU / g , only the treatment conducted at 10 ° C reduced significantly from the others (6 , 27 ± 0.50 log CFU / g). The results demonstrate that the strains of E. coli O157 : H7 were resistant to different stress situations and therefore are important as an epidemiological point of view, as it is present in southern Brazil and can become etiologic agents of food borne outbreaks.

Orientadores: Bruno Coraucci Filho, Jose Roberto Guimarães / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T08:33:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Assirati_DoraliceMeloni_M.pdf: 2605980 bytes, checksum: 5106be58d7335d014302f38a1c28070d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A desinfecção de águas residuárias prioritariamente ao seu uso agrícola é um processo de tratamento indispensável à proteção da saúde pública. Neste contexto, o ozônio apresenta-se como desinfetante alternativo ao cloro, já que é muito efetivo contra grande variedade de organismos patogênicos e permite minimizar a formação de subprodutos organoclorados. Neste trabalho avalia-se a efetividade do ozônio contra bactérias, protozoários e helmintos, bem como a interferência das características de qualidade do efluente sobre o processo de desinfecção. Efluentes de lagoa anaeróbia e de lagoa anaeróbia mais filtro de areia, provenientes de estação de tratamento de esgotos situada em Limeira, São Paulo, foram desinfetados em reator tubular, em escala piloto. Doses de ozônio entre 8 e 21 mg L-1 foram necessárias para adequar os efluentes de lagoa anaeróbia, de elevada carga orgânica, aos padrões estabelecidos pela OMS para reuso agrícola. Para os efluentes de filtros de areia, aeróbios e mais estabilizados, foram necessários até 4 mg L-1. Compostos que conferiram cor aos efluentes da lagoa consumiram ozônio de forma mais ou menos prioritária ao início da inativação de coliformes. Foi encontrada correlação exponencial entre este consumo e a cor verdadeira dos efluentes, com índices de correlação superiores a 90 %. A eficiência de desinfecção de coliformes totais e E.coli não foi influenciada pelo tempo de contato entre o ozônio e os efluentes tratados. Os resultados sobre a inativação de protozoários e helmintos foram considerados não conclusivos, devido à inadequação dos métodos de análise empregados. À exceção da cor e de forma geral, as características de qualidade dos efluentes não foram significativamente alteradas com a aplicação de ozônio em doses de até 34 mg L-1 para os efluentes da lagoa e 21 mg L-1 para os efluentes dos filtros de areia / Abstract: Disinfection of wastewater, prior to its use in agriculture, is a treatment process indispensable to the protection of public health. In this context, ozone constitutes an alternative disinfectant to chlorine since it is very effective against a wide variety of pathogenic organisms and minimizes the formation of trihalomethanes. In this hesis, the effectiveness of ozone against bacteria, protozoa and helminths was evaluated as well as the interference of the quality of the wastewater in the disinfection process. Effluents from an anaerobic pond and from an anaerobic pond plus an aerobic sand filter from a sewage treatment facility located in the city of Limeira in the state of São Paulo were disinfected in a plug flow pilot reactor. Ozone doses from 8 to 21 mg L-1 were needed to disinfect the anaerobic pond effluent to meet standards set by the World Health Organization for agricultural use. The sand filter effluents, aerobic and more stabilized, required up to 4 mg L-1. Colored compounds present in the anaerobic pond effluent consumed ozone more or less prior to the beginning of the inactivation of coliforms. An exponential correlation was found between the consumption of ozone and the true color of the effluents with correlation indexes higher than 90%. Contact time was found not to be a factor affecting the disinfection efficiency of ozone against total coliforms and E. coli since the mass transfer conditions were met. The results concerning the inactivation of protozoa and helminths were found to be inconclusive due to the inadequacy of the analytical methods employed. Regardless of the color, the characteristics of the effluents were not altered significantly by the doses of ozone used during the experiments, up to 34 mg L-1 for the anaerobic pond effluents and up to 21 mg L-1 for the sand filter effluents / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Bruno Coraucci Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T00:15:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tonon_Daniele_M.pdf: 3768702 bytes, checksum: 5674b41afca2a80b6486eb02fa20eef2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A desinfecção de águas residuárias, tanto para atender a padrões de lançamento em corpos receptores quanto para o reúso agrícola, é um processo de tratamento indispensável à proteção da saúde publica. Neste trabalho o hipoclorito de cálcio apresenta-se como desinfetante, pois, uma das grandes vantagens desta técnica é que ela deixa um residual de cloro em contato com os efluentes capaz de eliminar os organismos causadores das principais doenças de veiculação hídrica, o inconveniente desta técnica é a provável formação de subprodutos da desinfecção, os chamados trialometanos. O objetivo geral proposto por este trabalho é a avaliação da desinfecção de efluentes de uma lagoa anaeróbia, situada em Franca, São Paulo e administrada pela Sabesp; e, dos efluentes das valas de filtração construídas com 0,25, 0,50 e 0,75m de camada de areia, as quais foram alimentadas com efluente proveniente de uma fossa filtro e coletada na ETE Icaraí, administrada pela Sanasa, Campinas, São Paulo. Na desinfecção foi utilizado hipoclorito de cálcio promovendo variações dos tempos de contato em 30, 45 e 60 minutos. Dosagens de hipoclorito de cálcio entre 25 e 32 mg L-1 e dosagens 1,6 e 3,25 mg L-1 foram necessárias para adequar os efluentes da lagoa anaeróbia e das valas de filtração, respectivamente, aos padrões estabelecidos pela OMS (1989) para reúso agrícola; e, pela CONAMA 357/05, para padrões de lançamento em corpos receptores de classe 2. Os resultados sobre inativação de protozoários e helmintos foram considerados não satisfatórios para o efluente da lagoa anaeróbia e para as valas de filtração verificou-se que há uma retenção desses microrganismos nas camadas de areia / Abstract: The wastewater disinfection is an indispensable pratice to the protection of public health, it needs to follow the standards estabilished of launching water in the rivers and lakes and for the reuse on agriculture. In this process the hypochlorite of calcium is presented as disinfecting agent, therefore, one of the great advantages of this technique is that it leaves a residual of chlorine in contact with effluents capable to eliminate organisms causing of the main illnesses of hydric propagation, the inconvenience of this technique is the probable by-product formation of the disinfection, called the trihalomethanes. The general objective considered by this work is the evaluation of the disinfection of effluent of an anaerobic pond, situated in Franca, São Paulo and managed by the Sabesp and of the effluent ones of the ditches of filtration of 0,25, 0,50 and 0,75m of effluent sand layer fed with proceeding from one fosse filter and collected in the ETE Icaraí managed for the Sanasa, Campinas, São Paulo, with hypochlorite of calcium varying the times of contact in 30, 45 and 60 minutes. Dosages of hypochlorite of calcium between 25 and 32 mg L-1 and dosages 1,6 and 3,25 mg L-1 had been necessary to adjust the effluent of the anaerobic pond and the ditches of filtration, respectively, to the standards established for the OMS (1989) for agriculture reuse and CONAMA 357/05 for standards of launching in the receptors of class 2. The results on inactivation of protozoa and helminths have been considered not satisfactory for the effluent ones of the anaerobic ponds and for the filtration ditches it was verified that it has a retention of these microorganisms in the sand layers / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil