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Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Filosofía / La muerte se visualiza como horizonte de sentido en la comprensión del hombre de su finitud, mas no como aquello que yace ante los ojos, sino en el advenimiento de una inminencia peculiar que se gesta desde la interioridad en tanto constituye al hombre como parte de su vida. La muerte como posibilidad de todas las posibilidades abisma, en su acercamiento, al ser mortal y le devuelve a sí mismo en la apropiación de su vida, liberada del dominio de la ocupación. Desde los pensamientos de Heidegger y Agustín de Hipona, esta reflexión entrama ambas perspectivas, buscando dar luces sobre los principales nudos críticos en lo que a la muerte concierne. Las tres secciones que comprenden el estudio se organizan de acuerdo a este objetivo. A la primera de ellas le corresponde el análisis existencial heideggeriano, sustentado en base a la concepción del Dasein como Sein zum Tode y abordando cuestiones referentes al cuidado como anticipación, la certeza de muerte, la donación del ser como a-sistencia y la propiedad e impropiedad de un estar-vuelto por parte del Dasein, donde se descubre, incluso en la cotidianidad, ser-para-la-muerte. La segunda sección abarca el desarrollo agustiniano del problema desde las consideraciones metafísicas, que incluyen la conocida pregunta por la muerte –su origen y sentido- en el contexto del mal y el amplio desarrollo temático de la teodicea agustiniana. Acompañan a ello las disquisiciones del santo respecto a la primera y segunda muerte, la renuencia de la creatura humana su fin terrenal, dado el anhelo de vida, y algunas consideraciones de la muerte en Agustín a propósito del cristianismo. Finalmente, la ultima sección está dedicada a rescatar, del modo más sintético posible, aquellos puntos de cruce entre ambos autores que permitan abrir nuevos caminos a otras consideraciones sobre la muerte como fenómeno cuyo estudio nunca se agota.

