La perpétuelle recherche d'un gain ou d'un profit n'a pas épargné les rapports entre les Etats. En effet, les pays via les relations qu'ils entretiennent passent des accords dans le but d'assurer un essor et un développement économique et, Madagascar n'échappe pas à cette règle.Ainsi, force est de constater que depuis quelques années les investisseurs étrangers sont intéressés par les perspectives offertes par l'île rouge, cependant, la question de la sécurité de leurs investissements se pose, et en découle, de nombreuses interrogations sur l'accession à la propriété foncière pour les investisseurs étrangers à Madagascar. La propriété foncière sera entendue dans cette recherche comme la somme des terres acquises ou devant être acquises par les investisseurs étrangers pour établir leurs projets. En effet, les investisseurs, c'est-à-dire, les personnes morales (SA, SARL, EURL, Groupements…) souhaitant s'implanter à Madagascar veulent s'assurer des garanties quant à « la propriété de la chose (…) et de ce qu'elle produit1 » c'est-à-dire de leurs investissements. Ainsi, condition nécessaire du développement des affaires, les investissements étrangers représentent un potentiel important pouvant permettre de tirer l'économie du pays vers le haut. Toutefois, de nombreux chefs d'entreprises ou d'entrepreneurs individuels restent sur leur réserve en raison de leurs craintes quant à la fiabilité d'une implantation dans l'île de l'Océan Indien. C'est dans ce cadre que, le droit des affaires malgache avec l'appui du gouvernement actuellement en place et par le biais d'institutions internationales est en train de subir une profonde mutation. En effet, Monsieur RAVALOMANANA2 président de la République Démocratique de Madagascar a institué des processus nouveaux dans l'économie et la politique Malgache. Une profonde réforme du droit des affaires et du droit applicable aux investisseurs est en cours3, ceci dans le but de redonner confiance aux entreprises étrangères, de redynamiser l'économie et de permettre un « appel » à l'investissement international pour encourager les bailleurs de fons étrangers.L'approche, l'étude et l'approfondissement de ces nouvelles données permettent de dresser un bilan global de l'accession à la propriété foncière (qui est une condition pour favoriser, développer et encourager les investissements des entreprises étrangères).C'est dans le cadre de cette profonde mutation, et de ces réformes ayant des conséquences sur le droit des affaires qu'il est intéressant de s'interroger sur les nouvelles conditions d'accession à la propriété sur le sol malgache, d'étudier ainsi, les procédés mis en place pour encourager des créations d'entreprises, des délocalisations (Fiscalité encourageante…) et pour rassurer les investisseurs.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 Art.544 C.civ « La propriété est le droit de jouir et de disposer des choses (…) » et 546 C.civ « La propriété d'une chose soit mobilière, soit immobilière donne droit sur tout ce qu'elle produit (…) »2 Président depuis 2002, il succède à Monsieur Didier RATSIRAKA.3 Voir, la Cérémonie de lancement officiel de « l'Economic Developpement Board of Madagascar » ou Conseil Economique pour le développement Economique de Madagascar, en date du 05 Mars 2007, à Antananarivo. / The perpetual search for gain or profit has not spared reportsbetween states. Indeed, the country through their relationshipssign agreements in order to ensure growth and developmenteconomic, Madagascar is no exception to this rule.Thus, it is clear that in recent years investorsforeigners are interested in the prospects offered by the"red island"however, the issue of security of their investments arises, andresult, many questions about the home landfor foreign investors in Madagascar.The land will be heard in this research as the sum ofland acquired or to be acquired by foreign investorsdevelop their projects. Indeed, investors, that is to say,Corporations (SA, SARL, EURL, group ...) wishing to relocate toMadagascar want to ensure guarantees of "property of the thing(...) And what it product1 "that is to say their investments.Thus, a necessary condition for business development, investmentForeigners represent a significant potential that can afford to takethe economy up. However, many business leaders orindividual entrepreneurs remain on their reserves because of theirconcerns about the reliability of a settlement on the island of the Indian Ocean.It is within this framework, business law with support from Madagascarcurrent government and through institutionsInternational is undergoing a profound change. Indeed,RAVALOMANANA2 Mr. President of the Democratic Republic of Madagascarintroduced new processes in the economy and politics of Madagascar. Amajor reform of business law and the law applicable toinvestors is Class3, this in order to restore confidenceforeign companies to revitalize the economy and allow a "call"investment to encourage international donors fonsforeigners.The approach, the study and deepening of these new data allowof a comprehensive review of home land (which is acondition to promote, develop and encourage investmentsforeign companies).As part of this profound change, and these reforms withimpact on business law it is interesting to speculatethe new conditions of home ownership on the ground in Madagascar,and to study the processes in place to encourage creativecompanies, relocation (Taxation encouraging ...) and to reassureinvestors.1 Art.544 C.civ "Property is the right to enjoy and dispose of things(...) "And 546 C.civ" The ownership of a thing is movable or real estateis entitled to everything it produces (...) "2 President since 2002, he succeeded Mr. Didier Ratsiraka.3 See, the official launch ceremony of "the Economic Development Boardof Madagascar "and the Economic Development EconomicMadagascar, dated March 5, 2007, in Antananarivo.

