Este trabalho pretende expor as maneiras pelas quais a ficção de Aníbal Machado dialoga com o cinema, procurando definir a ampla visão de sua poética a partir desse viés. A condição do autor de fã e conhecedor da chamada sétima arte faz com que ela se faça presente também em sua obra literária. Um dos aspectos nela observados é a tentativa de reproduzir técnicas e procedimentos da linguagem cinematográfica, o que tem origem em práticas das vanguardas europeias e do modernismo brasileiro. Tal tentativa se faz já em João Ternura, livro que começou a ser escrito por volta de 1926 e concluído às vésperas da morte do autor, em 1964, e é claramente marcado como um projeto modernista. A aproximação da linguagem fílmica nesse livro, entretanto, limita-se quase exclusivamente à montagem de segmentos narrativos descontínuos. Por outro lado, os recursos que buscam similaridade com a narrativa fílmica encontram-se disseminados nos contos do autor, sendo A morte da porta-estandarte o mais cinematográfico deles, já que mobiliza a maior parte desses recursos, como a focalização de um assunto de diversos ângulos e a montagem, realizando uma feliz conjunção entre imagem, movimento e som. Num segundo andamento a tese examina uma particularidade cinematográfica, a presença de Carlitos, de Charles Chaplin, na obra de Aníbal Machado, bem como do cinema burlesco de maneira geral. Assim é enfatizado que na ficção do autor existe uma galeria de personagens que se distingue pela inocência, pelo sonho ou pelo irracional, o que resulta de uma visão do universo de Carlitos influenciada pelas vanguardas europeias, principalmente pelo surrealismo, ao qual Aníbal Machado chegou a declarar publicamente a adesão. As referências aos filmes chaplinianos estão também no ponto de vista irônico do narrador, bem como na coexistência do cômico e do dramático. Na ficção do autor, a gestualidade está relacionada à inocência e ternura de personagens que, por esse motivo, são massacrados pelas rígidas regras e convenções sociais. Daí seu irracionalismo representado pelo burlesco - como recusa a se submeter a essas regras. A pesquisa se detém ainda em outras atividades de Aníbal Machado relacionadas ao cinema. Nesse particular, o foco se volta para o início dos anos 1950, quando o escritor foi convidado pela Companhia Vera Cruz a colaborar com roteiros de outros autores e a escrever adaptações para alguns contos de sua autoria. Assim, elaborou sinopses e roteiros para A morte da porta-estandarte, O telegrama de Ataxerxes e O piano, mas nenhum deles chegou a ser filmado. Nesse andamento, pretende-se caracterizar o contexto em que a produção ficcional se inscreve, situando-a também na história do cinema brasileiro. Tomando as adaptações de autoria de Aníbal, procura-se avaliar o motivo do interesse do mercado cinematográfico da época em adaptar seus contos. Com isso em vista, pretende-se fazer uma análise comparativa entre A morte da porta-estandarte e sua correspondente sinopse em duas versões, e de O telegrama de Ataxerxes e o roteiro nele baseado, procurando explicitar as soluções adotadas pelo autor para transpor suas histórias para uma linguagem cinematográfica, criando novos elementos para dar conta das diferentes artes e linguagens que se impõem nessas adaptações. / This work intends to discuss problems related to Anibal Machados literary works and the dialogues he established with the filmic art and in this way trying to define the large view of his poetics. The authors interest as fan and expert of the so called Seventh Art was fundamental to the assimilation he processed in his fictional works. So one of the aspects observed in this analyses includes the authors attempt to reproduce techniques and proceedings of the cinematographic language with keeping its roots in practices of the European Avant-garde and in the Brazilian Modernism. This mentioned attempt is firstly present in João Ternura, a book he started writing by 1926 and only finished in 1964 soon before his death, and in which he exposes the linking with the Brazilian modernist project. In this case the approach he established between his literary writing and the filmic proceedings was limited to the act of assembling discontinuous narrative sequences. But different approaches to the filmic narrative were explored in his short-stories being A morte da porta-estandarte the most relevant example of the various ways he tried to absorb the cinematographic language. So from different angles of viewing and discontinuous acts of assembling Aníbal Machado tried to explore the field of the images, movements and sonorities. As a second part this work examines a specific element, focusing the famous character created by Charles Chaplin, Charlie, but also trying to capture the general burlesque aspect of the cinema in the work of Aníbal Machado. So it is showed that in the authors fiction there is a gallery of characters distinguished by its innocence, by the dream and by irrational aspects that lead to Charlies universe and is also influenced by the European Avant-garde, mainly the Surrealism, that Aníbal Machado once declared its adoption. The references to Chaplins filmography will be also stressed by means of the ironical approach of the narrator as well as the comic and the dramatic aspects. In the authors fiction it is marked the presence of the corporal movement related to innocence and tenderness of some characters that due to this kind of acting are slaughtered by the rigidness of social rules and conventions. And so it results in irrationalism represented by the burlesque as a refusal to be submitted to the social rules. The research is still enlarged by other activities of Aníbal Machado related to the Seventh Art. In this case the focus was directed to the beginning of the 50s when the A. Machado was invited by the cinematographic Companhia Vera Cruz to help in the writing of scripts and also asked to adapt some of his own short-stories. Among them are A morte da porta-estandarte, O telegrama de Ataxerxes and O piano, though none of them was filmed. In this part the intention is to expose the context in which the Aníbals work of fiction is included trying to situate it in the history of the Brazilian cinema. Finally, we try to appreciate and discuss reasons way at that time the filmic industry was interested in adapting Aníbals short-stories. So it was developed a comparative approach between A morte da porta-estandarte and two versions of its respective summary. The same was developed between O telegrama de Ataxerxes and a script based on this short-story. In both cases it is tried to show ways the author used to translate his fictional stories to a filmic language thus creating new elements to adapt different arts and languages.

