Notre projet de recherche concerne l’étude de l’interaction homme-machine (H-M) en situation d’enseignement/apprentissage de la traduction de l’italien au français.Notre thèse est centrée notamment sur l’analyse de l’utilité pédagogique issue de l’intégration d’un traducteur automatique basé sur des règles dans un contexte d’apprentissage de la traduction de niveau Master, auprès de l’université de Gênes.Existerait-il une possibilité d’interaction entre la pensée traductionnelle humaine et la pensée traductionnelle machine qui puisse s’avérer efficace dans un contexte de pédagogie de la traduction ?Notre projet de recherche vise à répondre à cette question à travers la mise en place d’une expérimentation pédagogique qui s’appuie sur l’interaction entre l’apprenti traducteur humain et le système Apertium.L’hypothèse émise est qu’une telle interaction entre l’apprenti humain et notre prototype de traducteur automatique puisse favoriser la réflexion méta-traductionnelle chez l’apprenti humain, en encourageant sa prise de conscience des nombreux facteurs impliqués dans l’activité traduisante, et en contribuant à son apprentissage de la traduction au niveau de la systématisation de ses connaissances traductionnelles. / Our project aims at studying human-machine (H-M) interaction in the context of Italian to French translation teaching and learning, at a master degree level in translation and interpretation. More precisely, our focus is on the pedagogical usefulness of such a H-M interaction having been put in place thanks to the integration of a rule-based machine translator, namely the system Apertium , in a prototypical version.Can this interaction between machine translation and human translation strategies represent a useful pedagogical tool for translation training? Our hypothesis is that H-M interaction taking place between human translation learners and our machine translation prototype can encourage learners’ meta-translational reflection. This process would help them in becoming aware of all the factors implied in translating, and would allow the systematisation of their translation knowledge.

En raison de la différence culturelle, linguistique et religieuse, la transférabilité d’un message publicitaire vers le marché arabe peut présenter des erreurs. En se basant sur un corpus bilingue français/arabe, notre sujet traite de la traduction publicitaire dans le monde arabo-islamique. Notre attention s’est portée sur les magazines panarabes /HIA/ (Trad. litt. ELLE) et LAHA/ (Trad. litt. POUR ELLE), qui surpassent largement les autres magazines dans la publication de la publicité internationale et la qualité du travail éditorial, de la photographie et du papier. Ainsi, le magazine français ELLE et les deux magazines cités ci-dessus,constituent notre corpus de référence, à partir duquel nous avons constitué notre corpus d’étude et effectué une classification selon un double point de vue, qui peut-être aussi interprété culturellement, pour déterminer les contraintes auxquelles le traducteur a pu être confronté : types de problèmes linguistiques dans la traduction et opération de transposition sémiologique. / Because of cultural, linguistic and religious differences, portability of anadvertising message to the Arab market may present failures. Based on a French /Arabic bilingual corpus, our subject relates to advertising with translation in theArab-Islamic world. Our attention was focused on the pan-Arab magazines / HIA /(literal translation: HER) and LAHA / (literal translation: FOR HER), which farsurpasses the other magazines both in the publication of the international advertisingand the quality of the editorial work, photography and paper. Thus, the French ELLEmagazine and the two magazines mentioned above, are our body of reference fromwhich we formed our corpus study ; we performed a classification related accordingto two points of view - it can also be interpreted culturally - to determine theconstraints that the translator could face : linguistic problems in translation andsemiotic transposition operation.

South Africa's decade of democracy inevitably gave rise to a transformed South Africa. She enjoys international status in the world and is one of the foremost countries in Africa. This status requires communication to engender good relations. Language is one of the key issues facing South Africa. There are eleven official languages in South Africa alone and a host of other languages in the world. English plays a very important role. It has become the lingua franca for South Africans. This qualitative case study investigated how English how English was taught to primary school pupils. Five teacher-trainees were observed and the lessons they delivered were captured on video camera. The trainees and the pupils have as their mother tongue, Xhosa. The researcher used purposeful sampling when selecting the teacher-trainees. The schools chosen were in close proximity to the college where the trainees lodged. This was convenient and economical. The purpose of the study was to establish how orientated the trainees were towards the communicative approach, the recommended approach by the Collegiate of Education, an arm of the University of Transkei. All colleges of education in the former Transkei fell under the jurisdiction of that Collegiate. Another factor was the transformation and its impact in the classroom. This study addressed the following issues. * Colleges of Education in transition * General educational transformation * State of feeder schools * Culture of learning and teaching The literature study included current changes in education that appeared in newspapers of the day. The paradigm shift from the apartheid system to present day was examined in this qualitative research. The focus of this empirical study was on the method of teaching English adopted by the teacher-trainees. Left to their own resources, the trainees delivered lessons. The data obtained from these lessons were analysed and interpreted using an evaluation sheet. There was clear indication that the lessons generally were teacher-centred. There was a lack of healthy communication in the classrooms. The passive pupils responded to questions posed by the trainees. The pupils were not given much chance to talk freely to the trainees or even among themselves, though they were seated in groups and groupwork was indicated.. Emerging out of these findings are implications for all concerned : the prospective and present teachers ; tertiary teacher training institutions ; and the Department of Education. In conclusion, there is recommendation for INSET and PRESET training for teachers, not only for English language teaching but also other subjects across-the-curriculum as the medium of instruction in a majority of schools in South Africa is in English. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Didacties)

On the assumption that the translation strategies used to translate American fast-food advertisements into Arabic cause the Arabic translations to be culturally bound to their originals, the aim of the present study is to identify such translation strategies. The study was conducted with the aid of questionnaires as a primary research method to obtain data which are then complemented by means of textual analyses of the corpus. The findings reveal that the main translation strategies used to translate phrases in fast-food advertisements from English into Arabic are borrowing and transliteration. The overall finding is that inadequate translations of culture-specific concepts, phrases, logos and terms produce target texts which are bound to the source texts. This causes the translations to be rejected by the target culture. / Linguistics / M.A. (Linguistics)

Trois traductions italiennes de La Princesse de Clèves réalisées en Italie au XXe siècle par des femmes ayant marqué, à des titres divers, la vie littéraire italienne de leur temps constituent le point de départ de notre analyse : en 1933 celle de Sibilla Aleramo, en 1988 celle de Renata Debenedetti et en 1999 celle de Rosetta Loy. L’évolution du contexte historique et socio-culturel ainsi que le statut différent de ces trois femmes permet d’étudier la variation des contraintes de production et des conditions de réception de ces traductions. Le choix de certains passages de l’ouvrage de Mme de Lafayette consent de mettre en relief les caractéristiques principales de ce texte et de comprendre les problèmes traductifs que cela pose. Ce premier roman moderne de la littérature européenne écrit par une femme et publié anonymement ne cesse en effet d’interroger et d’intriguer les femmes écrivains de nombreux siècles plus tard. Le rapport entre traduction et écriture féminine est alors interrogé. La relation entre les choix traductifs et leur personnalité d’écrivain et d’intellectuelle débouche sur l’étude de leurs ouvrages dont les caractéristiques stylistiques et thématiques récurrentes évoquent la notion de féminin dans l’écriture. / Three Italian translations of The Princess of Cleves, made in Italy in the twentieth century by women who marked in various ways the Italian literary life of their time, are the starting point of our analysis: Sibilla Aleramo’s in 1933, Renata Debenedetti’s in 1988 and then Rosetta Loy’s in 1999. The evolution of the historical and sociocultural context as well as the different status of these three women allow us to study the variation of production constraints and reception conditions of these translations. The choice of some extracts from Madame de Lafayette’s novel consents to highlight the main features of the text and understand the translation problems that this arises. This novel, the first in modern European literature written by a woman and published anonymously, continues to question and fascinate women writers many centuries later. The relationship between women's writing and translation is then questioned. Subsequently, the relationship between translation’s choices and their personality of writers and intellectuals leads to the study of their works whose recurring stylistic and thematic characteristics evoke the notion of “feminine writing”.