The subject of the conflict of laws and arbitration in intellectual property rights is a complicated topic to research, because the normal rules of private international law and arbitration can be affected by the special characteristics of patents and trademarks. Some rules of these subjects might need to be reformed and in some cases there are principles that should be created to successfully handle cross-border disputes concerning patents and trademarks. Establishment of a special court with supranational jurisdiction may be required to resolve these types of disputes. Recently, this subject has been given enormous attention around the world. While the academics, legislators and forums in developed states have broadly discussed the subject of conflict of laws and arbitration in intellectual property rights, in Saudi Arabia, it has not been given noticeable attention. This thesis intends to make a significant contribution to Saudi law and provide appropriate approaches on the subject of conflict of laws and arbitration in intellectual property rights. The topics which will be covered in this thesis are the rules of international jurisdiction, the rules of choice of law, the rules for enforcement of foreign judgments and the rules of arbitration. The modification and the enhancement of the rules of private international law and arbitration established in Saudi law will be recommended and the arguments for each suggested approach will be presented.

This thesis presents a critical analysis of the property rights in terms of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (P1-1) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) to the property conflict in Cyprus. The theme that runs through the paper is whether property disputes in Cyprus have had an impact on the established case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Also addressed is the extent to which Cypriot property claims caused the Court to depart from its traditional approach concerning property rights under the ECHR and whether these cases before the Court have introduced a new aspect to the understanding and interpretation of the protection of property rights in the Convention system, specifically the application of the P1-1 to the Convention. The Court's approach, in its various precedents, in examining property rights within the remit of P1-1 will be compared with the property claims from Cyprus in order to determine the unique and significant character of the Cypriot property cases and to analyse their relationship with the right to property under P1-1 to the ECHR.

La vente immobilière est devenue un contrat de méfiance où s’entrechoquent différents droits et obligations. Ce sont les droits du vendeur contre ceux de l’acquéreur voire des tiers comme les occupants du bien. Face à cette crise de confiance, les enjeux moraux de ce contrat présentent un réel intérêt surtout au regard de la moralisation de la vente d’immeuble par l’action combinée du législateur et du juge. Ces derniers vont s’intéresser au bien des contractants dépassant ainsi le domaine strict du droit. En effet, la morale est évaluée selon des critères d’appréciation de bien ou de mal alors que la justice procède à son évaluation sur la base de critère de juste ou d’injuste. Le droit, objet de la justice, concerne « le juste rapport des biens et des choses réparties entre citoyens ». Le bien consistant « dans une juste mesure, un point d’équilibre où se réalise l’harmonie du tout et de ses parties », le domaine de l’étude concerne tout aussi bien l’équilibre du contrat de vente immobilière que la conduite des acteurs du contrat. / The real estate sale has become a contract of distrust. In this contract, various rights and obligations conflict. Specifically, there are seller’s rights versus purchaser’s rights or third party rights like that of the property’s occupant. In the face of this crisis of trust, the moral stakes of this contract raise great interest, in particular regarding the moralization of real estate sale by the combined action of the legislature and judges. They are interested in the good of all contracting parties where the mere domain of law is exceeded. Indeed, in terms of morality, an action is evaluated according criteria of right and wrong, whereas, in terms of justice, an action is evaluated according criteria of fair and unfair. Law, which is based on justice, concerns « the fair balance of assets sharing between citizens ». The good consists of « an equilibrium where harmony among all parties is realized by a fair measure ». The subject of this thesis is about balance between the contract of real estate sale and the behavior of contract players.