Our aim is to show that, since Augustine, the problem of relation between human freedom and divine grace to pass by occidental historical Christianity. This work attends the problem under three historical perspectives: the dispute between Augustine and Pelagio, in the begining of the fifth century; the polemics of the Protestant Reform, in the Modern Ages, with the Lutheran and Calvinist results; the neopentecostalism, in the present, taking by reference the Universal Church of Gods Kingdom founded in 1977 by Edir Macedo, who has self-named Bishop. In this religious-historical conditions, the concept of grace remains connected to manifestation of sacred, whose expression is registered in a systematic theological discourse in both first periods. However, under the actual perspective, the grace is agreed of utilitarian manner without systematic expression, and the human freedom is under persistent menace, in an environment which the forces of harmony and chaos are in conflit. / Nosso propósito é mostrar que, desde Agostinho, o problema da relação entre liberdade humana e graça divina perpassa o cristianismo histórico ocidental. Para tanto, o presente trabalho considera três perspectivas históricas: A controvérsia entre Agostinho e Pelágio, no início do Séc. V; os desdobramentos luterano e calvinista no contexto da Reforma Protestante, na Idade Moderna; os movimentos neopentecostais contemporâneos, tomando-se como referência a Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus, fundada em 1977, pelo autodenominado Bispo Edir Macedo. Nessa trajetória histórico-religiosa, o conceito de graça permanece ligado à manifestação do sagrado, cuja expressão é registrada em discursos teológicos sistemáticos nos dois primeiros períodos considerados. Porém, no terceiro enfoque, o contemporâneo, a graça se apresenta de modo utilitarista, sem expressão sistemática, e a liberdade humana é constantemente ameaçada em meio à luta entre as forças da ordem e do caos.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de Filosofia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, 2017. / Submitted by Raquel Almeida (raquel.df13@gmail.com) on 2017-11-16T17:53:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_FabianoRicardoPaz.pdf: 3792062 bytes, checksum: 1e25f228bcbf7693f29783bb26aa036d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2018-01-04T22:06:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_FabianoRicardoPaz.pdf: 3792062 bytes, checksum: 1e25f228bcbf7693f29783bb26aa036d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-04T22:06:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_FabianoRicardoPaz.pdf: 3792062 bytes, checksum: 1e25f228bcbf7693f29783bb26aa036d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-04 / Nesta dissertação nos propomos a falar sobre a teoria do conhecimento em Agostinho. Tal tema pode ser dividido em duas partes. Primeiramente, o que chamamos de conhecimento (scientia), o qual trata do conhecimento das coisas temporais e permite que o homem viva a vida prática. Em segundo lugar, temos a sabedoria (sapientia), que o é conhecimento das coisas eternas e permite que o homem alcance a felicidade (eudaimonia). Na primeira parte, isto é, sobre o conhecimento, analisaremos o processo de obtenção das imagens sensíveis (phantasma). Este processo começa nos objetos do mundo sensível, os quais afetam os sentidos exteriores do homem, e assim, geram a sensação ou imagem sensível do mundo. Destacaremos a importância da alma na sensação, ou seja, seu papel ativo. Dentro da tradição cristã, a alma tem a função de manter a pessoa viva. Como a pessoa é uma unidade de corpo e alma, esta deve estar atenta aos sinais dados pelo corpo e gerar as sensações, sempre com o objetivo de manter o corpo vivo, para que a pessoa continue a existir. Também veremos que essas sensações e imagens sensíveis ficam armazenadas na memória sensível. Na segunda parte do trabalho, isto é, sobre a sabedoria, estudaremos em detalhe as definições de verdade de Agostinho, seu tratamento dos primeiros princípios e razões dos números como conteúdos próprios da sapientia. Além disso, veremos o que é a iluminação para o Hiponense. Também demonstraremos que os conhecimentos obtidos por meio da sabedoria são universais e necessários, e ficam armazenados na memória intelectiva. Como conclusão, defenderemos que a iluminação é o ponto mais crucial para que o homem obtenha o conhecimento, seja ele das coisas temporais ou das coisas eternas. No momento em que o homem obtém o conhecimento através da scientia, veremos que precisa de uma luz natural para ver os objetos e ter as sensações e imagens sensíveis. Quando o homem descobre os conhecimentos necessários acerca das coisas eternas (sapientia), ele o faz por meio de uma iluminação espiritual de um tipo especial. / In this dissertation we propose to talk about the theory of knowledge in Augustine. Such a theme can be divided into two parts. First, what we call knowledge (scientia), which deals with the knowledge of temporal things and allows man to live the practical life. Secondly, what we call wisdom (sapientia), which is the knowledge of eternal things and allows man to attain happiness (eudaimonia). In the first part, about the knowledge, we will analyze the process of obtaining sensitive images (phantasma). This process begins with the objects from the sensible world, which affect the outer senses of man, and thus, generate the sensation or sensible image of the world. We will emphasize the importance of the soul in sensation, id est, its active role. Within the Christian tradition, the soul has the function of keeping a person alive. As a person is the unity of her body and soul, the latter must be attentive to the signs given by the body and generate the sensations, always with the purpose of keeping the body alive, so that the person continues to exist. We will also see that these sensations and sensitive images are stored in the sensitive memory. In the second part of the work, that is, on wisdom, we will study in detail the definitions of the truth Augustine gives, his treatment of the first principles and the reasons (ratio) of the numbers as proper contents of sapientia. In addition, we will see what llumination is for the Bishop of Hippo. We will demonstrate that the knowledge obtained through wisdom is universal and necessary, and is stored in the intellectual memory. As a conclusion, we will argue that Illumination is the most important thing for men to obtain knowledge, whether it be of temporal or of eternal things. In the moment that men obtain the knowledge through the scientia, we will see that they need a natural light to see the objects and to have sensations or sensitive images. When men discover the necessary knowledge about eternal things (sapientia), it happens by means of a spiritual illumination of a special type.

Orientador: Francisco Benjamin de Souza Netto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-26T15:35:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cunha_MarianaPaolozziServuloda_D.pdf: 7597745 bytes, checksum: 7a4aceff4ec62a6a15679c1961d08a74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000 / Resumo: Não informado / Abstract: Not informed. / Doutorado / Doutor em Filosofia

