In vertebrate oocytes, meiotic progression is driven by the sequential translational activation of maternal messenger RNAs stored in the cytoplasm. This activation is mainly induced by the cytoplasmic elongation of their poly(A) tails, which is mediated by the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE) present in their 3’ untranslated regions (3´ UTRs). Sequential, phase-specific translation of these maternal mRNAs is required to complete the two meiotic divisions. Although the earlier polyadenylation events in prophase I and metaphase I are driven by the CPE-binding protein 1 (CPEB1), 90% of this protein is degraded by the anaphase promoting complex in the first meiotic division. The low levels of CPEB1 during interkinesis and in metaphase II raise the question of how the cytoplasmic polyadenylation required for the second meiotic division is achieved. In this work, we demonstrate that CPEB1 activates the translation of the maternal mRNA encoding CPEB4, which, in turn, recruits the cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase GLD2 to “late” CPE-regulated mRNAs driving the transition from metaphase I to metaphase II, and, therefore, replacing CPEB1 for “late” meiosis polyadenylation.

This thesis work describes the role of Rab proteins in amyloid processing and clearance in different cell pathways. It also describes an experimental approach used to analyze the expression effects of Rab10 in amyloid beta production. Since the main theory behind neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease claims that high levels of amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42) molecules trigger widespread neuronal death, control of Aβ42 has been a main target in Alzheimer's disease research. In addition, several studies show increased levels of particular Rab proteins in Alzheimer's pathogenesis. However, no review consolidates current findings in neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's with Rab protein dysfunction. The first chapter of this thesis aims to address this need by providing a current review of Rab proteins associated with APP and neurodegeneration. The second chapter constitutes an experimental approach used to characterize the effects of Rab10 and Sar1A GTPases in APP and amyloid processing. We found that Rab10 expression does not affect APP production but significantly changes Aβ generation, particularly the toxic Aβ42 and Aβ42:40 ratio. On the other hand, we found no significant effect of Sar1A expression on either APP or amyloid beta generation. These findings partially confirm the work done by Kauwe et al (2015) and provide preliminary evidence for two potential targets for protective effects in neurodegeneration.

<p>Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) is the major cause of cervical cancer. HPV-16 gene expression is tightly linked to the differentiation programme of the infected epithelium. Expression of the late genes, L1 and L2, encoding the capsid proteins, is delayed until the more terminally differentiated cells. Successful inhibition of HPV-16 late gene expression early in the viral life cycle is essential for persistence of infection, the highest risk factor for cervical cancer.</p><p>The goal of this thesis was to identify regulatory RNA elements and cellular factors that influence RNA processing events, such as alternative splicing and polyadenylation, during late gene expression. For this purpose, transfection of plasmids containing almost the full-length HPV-16 genome into HeLa cells, followed by RNA analysis, was employed. An exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) was identified that firmly supported the use of the E4 3’ splice site. A key regulator of HPV-16 gene expression, the E4 ESE was required for early mRNA splicing and polyadenylation, as well as for inhibition of premature late gene expression. The early polyadenylation signal (pAE) is also an important block of premature late gene expression. An upstream polyadenylation element (USE) was identified in the early 3’ untranslated region that enhanced polyadenylation at pAE, and interacted specifically with the cellular factors CstF-64, hnRNP C1/C2, PTB and hFip1. With the help of adenoviral E4orf4, a protein which causes dephosphorylation of SR proteins, we found that overexpression of SRp30c activated HPV-16 late gene expression by an exon skipping mechanism, and that SRp30c may interfere with early mRNA terminal exon definition.</p><p>This work identified a crucial splicing enhancer, as well as a number of cellular proteins binding to an USE in the early region of HPV-16. Furthermore, the cellular splicing factor SRp30c was shown to play a role in the regulation of HPV-16 late gene expression.</p>

Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) is the major cause of cervical cancer. HPV-16 gene expression is tightly linked to the differentiation programme of the infected epithelium. Expression of the late genes, L1 and L2, encoding the capsid proteins, is delayed until the more terminally differentiated cells. Successful inhibition of HPV-16 late gene expression early in the viral life cycle is essential for persistence of infection, the highest risk factor for cervical cancer. The goal of this thesis was to identify regulatory RNA elements and cellular factors that influence RNA processing events, such as alternative splicing and polyadenylation, during late gene expression. For this purpose, transfection of plasmids containing almost the full-length HPV-16 genome into HeLa cells, followed by RNA analysis, was employed. An exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) was identified that firmly supported the use of the E4 3’ splice site. A key regulator of HPV-16 gene expression, the E4 ESE was required for early mRNA splicing and polyadenylation, as well as for inhibition of premature late gene expression. The early polyadenylation signal (pAE) is also an important block of premature late gene expression. An upstream polyadenylation element (USE) was identified in the early 3’ untranslated region that enhanced polyadenylation at pAE, and interacted specifically with the cellular factors CstF-64, hnRNP C1/C2, PTB and hFip1. With the help of adenoviral E4orf4, a protein which causes dephosphorylation of SR proteins, we found that overexpression of SRp30c activated HPV-16 late gene expression by an exon skipping mechanism, and that SRp30c may interfere with early mRNA terminal exon definition. This work identified a crucial splicing enhancer, as well as a number of cellular proteins binding to an USE in the early region of HPV-16. Furthermore, the cellular splicing factor SRp30c was shown to play a role in the regulation of HPV-16 late gene expression.

Els oòcits de vertebrats es troben aturats a la profase I de la primera meiosi (PI). Durant el procés anomenat oogènesi, els oòctits sintetitzen i emmagatzemen grans quantitats d'ARN missatgers(ARNm)que els seran necessaris per la compleció de la meiosi.I,per posteriorment, aturar-se de nou a la metafase de la segona divisió meiòtica (MII) per l'activitat del factor citostàtic(CSF).D'aquestes divisions en destaca el fet que transcorren en absència de transcripció, i per tant depenen totalment en l'activació traduccional dels ARNm anteriorment esmentats que han estat acumulats durant l'oogènesi. L'activació traduccional d'aquests missatgers és principalment induïda per l'elongació de les cues d'adenines(cues de poli(A)), aquest procés és mediat per les seqüències de poliadenilació citoplasmàtiques (CPE)presents a la regió 3' no tradudïda (3'UTR)dels ARNm. El moment i la longitud de la poliadenilació dels ARNm que contenen CPEs estan finament regulats, de manera que en combinació amb la degradació de proteïnes, s'estableixen els patrons específics d'expresió de les proteïnes que condueixen la meiosi (Shmitt et al., 2002; de Moor and Richter, 1997; Ballantyne et al., 1997; Mendez et al., 2002; Charlesworth et al., 2002). Fins a la data, no s'havia descrit que la deadenilació (escurçament de la cua de poli(A)) fos necessària per la progressió meiòtica. En aquesta tesi s'ha descrit, a partir d'un cribatge d'abast genòmic, una ruta de retroalimentació negativa requerida per a la sortida de la primera metafase meiòtica. La nova ruta identificada, a més té la particularitat d'actuar a nivell traduccional regulant l'expressió de proteïnes que participen directament en la progressió meiòtica. L'element central d'aquesta nova ruta és la proteïna C3H-4, que a la vegada és regulada per poliadenilació citoplasmàtica. C3H-4 crea la retroalimentació negativa interaccionant amb elements ARE de les regions 3'UTR, promovent la deadenilació del ARNm al qual s'uneix. D'entre les seves dianes hem identificat Emi1 i Emi2, ambdós reguladors de l'activitat de l'APC/C, crítica per la divisió cel·lular.