This thesis examines the doctrine of positive prescription of landownership in Scots law, with particular reference to the written deed that is required in order to commence the prescriptive period. The first part of the thesis sets out the historical context in which this doctrine has developed. Due to the civilian foundations of Scots law, the thesis begins with a brief examination of the Roman law of acquisitive prescription. This examination is both historical and comparative as it emphasises the unusual nature of the Scots law doctrine of positive prescription in comparison to Roman and later civilian formulations of acquisitive prescription. The fact that the Scots law of positive prescription has an apparent antipathy to good faith is also analysed in this context. The Roman law examination is then followed by a description of the development of the Early Scots law of acquisitive prescription. This again demonstrates the difference of Scots law from both civilian acquisitive prescription and common law adverse possession. The Early Scots law material is also significant in illuminating the context in which the Scots law doctrine of positive prescription emerged. The existence of limitation based on possession alone is a feature of Early Scots law which is highlighted in this section. The second, and more extensive, part of the thesis focuses on doctrinal analysis of the written deed that is required in order to commence positive prescription in Scots law. This is in turn divided between an examination of the requirement of ex facie validity of the foundation writ and an examination of the requirement that the foundation writ must be habile to include the area in respect of which positive prescription is sought. The thesis demonstrates that the development of the doctrinal formulations of these concepts has not been free from some degree of confusion. However, it is shown that, in the case of ex facie validity, there is a solid principle of interpretation, grounded in consistent authority, which has only fallen from view in recent times. In the case of hability, the underlying principles are not so easily discerned. Nevertheless, it appears that particular principles may be present in respect of the interpretation of hability. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the current and future state of the law of positive prescription of landownership, with particular reference to the impact of land registration.

The thesis takes as its central object and problematic the contentious status of domain names in global and domestic legal systems. It considers the manner in which advances in technology have blurred the legal rights between domain names and the existing laws of trademark, contract, copyright and property. As it stands, domain names are presented as a secondary right attached to other legal rights such as trademark or contract law, rather than as a new form, or species, of intellectual property. And yet, domain names represent a valuable, distinct and scarce commodity, which, in so far as they are capable of exclusive and excludable use, control and “ownership”, exhibit regularities common to forms of property. This thesis seeks to justify the application of legal frameworks with respect to domain name registration and use to prepare the way for a discussion of the highly qualified recognition of domain names as legal property in United States courts and, to some extent, by arbitral tribunals acting under the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ICANN mandated Uniform Dispute Resolution Mechanism. By means of a detailed exploration of the legal and practical challenges accompanying the meteoric rise of Internet technology and commerce, the thesis intends to clarify the fundamental reasons for some of the current controversies. The thesis proceeds, in a first step, to identify several “gaps” in the current framework of domain name regulation, drawing the readers’ attention to the, arguably, flawed treatment of the legal issue surrounding domain name use, control and ownership by courts and tribunals against the background of the accelerating monetisation and commoditisation of domain names. In capsule, this thesis aims to conduct a review into existing scholarship and case law on trademarks and domain names, in addition to contract and property law. It focuses on the associated legal frameworks for each, supported by cases that demonstrate their legal standing as a newly emergent property-based right. Moreover, the thesis sets these reflections against a broader discussion of doctrinal developments in the area of trademark law, the emerging role of ICANN as a custodian of the technical domain name allocation functions; the origins and theory behind the concept of property as distinct from the law of contract and, finally, the relevance of property rights to the legal standing of domain names. The thesis concludes by arguing that domain names should be treated as expressions of contract and property law, and that the relationship between domain names and trademark law be critically assessed and not confused. Further, it is argued that courts should take account of this duality towards the development of a revised framework for the regulation and adjudication of domain name assignment and use. A movement in this direction would stabilise expectations around the rights owed to, and by, domain name “owners”, alleviating the uncertainty that remains as to their status under law, while reducing the scope for dispute. By taking these issues one by one, this thesis aspires to make a small but important critical contribution to the intellectual and political debate on the future development and enforcement of domain name law.