Suite à l’émergence de protocoles d’hypofractionnement à visée curative comportant un risque accru de toxicité, il devient fondamental d’arriver à augmenter la précision dans la délivrance de la dose. Les mouvements internes entre et pendant les séances d’irradiation peuvent devenir un facteur limitant majeur pour la qualité de l’irradiation des localisations tumorales mobiles. C’est le cas pour le cancer de la prostate pour lequel l’hypofractionnement est une voie prometteuse bien qu’il existe un risque élevé de toxicité digestive. Lors de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la quantification et correction des mouvements du volume cible irradié dans le cadre d’une radiothérapie pour un cancer de la prostate sans ou après ablation totale de la glande. Nous avons étudié un nouveau système d’imagerie basé sur la modalité ultrasons (US) permettant de visualiser la zone pelvienne grâce à deux voies d’acquisition : transabdominale (TA) et transpérinéale (TP). Contrairement aux systèmes US précédemment commercialisés, les mouvements entre les séances de simulation et de traitement (mouvements interfractions) sont quantifiés par recalage monomodal US/US. De plus, des images acquises avec la sonde TP en continu pendant l’irradiation permettent de quantifier les mouvements intrafractions du volume cible. Nous avons proposé une méthodologie d’évaluation des deux sondes US-TA et US-TP pour la correction des mouvements interfractions, en conditions cliniques. Les données US ont été comparées à celles obtenues par tomodensitométrie (CBCT), actuelle modalité de référence. De plus, nous avons quantifié pour la première fois les incertitudes liées à l’impact de la pression de la sonde sur la localisation du volume cible, et à la variabilité inter-opérateur du recalage manuel US/US. Nous avons observé pour la sonde TA une faible concordance entre les mouvements interfractions mesurés par US et CBCT, ainsi qu’une variabilité importante de la pression exercée par la sonde et du recalage manuel entre les opérateurs. Pour la sonde TP, nous avons proposé une méthode corrective de la localisation de l’image US de référence qui nous a permis de valider son utilisation en clinique. Les données recueillies avec la sonde TP ont montré une importante variation des amplitudes et fréquences des mouvements intrafractions, parfois supérieurs à 15mm, entre les patients et d’une séance à l’autre pour un même patient. Nous avons proposé une étude dosimétrique des conséquences de ces déplacements et ainsi démontré que l’impact sur la dose délivrée au volume cible est patient-dépendant, et est plus important lorsque le traitement est délivré avec une stratégie d’hypofractionnement. Nous avons démontré dans cette étude la faisabilité de l'implémentation clinique de la technique US-TP qui permet un repositionnement quotidien en début de séance sans dose additionnelle ou marqueurs invasifs, et la correction de la position du volume cible pendant l’irradiation. / The emergence of hypofractionated treatments implies an increase of precision on the dose delivery. Organs motions between and during the irradiation fraction are a limiting factor for achieving a high quality treatment of mobile tumor localizations. In particular, hypofractionation was demonstrated as a promising strategy for prostate cancer treatment, whereas a high digestive toxicity cannot be excluded.During this thesis, motions of the target volume were quantified during radiotherapy delivered for treating a prostate cancer, on the prostatic gland or after a prostatectomy. An innovative imaging modality was used, based on two different ultrasound (US) probes: a transabdominal (TA) probe and a transperineal (TP) probe. Contrary to US systems previously commercialized, motions between simulation and treatment sessions were quantified with a monomodal registration US/US. Moreover, intrafraction motions of the target volume were recorded with the TP probe, since images can be continuously acquired with this probe. A methodology for evaluating the performances of the TA and TP probes were developed for the correction of interfractions motions, in clinical conditions. US data were compared with the current reference modality, the Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Moreover, the uncertainties on the target localization due to the variability of the probe pressure and to inter-operator variability of the manual US/US registration were quantified for the first time. Poor agreements of the interfraction motions measurements were found between US and CBCT modalities, using the TA probe. Furthermore, a high variability of the TA probe pressure and of the inter-operator registration was observed. Using the TP probe, a corrective method of the US reference image localization was developed and validated, leading to a high agreement with the CBCT modality.Intrafraction motions were observed with the TP probe, and were highly patient and session dependent. A dosimetric study was proposed to evaluate the impact of the intrafraction motion on the dose delivery. The effects were patient dependent and more important when the treatment was simulated using a hypofractionated strategy.