South Africa's decade of democracy inevitably gave rise to a transformed South Africa. She enjoys international status in the world and is one of the foremost countries in Africa. This status requires communication to engender good relations. Language is one of the key issues facing South Africa. There are eleven official languages in South Africa alone and a host of other languages in the world. English plays a very important role. It has become the lingua franca for South Africans. This qualitative case study investigated how English how English was taught to primary school pupils. Five teacher-trainees were observed and the lessons they delivered were captured on video camera. The trainees and the pupils have as their mother tongue, Xhosa. The researcher used purposeful sampling when selecting the teacher-trainees. The schools chosen were in close proximity to the college where the trainees lodged. This was convenient and economical. The purpose of the study was to establish how orientated the trainees were towards the communicative approach, the recommended approach by the Collegiate of Education, an arm of the University of Transkei. All colleges of education in the former Transkei fell under the jurisdiction of that Collegiate. Another factor was the transformation and its impact in the classroom. This study addressed the following issues. * Colleges of Education in transition * General educational transformation * State of feeder schools * Culture of learning and teaching The literature study included current changes in education that appeared in newspapers of the day. The paradigm shift from the apartheid system to present day was examined in this qualitative research. The focus of this empirical study was on the method of teaching English adopted by the teacher-trainees. Left to their own resources, the trainees delivered lessons. The data obtained from these lessons were analysed and interpreted using an evaluation sheet. There was clear indication that the lessons generally were teacher-centred. There was a lack of healthy communication in the classrooms. The passive pupils responded to questions posed by the trainees. The pupils were not given much chance to talk freely to the trainees or even among themselves, though they were seated in groups and groupwork was indicated.. Emerging out of these findings are implications for all concerned : the prospective and present teachers ; tertiary teacher training institutions ; and the Department of Education. In conclusion, there is recommendation for INSET and PRESET training for teachers, not only for English language teaching but also other subjects across-the-curriculum as the medium of instruction in a majority of schools in South Africa is in English. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Didacties)

On the assumption that the translation strategies used to translate American fast-food advertisements into Arabic cause the Arabic translations to be culturally bound to their originals, the aim of the present study is to identify such translation strategies. The study was conducted with the aid of questionnaires as a primary research method to obtain data which are then complemented by means of textual analyses of the corpus. The findings reveal that the main translation strategies used to translate phrases in fast-food advertisements from English into Arabic are borrowing and transliteration. The overall finding is that inadequate translations of culture-specific concepts, phrases, logos and terms produce target texts which are bound to the source texts. This causes the translations to be rejected by the target culture. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M.A. (Linguistics)

La présente thèse porte sur la question de l’intelligibilité de la traduction juridique pour un praticien du droit. Notre hypothèse de travail consiste à dire que l’échec de la traduction juridique s’explique par l’absence de pertinence de la traduction pour son utilisateur. Pour éclairer cet aspect, une approche interdisciplinaire est adoptée. Méthodologiquement, nous partons de la critique de la notion d’équivalence et de la conception de la traduction comme recherche d’équivalents. Notre état de l’art se déploie en trois volets. Le premier volet traite de la théorie de la pertinence de Sperber et Wilson. Le second volet expose le traitement de la notion de pertinence en sciences de l’information. Le troisième volet présente la théorie de la pertinence et la théorie des connaissances élaborées par le sociologue Alfred Schütz Notre corpus d’étude comporte 145 bitextes allemand-français servant de base à des analyses contrastives. Dans la dernière partie, nous proposons une définition de la notion de pertinence et de ses conditions en traduction. Enfin, une méthode pratique de traduction fondée sur les notions de pertinence et d’usage est esquissée. / This thesis deals with the question of the intelligibility of legal translation for a legal practitioner. Our working hypothesis is that the failure of the legal translation is explained by the lack of relevance of the translation for its user. To shed light on this aspect, an interdisciplinary approach is adopted. Methodologically, we start from the criticism of the notion of equivalence and the conception of translation as a search for equivalents. Our state of the art is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the relevance theory of Sperber and Wilson. The second part describes the treatment of relevance in information science. The third part presents the theory of relevance and the theory of knowledge developed by sociologist Alfred Schütz. Our corpus includes 145 French-German texts used as a basis for contrasts analyses. In the personal contribution, we propose a definition of relevance and its conditions in translation. Finally, a practical method of translation based on the notions of relevance and usage is outlined.