La propriété privée est souvent assimilée à la seule propriété individuelle. Pourtant, le droit positif connaît de nombreuses institutions permettant d'assurer une appropriation en commun, qu'il y ait ou non personne morale (indivision, communauté entre époux, sociétés, copropriétés spéciales, cotitularité, etc.). L'objet de la thèse est de faire apparaître la propriété commune en tant que catégorie autonome, comprenant toutes les institutions juridiques organisant une concurrence de droits analogues sur une même chose. La situation de concurrence entre propriétaires engendre nécessairement ses propres problématiques. Il faut par exemple définir un statut pour les biens communs ou répartir les prérogatives juridiques et économiques dévolues à chacun. Par exemple, que deviennent les fruits des biens communs ? Qui peut disposer de ces biens ? Ces problèmes apparaissent dans toutes les formes : ils créent un« besoin de droit » que le régime de chaque institution essaye de combler. C'est donc ce fonds commun de problèmes qui fait l'unité de la catégorie. L'identité des problèmes n'entraîne pas l'identité des solutions. On n'organise pas de la même manière des biens communs entre époux, la cour d'un immeuble ou les ressources d'une entreprise. Les profondes différences de régime entre les institutions ne sont cependant pas arbitraires. Elles peuvent s'expliquer notamment par le nombre de propriétaires, la nature sociologique de leurs relations et le but qu'ils poursuivent. Cette rationalité sous-jacente aux règles révèle la propriété commune comme un "pluralisme ordonné", permettant de proposer des analogies ou des régimes communs. / Private property is often reduced simply to individual property. However, every legal system also recognizes several institutions that organize co-ownership, sometimes through a legaJ person (e.g., joint tenancy, community property, condominiums, companies, joint and several obligation, etc.). This dissertation recognizes and studies co-ownership as ageneral legal category, as each institution provides concurrent property rights over a particular object. Concurrence is in the core of co-ownership while also constituting ils main problem. Co-ownership must be organized by a set of rules defining powers and duties, delineating how common income should be distributed, who bas the authority to make decisions, etc. This need for organization is the common tliread between ail co-ownership institutions. However, white this legal framework is mandatory, it can be provided for in various ways. We don't organize, say, marital community property in the same way as a condominium or the common assets of a company are organired. But these differences are not arbitrary. They can be explained by a certain set of parameters: the number of owners, the natun of their sociological links, and the aim they are jointly pursuing. This underlying rationality reveals co-ownership as an "ordered pluralism", illuminating each institution and allowing for some analogies to be drawn between them.

Whilst the adoption of commercial transgenic plant agriculture continues to spread globally, it is not necessarily indicative of universal support, and would appear to belie the inherent existential tensions and conflicting rights between transgenic, organic, and conventional plant agricultural systems. These tensions are typically vented via the inevitable adventitious presence of transgenes in non-transgenic crops, and the competing, and often conflicting scientific and acrimonious claims and counter-claims on the merits and proprieties of transgenic plant agriculture for the environment and public health. Nevertheless, the virtual irreversibility of transgenic plant agriculture, the exigencies of feeding the growing world population amidst continuing global food security scares, and the continuing dependency of livestock farming on transgenic plant feedstuff, especially in Europe, underscore the imperatives for mutual co-existence of all three forms of plant agricultural systems. Drawing on the socio-legal theory that risks and responsibility are correlatives, it is argued in the thesis that our “technological society” is also a “risk society”, and as it is for comparable “technologies of risk” in the post-industrial era, the regulatory framework for the co-existence of transgenic and non-transgenic plant agriculture, must of necessity, invoke corresponding responsibility in law for any consequential economic loss and damage to the environment and public health, in order balance and moderate the conflicting rights in the coexistence paradigm for transgenic and non-transgenic plant agriculture. Whilst drawing on relevant and analogous case law and legislations from the United Kingdom, the European Union and North America, the thesis defines the boundaries of inherent risks, responsibility and rights in the current coexistence paradigm for transgenic and non-transgenic plant agriculture, and proposes a modality for an effective sui generis compensation regime, as an integral part of the broader coexistence policy, on the grounds that such a regime could moderate conflicting rights, increase public acceptance, and build public confidence in transgenic plant technology, rather than hinder its continuing global growth and promise.