Dosage compensation is a mechanism that equalizes the expression of X-linked genes in those organisms in which males and females differ in the number of X chromosomes. In Drosophila melanogaster, dosage compensation is achieved by up-regulating the transcription of the single male X chromosome. This effect is mediated by a chromatin remodeling complex known as the Male Specific Lethal (MSL) complex or Dosage Compensation Complex (DCC). In female flies, dosage compensation is inhibited primarily because of the translational repression of the mRNA encoding one of the DCC subunits, MSL-2, by the female-specific RNA binding protein Sex-lethal (SXL). To inhibit translation, SXL binds to poly(U) stretches present in both the 5’ and 3’ UTRs of msl-2 mRNA. Sequences adjacent to those SXL-binding sites in the 3´UTR are also required for translation inhibition and are bound by co-repression. In this thesis work, we have designed an affinity chromatography assay to isolate the putative co-repressor(s), and have identified the protein Upstream of N-ras (UNR). Drosophila UNR (dUNR) is an ubiquitous, conserved protein that contains 5 cold shock domains (CSD) and a glutamine- (Q) rich amino- terminal extension. We show that dUNR is a necessary co-factor for SXL-mediated msl-2 repression. SXL recruits dUNR to the 3’ UTR of msl-2 mRNA, imparting a sex-specific function to this ubiquitous protein. Domain mapping experiments indicate that dUNR interacts with SXL and msl-2 mRNA through CSD1, and that the domains for translation inhibition and SXL interaction can be distinguished. Our data indicate that the Q-rich domain, together with CSDs 1 and 2, plays an important role in translational repression, and suggest that factors in addition to dUNR and SXL are required for repression of msl-2 mRNA. Using a combination of UNR immunoprecipitation and microarray analysis, we have identified the mRNAs that are bound to dUNR in male and female flies. Our results suggest that dUNR is not only a novel regulator of dosage compensation, but also a general post-transcriptional regulator of gene expression.

Mémoire en recherche subventionné par le Conseil de recherche en sciences naturelles et en génie du Canada (CRSNG) / Le génome du virus de l’hépatite C (VHC), membre des Flaviviridae, est constitué d’un ARN monocaténaire linéaire de polarité positive, et contient un seul cadre de lecture ouvert flanqué par deux régions non traduites désignées 5’UTR et 3’UTR. Ces régions contiennent des éléments structurés qui sont importants pour la régulation des processus de traduction et de réplication virale. Mon projet de recherche vise le 3’UTR. Celui-ci a une structure tripartite composée d’une région variable (VR), une région poly (U/UC) et une région X. Notre laboratoire a identifié une séquence VR qui forme une structure duplexe avec une séquence distale située dans le NS5B. Considérant que le gène NS5B code pour la polymérase virale, et que la 3’UTR est impliquée dans la réplication virale, nous postulons que ce duplex pourrait contrôler le niveau de synthèse de l'ARN du VHC. Afin de tester cette hypothèse, nous avons construit des mutants individuels des séquences VR et NS5B du VHC 1b afin d’empêcher la formation du duplex, ainsi qu’un mutant complémentaire aux deux sites permettant la reconstitution du duplex. L’ARN provenant de ces constructions a été synthétisé in vitro et transfecté dans les cellules Huh7.5. Au 9e jour de culture, l’ARN a été extrait des cultures, et la technique RT-qPCR a été ensuite utilisée afin de quantifier et comparer les niveaux d’ARN viral provenant des cultures transfectées avec les mutants versus celles transfectées avec le virus parental. Les résultats obtenus montrent une augmentation de 5.3X et 3.4X, respectivement, entre les niveaux d’ARN viral produits de cultures transfectées avec le virus muté dans les régions 3’UTR-VR et NS5B, comparé au virus parental. Cependant, l’ARN viral obtenu suite à la reconstitution des deux sites complémentaires montre une augmentation de 2.6X. Malgré que la différence entre les niveaux d’ARN des virus mutants ne soit pas statistiquement significative lorsqu’on les compare avec le niveau d’ARN généré par le virus parental, la tendance suggère que la fonction des séquences appariées serait de moduler à la baisse la synthèse de l’ARN viral. Il sera nécessaire de poursuivre davantage ce travail afin de mieux comprendre le rôle de la structure duplexe VR-NS5B sur la réplication du VHC. / The hepatitis C virus (HCV), a member of the Flaviviridae, contains a single (+) strand linear RNA genome which incorporates one long open reading frame