In der Arbeit wird eine translationsorientierte Rechtsvergleichung des deutschen und französischen Güterrechts vorgenommen, um daraus übersetzungsrelevante Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede in Bezug auf die Textsorte Ehevertrag abzuleiten. Die grundsätzliche Fragestellung lautet, wie Eheleute ihre güterrechtlichen Verhältnisse in Deutschland und Frankreich per Ehevertrag regeln können. Nach ausführlichen Länderberichten werden ausgewählte Ehevertragsmuster exemplarisch dargestellt. Parallel dazu wird ein zweisprachiges Glossar erstellt, das relevante güterrechtliche Termini mit teils eigenen Übersetzungsvorschlägen enthält. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, dem/der Übersetzer:in eine Übersicht über die güterrechtlichen Strukturen beider Länder zu vermitteln und konkrete Übersetzungsvorschläge zu bieten, insbesondere auch für nicht deckungsgleiche Termini und Rechtsinstitute. Die Arbeit soll damit angesichts einer zunehmenden Zahl von Ehen mit Auslandsbezug oder binationalen Ehen einen rechtstranslatologsichen und translationspraktischen Beitrag für Übersetzer:innen leisten.:1 Einleitung 1.1 Statistiken 1.2 Abgrenzung zu PACS 2 Textsorte Ehevertrag 2.1 Begriffliche Definitionen 2.2 Übersetzungspraxis bei Eheverträgen 2.3 Besonderheiten des Urkundenübersetzens 2.4 Besonderheiten des juristischen Übersetzens: zwischen Sprach- und Rechtsvergleich 3 Grundsätzlicher Aufbau des deutschen und französischen Rechtssystems 3.1 Unterschiedliche Rechtskreise 3.2 Tendenz der Annäherung nationaler Rechtssysteme 3.3 Unterschiedliche Kodifikationsstile des BGB und C. civ. 3.4 Einführung in das Vertragsrecht 3.4.1 Das deutsche Vertragsrecht 3.4.2 Das französische Vertragsrecht 3.4.3 Bewertung von Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschieden 3.5 Funktionale Rechtsvergleichung als Mittel der Wahl 4 Länderberichte: Güterrecht in Deutschland und Frankreich 4.1 Deutschland 4.1.1 Einführung in das deutsche Güterrecht 4.1.2 Der gesetzliche Güterstand der Zugewinngemeinschaft 4.1.3 Vertragliche Güterstände a. Die Gütertrennung b. Die Gütergemeinschaft 4.2 Frankreich 4.2.1 Einführung in das französische Güterrecht 4.2.2 Der gesetzliche Güterstand der communauté réduite aux acquêts a. Vergleich der gesetzlichen Güterstande in Deutschland und Frankreich 4.2.3 Vertragliche Güterstände a. Die communauté universelle b. Die communauté de meubles et acquêts c. Die séparation des biens d. Die participation aux acquêts 4.3 Abschließende Bewertung von Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschieden 4.4 Güterrecht bei Ehen mit Auslandsbezug 4.4.1 EU-Verordnungen zum Güterrecht 4.4.2 Probleme bei Ehen mit Auslandsbezug 4.5 Die deutsch-französische Wahl-Zugewinngemeinschaft 4.5.1 Bestrebungen zur Vereinheitlichung des Güterrechts 5 Der Ehevertrag aus juristischer Perspektive 5.1 Der deutsche Ehevertrag 5.1.1 Funktion und Regelungsinhalte a. Eheverträge im engeren Sinne b. Eheverträge im weiteren Sinne c. Abgrenzung zu Scheidungsfolgen- und Trennungsvereinbarungen 5.1.2 Abschluss und Wirksamkeitsvoraussetzungen 5.1.3 Inhaltliche Vertragsfreiheit und ihre Grenzen 5.2 Der französische Ehevertrag 5.2.1 Funktion und Regelungsinhalte 5.2.2 Avantages matrimoniaux (güterrechtliche Vorteile) 5.2.3 Abschluss und Wirksamkeitsvoraussetzungen 5.2.4 Inhaltliche Vertragsfreiheit und ihre Grenzen 5.3 Bewertung von Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschieden 6 Eheverträge aus translatorischer Perspektive 6.1 Betrachtung ausgewählter Vertragsmuster 6.2 Textsortenkonventionen 6.3 Übersetzungsverfahren 7 Zusammenfassung und abschließende Bewertung Verzeichnisse und Anhänge Literatur Ehevertragsmuster Glossar / The main focus of the thesis lies on a translation-oriented legal comparison of the German and French matrimonial property law. The goal is to identify legal, formal, and linguistic similarities and differences of prenuptial agreements in Germany and France, which might be important for translators. The central question of the research is how spouses can set up their property relations in Germany and in France through prenuptial agreements. After a detailed representation of the country specific legal structures, some German and French prenuptial agreements will be discussed as examples. The final section consists of a bilingual glossary which contains relevant legal terminology in this field with