In this thesis I consider the interface between copyright law and cultural practice. I argue that the protection of folklore through copyright obfuscates the status of folklore as a generative resource for derivative works in favour of its status as a carrier of national identity, over which states can exercise property rights. Specifically, I analyse the significance of folklore within the playwriting culture of Ghana and discuss how, within this specific context, the introduction of the 2005 Copyright Act (which requires nationals to seek permission and pay a fee to use folklore), rather than incentivising artists to create derivative works from folklore, significantly disrupts the ability of playwrights to continue to create work that reflects the codified theatrical practice established in Ghana post independence. As such, the Ghana Copyright Act, 2005 threatens to jeopardise the fundamental balance in copyright between protection and access, and so the purpose of copyright as a mechanism for incentivising artists. Through exploring the development of the relationship between folklore and copyright and how protection for folklore interacts at the international, continental and sub-regional levels, this thesis examines both the potential impact of the copyright law in Ghana and the efficacy of protecting folklore through a copyright paradigm at all.

La liberté de gérer son patrimoine résulte de l’exercice du droit de propriété, des libertés économiques et de la liberté contractuelle. Cette liberté n’est pas reconnue en droit positif. Pourtant, en pratique, elle fait l’objet d’un exercice implicite par chaque propriétaire au point que la question de sa consécration peut légitimement être posée. La liberté de gérer son patrimoine comporte deux composantes distinctes : la « gestion-valorisation » et la « gestion-transmission ». La première est constituée par l’ensemble des actes visant à valoriser son patrimoine par l’augmentation de l’actif net. La seconde regroupe l’ensemble des actes visant à valoriser le patrimoine d’autrui par la transmission de ses biens de son vivant ou à cause de mort.Notre environnement juridique offre à la « gestion-valorisation » un très fort épanouissement qui s’exprime par une multitude d’actes de gestion patrimoniale. Le recours aux patrimoines d’affectation, aux propriétés collectives ou encore aux personnes morales en est la plus parfaite illustration. Pour autant, l’approche de la « gestion-transmission » est bien différente. S’il est clair que son organisation est le fruit d’une grande liberté octroyée au propriétaire, tel n’est pas le cas du choix de ses bénéficiaires. En effet, la réserve héréditaire, contestable dans ses principes, apparaît comme un frein à la libre « gestion-transmission », de sorte qu’elle devrait sans doute être assouplie, voire supprimée.C’est donc en s’inscrivant dans un libéralisme modéré que la liberté de gérer son patrimoine pourrait servir de nouveau fondement à certaines réformes s’imposant à notre droit. / The freedom to administer one's inheritance derives from the practice of the laws of ownership, and of economic and contractual liberties. This freedom is not recognized as a positive right. However, in practice, it is the object of an implicit practice by each property owner to the extent that the matter of its administration can be legitimately formulated.The freedom to administer one's inheritance is composed of two distinct components : either an « enhanced value management » or a « transmission management ». The first consists of the totality of the deeds aiming to enhance the value of the inheritance by the increase of the disposable assets. The second reconstitutes the totality of the deeds aiming to enhance the inheritance of others, either alive or dead, by the transmission of their possessions. Our judicial environment offers a large expansion of the « enhanced value management », which is expressed in a multitude of inheritance management deeds. The most perfect illustration of this lies in one's having recourse to inheritance allocation, to collective properties or, still, to ethical individuals. Moreover, the « transmission management » approach is very different. If it is clear that its administration results from the broad freedom granted to the property owner, such is not the case in the choice of his beneficiaries. In fact, that part of the legacy which cannot be withheld from the rightful heirs, be it disputable in its principles, acts as a brake to the implementation of the « transmission management », so that it should be amended, or even suppressed. It is therefore by subscribing to a more moderate liberalism that the freedom to administer one's own inheritance could serve as a new foundation to certain reforms which are vital to our rights.