flanked by two untranslated regions known as the 5’UTR and 3’UTR. These regions contain structures known to function in the regulation of HCV translation and replication. The 3’UTR is the focus of this research project. Its tripartite structure consists of a variable region (VR), a poly (U/UC) region and the X-tail. Our laboratory recently identified a VR sequence forming a duplex structure with a distal sequence located in the NS5B gene. Because NS5B encodes the viral polymerase, and seeing that the 3’UTR is involved in viral replication, we postulated that this duplex may function in controlling the level of HCV RNA replication. To test this hypothesis, we constructed HCV 1b mutants in the respective VR and NS5B annealing sequences to disrupt complementarity and prevent duplex formation. We also created a mutant with complementary mutations at both sites to reconstitute the duplex. RNA from these constructs was synthesized in vitro and transfected into Huh7.5 cells. Following a 9-day incubation period, RNA from all transfected cultures was harvested and HCV RNA was quantified by RT-qPCR. The data indicate an increase of 5.3X and 3.4X for HCV viral RNA harvested from cultures with disrupted 3’UTR-VR and NS5B, respectively, relative to wild-type HCV 1b, whereas the reconstituted HCV construct yielded a 2.6X increase in viral RNA. While these figures do not reach statistical significance, they suggest that the duplex structure modulates HCV replication downward. Further pursuit of this work is necessary to better elucidate the role of the VR-NS5B duplex structure on HCV replication.

Le transport actif de sodium par les cellules épithéliales alvéolaires est le principal mécanisme impliqué dans la régulation du niveau de liquide dans le poumon distal. Le canal épithélial sodique (ENaC) exprimé par les cellules épithéliales alvéolaires est essentiel à la résorption du liquide des poumons à la naissance ainsi que la résolution de l'œdème pulmonaire chez l'adulte. L'activité et l'expression du canal ENaC sont modulées par de nombreux stress pathophysiologiques. L'inflammation pulmonaire constitue un facteur important dans l'inhibition de l'expression du canal ENaC et pourrait favoriser la formation d'œdème pulmonaire. Nous avons précédemment démontré que différentes cytokines pro-inflammatoires, ainsi que les lipopolysaccharides (LPS) de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, inhibent l'expression de l'ARNm αENaC par des mécanismes de régulation transcriptionnelle et post-transcriptionnelle. Ces résultats suggèrent que les mécanismes qui modulent la stabilité des ARNm αENaC pourraient jouer un rôle important dans la régulation du niveau d’expression du transcrit en condition inflammatoire. Le principal objectif de mes travaux était de caractériser les mécanismes de modulation de l’ARNm αENaC dans les cellules épithéliales alvéolaires lors de différents stress pathophysiologiques et déterminer si cette modulation pouvait s’expliquer en partie par une régulation de la stabilité du transcrit. Mes travaux montrent que les LPS et la cycloheximide inhibent l’expression de l’ARNm αENaC de façon similaire via l’activation des voies de signalisation des MAPK ERK1/2 et p38. Cependant, les mécanismes de modulation de l’expression de l'ARNm αENaC sont différents puisque les LPS répriment la transcription du gène, alors que la cycloheximide diminuerait la stabilité du transcrit via des mécanismes post-transcriptionnels impliquant la région 3' non traduite (3'UTR) de l'ARNm αENaC. Pour mieux étudier le rôle du 3'UTR dans ce processus, nous avons développé un modèle Tet-Off nous permettant de mesurer la demi-vie de l’ARNm αENaC indépendamment de l’utilisation d’un inhibiteur de la transcription comme l'actinomycine D (Act. D). Nous avons montré que la demi-vie de l’ARNm αENaC était de 100min, un temps beaucoup plus court que celui rapporté dans la littérature. Nous avons démontré que l’Act. D a un effet stabilisateur important sur l’ARNm αENaC et qu’il ne peut être utilisé pour évaluer la stabilité du transcrit. À l’aide de différents mutants de délétion, nous avons entrepris de déterminer la nature des régions du 3’UTR impliquées dans la modulation de la stabilité du transcrit. Nous avons trouvé que le 3’UTR joue un rôle à la fois de stabilisation (région 3’UTR proximale) et de déstabilisation (région 3’UTR distale) du transcrit. Notre système nous a finalement permis de confirmer que la diminution de l’ARNm αENaC observée en présence de TNF-α s’expliquait en partie par une diminution importante de la stabilité du transcrit induite par cette cytokine. Enfin, nous avons