possible translation solutions. The main goal of the paper is to provide translators with an overview of the German and French property law system and to offer potential translation solutions, especially with respect to terms and legal institutions without direct equivalents in the other legal system.:1 Einleitung 1.1 Statistiken 1.2 Abgrenzung zu PACS 2 Textsorte Ehevertrag 2.1 Begriffliche Definitionen 2.2 Übersetzungspraxis bei Eheverträgen 2.3 Besonderheiten des Urkundenübersetzens 2.4 Besonderheiten des juristischen Übersetzens: zwischen Sprach- und Rechtsvergleich 3 Grundsätzlicher Aufbau des deutschen und französischen Rechtssystems 3.1 Unterschiedliche Rechtskreise 3.2 Tendenz der Annäherung nationaler Rechtssysteme 3.3 Unterschiedliche Kodifikationsstile des BGB und C. civ. 3.4 Einführung in das Vertragsrecht 3.4.1 Das deutsche Vertragsrecht 3.4.2 Das französische Vertragsrecht 3.4.3 Bewertung von Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschieden 3.5 Funktionale Rechtsvergleichung als Mittel der Wahl 4 Länderberichte: Güterrecht in Deutschland und Frankreich 4.1 Deutschland 4.1.1 Einführung in das deutsche Güterrecht 4.1.2 Der gesetzliche Güterstand der Zugewinngemeinschaft 4.1.3 Vertragliche Güterstände a. Die Gütertrennung b. Die Gütergemeinschaft 4.2 Frankreich 4.2.1 Einführung in das französische Güterrecht 4.2.2 Der gesetzliche Güterstand der communauté réduite aux acquêts a. Vergleich der gesetzlichen Güterstande in Deutschland und Frankreich 4.2.3 Vertragliche Güterstände a. Die communauté universelle b. Die communauté de meubles et acquêts c. Die séparation des biens d. Die participation aux acquêts 4.3 Abschließende Bewertung von Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschieden 4.4 Güterrecht bei Ehen mit Auslandsbezug 4.4.1 EU-Verordnungen zum Güterrecht 4.4.2 Probleme bei Ehen mit Auslandsbezug 4.5 Die deutsch-französische Wahl-Zugewinngemeinschaft 4.5.1 Bestrebungen zur Vereinheitlichung des Güterrechts 5 Der Ehevertrag aus juristischer Perspektive 5.1 Der deutsche Ehevertrag 5.1.1 Funktion und Regelungsinhalte a. Eheverträge im engeren Sinne b. Eheverträge im weiteren Sinne c. Abgrenzung zu Scheidungsfolgen- und Trennungsvereinbarungen 5.1.2 Abschluss und Wirksamkeitsvoraussetzungen 5.1.3 Inhaltliche Vertragsfreiheit und ihre Grenzen 5.2 Der französische Ehevertrag 5.2.1 Funktion und Regelungsinhalte 5.2.2 Avantages matrimoniaux (güterrechtliche Vorteile) 5.2.3 Abschluss und Wirksamkeitsvoraussetzungen 5.2.4 Inhaltliche Vertragsfreiheit und ihre Grenzen 5.3 Bewertung von Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschieden 6 Eheverträge aus translatorischer Perspektive 6.1 Betrachtung ausgewählter Vertragsmuster 6.2 Textsortenkonventionen 6.3 Übersetzungsverfahren 7 Zusammenfassung und abschließende Bewertung Verzeichnisse und Anhänge Literatur Ehevertragsmuster Glossar

In 1879, eight years after the Franco-Prussian War, Jules Verne published his novel Les Cinc Cents Millions de la Bégum, confronting the philantropic Frenchman Dr. Sarrasin with the cold-blooded, arrogant and brutal German professor Schultze. In doing so, the author wanted to show the moral superiority of his country over what was then termed its “hereditary enemy”. Despite this problematic topic, Verne’s novel was translated to German for the first time in the same year; two more retranslations appeared in 1901 and 1967, respectively. One aim of this master’s thesis is to show how – in an effort to render the translation as close as possible to the original while also avoiding to offend their readers – the German speaking translators coped with the negative image of Germany (and the positive image of France). For this purpose, I use André Lefevere’s descriptive model to show under what circumstances literary works are created and translated. Another focus is put on the so-called retranslation hypothesis, established in the early nineties of the last century by French translator Antoine Berman and claiming that first translations always tend to be domesticating whereas later retranslations have a more foreignizing character. In this thesis I will put his thesis to test, looking for foreignizing and domesticating elements in all three translations. Furthermore, I try to reconstruct the reasons why the first translation of Verne’s novel was followed by two more German translations in the following ninety years.