Cette étude d’ordre phonético-phonologique considère la prononciation en allemand L4 chez des apprenants tardifs cantophones de la première génération postcoloniale à Hong Kong. Pour ces locuteurs dont les langues source sont le cantonais (L1) et l’anglais (L2) de Hong Kong, ainsi que le putonghua/mandarin (L3), l’allemand est la quatrième langue orale (L4). La question des transferts linguistiques issus des langues source reste mal évaluée. À travers une analyseprincipalement auditive, nous cherchons à découvrir comment l’allemand lu est prononcé sous l’effet interférentiel attendu d’une ou de plusieurs langues source. Ce travail dégage des fautes typiques et quantifiables à travers l’exploitation d’enregistrements d’apprenants cantophones adultes. Ces données élicitées aux niveaux segmental et suprasegmental ont été comparées à celles d’un groupe contrôle de locuteurs natifs, ainsi qu’à la prononciation canonique retenue. Noustentons de déterminer les causes des déviances saillantes dues aux effets interférentiels des langues source relevant du niveau phonético-phonologique. Ce travail permettra de dégager des méthodes d’apprentissage plus adaptées, une fois les différents domaines identifiés, ayant trait aux difficultés spécifiques lors de l’acquisition de l’allemand L4. Ainsi, des exercices variés et bien adaptés à ce public d’apprenants permettront d’améliorer plus rapidement l’acquisition del’allemand oral. Ce travail était dicté par le souci de fournir un ensemble d’informations potentiellement utiles aux domaines linguistique et didactique / This thesis aims to investigate salient mispronunciations from Cantonese adult L4 learners of German in Hong Kong, in order to support the design of effective pedagogical and remedial instruction for pronunciation improvement. For these learners of the first post-colonial generation, the other source languages are Hong Kong English (L2) and putonghua/Mandarin (L3), both non-native/non-foreign languages. The overall aims of this study are to promote ourunderstanding of cross-linguistic interference between source languages and the target language in adult learners whose first language is genetically and typologically distant from German, as well as to identify typical linguistic features of German L4. The proposed approach involves a systematic contrastive description of phonology and phonetics primarily between German and Cantonese, followed by a shorter description of learners’ L2 and L3. To address the question of deviant features and language transfer, data gathered from students reading German were compared to native speaker data, as well as to a canonical form of pronunciation. The analysis of interlanguage data revealed segmental and suprasegmental deviations from the underlying canonical form, as well as contexts where L1 and L2 transfer effects are prominent. Thismethodology enabled us to propose an inventory of salient pronunciation errors, useful for the domain of linguistics and for pedagogical purposes. Though further studies should be conducted at both the segmental and suprasegmental level, this work contributes to our understanding of aspects of this particular L4 interlanguage

Die Reihe versammelt Beiträge im Kontext der anwendungsorientierten Vermittlung von Forschungs-, Lehr- und Veranstaltungsprojekten des Zentrums für Integrationsstudien an der Technischen Universität Dresden, zum Teil in Kooperation mit Praxispartnern

Orientador: Francisco Benjamin de Souza Netto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-20T09:46:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cunha_MarianaPaolozziServuloda_M.pdf: 18960183 bytes, checksum: d48fd296b985048838106c43ff2d94eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 1995 / Resumo: Não informado / Abstract: Not informed. / Mestrado / Mestre em Filosofia

In der Deutschdidaktik und der DUDEN-nahen Fachliteratur werden ´Sonderschreibungen´ in der deutschen Orthographie, wie Schärfung, Dehnung, das Silbentrennende-h und die s-Graphien <ß> und <ss>, ausschließlich auf lautlicher Ebene definiert, d.h. es wird versucht, ihnen eine Graphem-Phonem-Beziehung zuzuweisen. Dadurch erscheinen diese Schreibungen jedoch wenig systematisch, was in diesen Ansätzen auch thematisiert wird. Dagegen wird hier von der Annahme ausgegangen, daß die Sonderschreibungen phonologisch-prosodisch in der gesprochenen Sprache fundiert sind, somit also nicht einzelne Laute, sondern Silben markieren. Anhand einer Wortliste, die auf dem "Kleinen Wörterbuch" von Johann Christoph Adelung (1788) basiert, werden unterschiedliche Konzepte zur deutschen Rechtschreibung aus den vergangenen zwei Jahrhunderten mithilfe des Computerprogramms ORTHO 3.0 getestet. Dieses Verfahren ermöglicht zum einen ein verläßliches Evaluieren alternativer Ansätze, da assoziative Aspekte und individuelle Hilfestellungen bei der Schriftgenerierung ausgeschaltet sind, zum anderen können diese Ansätze in relativ kurzer Zeit auf der Grundlage beliebig großer Datenmengen getestet werden. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit soll insbesondere auch die Konsistenz der einzelnen Konzepte eruiert werden. Deshalb werden diese sowohl auf die Wortschreibungen aus Adelungs Wörterbuch als auch auf die nach der Rechtschreib-Reform von 1901 gültigen angewendet und die erzeugten Fehlschreibungen jeweils analysiert.