identifié la nature des protéines pouvant se lier au 3’UTR de l’ARNm αENaC et déterminé lesquelles pouvaient moduler la stabilité du transcrit. Des trois protéines candidates trouvées, nous avons confirmé que la surexpression de DHX36 et TIAL1 diminue le niveau de transcrit par un mécanisme impliquant la stabilité du messager. Les travaux présentés ici montrent la complexité des voies de signalisation induites par différents stress sur les cellules épithéliales alvéolaires et montrent comment la stabilité de l’ARNm αENaC et en particulier, les séquences du 3’UTR jouent un rôle important dans la modulation du niveau de transcrit. Le modèle Tet-Off que nous avons développé permet d’estimer le temps de demi-vie réel de l’ARNm αENaC et montre que le 3’UTR du messager joue un rôle complexe dans la stabilisation du messager en condition de base ainsi qu’en condition pro-inflammatoire. Enfin, nous avons identifié deux protéines liant l’ARNm qui pourraient jouer un rôle important dans la modulation de la stabilité du transcrit. / The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) expressed in alveolar epithelial cells plays a major role for lung liquid clearance at birth and lung edema resorption in adulthood. The expression and activity of ENaC are inhibited by many pathophysiological stress that could have an impact in the clinical outcome of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Pulmonary inflammation is an important factor in this inhibition that may promote or sustain pulmonary edema. We have previously shown that pro-inflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibit αENaC mRNA expression by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, suggesting that a modulation of αENaC mRNA stability could play a role in this process. The main objective of the present work was to characterize how different pathophysiological stress affect αENaC mRNA expression in alveolar epithelial cells and determine whether this modulation could be explained in part by regulating the stability of the transcript. Our study shows that LPS and cycloheximide decrease the level of αENaC mRNA with a similar time course and via the activation of the MAPK ERK1/2 and p38 signaling pathways. Despite similarities, there were important differences in the mechanisms involved in the modulation of αENaC mRNA expression. While LPS repress αENaC mRNA transcription, cycloheximide triggers post-transcriptional mechanisms involving the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of αENaC mRNA. To further study the role of αENaC 3'UTR in this process, we developed a Tet-Off model that allows us to measure the half-life of αENaC mRNA regardless of the use of a transcription inhibitor such as actinomycin D (Act. D). Using this system, we showed a 100 min half-life for αENaC mRNA, a much shorter time then the one reported for this mRNA using Act. D. We showed that Act. D has an important stabilizing effect on αENaC mRNA and cannot be used to assess the stability of the transcript. Using deletion mutants of the αENaC 3'UTR region, we determined how different portions of 3'UTR were important in modulating stability of the transcript. We found that the 3'UTR has dual functions, with portions important to promote stabilization (proximal 3'UTR) and others that strongly destabilize (distal 3'UTR) the transcript. Our system also allowed us to confirm that the decreased expression of αENaC mRNA induced by TNF-α results in part by a decreased stability of the mRNA. Finally, we identified several RNA-binding proteins that interact specifically with αENaC 3'UTR and determined if these proteins had an impact on transcript stability. Surexpression of two of these proteins in alveolar epithelial cells, DHX36 and TIAL1 was able to decrease the level of αENaC mRNA via a downregulation of mRNA stability. The work presented here shows the complexity of the signal transduction pathways elicited by different pathological stress conditions in alveolar epithelial cells and is the first to show that αENaC mRNA stability elicited by sequences in 3’UTR plays an important role in modulating the level of the transcript. The Tet-Off model that we developed allows to accurately estimate the half-life of αENaC mRNA and shows that the 3’UTR portion of the mRNA plays a complex role in the modulation of transcript stability in basal and pro-inflammatory conditions. Finally, we identified two putative RNA-binding proteins able to specifically recognize αENaC 3’UTR and modulate the transcript stability.

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Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.