Esta pesquisa tenciona compreender as relações do escritor Mário de Andrade (1893-1945) com a literatura surrealista, considerando manuscritos e livros em seu acervo, no patrimônio do Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros da Universidade de São Paulo (IEB-USP), bem como a sua obra publicada. A pesquisa reúne e transcreve textos literários e ensaísticos atinentes ao Surrealismo, mencionados nos manuscritos do Fichário Analítico de Mário de Andrade; promove o levantamento de obras e de periódico surrealistas franceses presentes na biblioteca do criador de Macunaíma, recuperando anotações de leitura, as quais sugerem diálogos de criação na esfera da crítica literária e da literatura; congrega igualmente juízos críticos de Mário de Andrade sobre o Surrealismo expressos em sua obra édita e correspondência / This search intends to understand the relationship of the writer Mário de Andrade (1893 1945) with the Surrealist literature, considering handwritten and books in his collection, in the property of Institute of Brazilian Studies of São Paulo University (IEB-USP), as like his published work. The search gathers and transcripts literary and essayist texts pertinent to surrealism, mentioned in the handwritten of Mário de Andrades Analytical Card index; it organizes the survey of works and the French Surrealists periodic presents in the library of Macunaimas creator, recapturing reading notes, which suggest dialogues of creation in the literary critic sphere and the literature; it gathers equally Mário de Andrades criticizes judges about Surrealism expressed in his published work and correspondence.

Yasmina Reza, auteur de théâtre français, reconnue dans le monde entier, a reçu les prix les plus prestigieux : trois Molières (FR), un Laurence Olivier Award (GB), deux Tony Award (USA), le Die Welt (All), pour ne citer qu’eux. En France, elle est encore souvent considérée comme un auteur à succès, n’offrant au public qu’une forme de théâtre de boulevard contemporain. L’étude précise des textes dramatiques de Yasmina Reza, de sa langue, de ses personnages et des structures de ses pièces, laisse apparaître sous le masque de la comédie une richesse et une complexité plus profondes. Elle met en scène des personnages bourgeois dont la vie se caractérise par une certaine facilité, tout en levant le voile sur des préoccupations métaphysiques universelles. Il s’agit toujours de la confrontation de l’homme avec le monde ou avec ses semblables. Cette pensée de l’individu inquiet s’accompagne dans la forme d’une réflexion sur le pouvoir de l’art dramatique. La caractérisation bourgeoise de son théâtre est autant un miroir tendu au public qu’un masque qui voile une interrogation permanente sur le sens de la vie et de l’art, dans la continuité du travail de l’avant-garde du milieu du XXe siècle dont elle se révèle être une relève inattendue. / The Famous French playwright Yasmina Reza received some of the most prestigious prices in the world : three Molières (FR), a Laurence Olivier Award (UK), two Tony Award (USA), a Die Welt (DE). Nevertheless, in France she is still considered as merely a successful author, with some kind of new farce to offer. A specific study of Yasmina Reza’s drama, including her language, her characters and the architecture of her plays, brings out other meaningful and complex colors from under the mask of comedy. She stages middle-class characters whose life is quite easy; in the meantime she reveals universal metaphysical issues. It is always about a clash between a person and the world or a person and his kind. This reflection about the anxious being goes on stage with a reconsideration of the power of theater. The middle-class characterization is a mirror for the audience as well as it is a mask that covers a constant questioning about the meaning of life and art, continuing the work of the avant-garde of the middle of the 20th century, of which she appears to be an unexpected new recruit.

Sur l’épiderme des feuilles des végétaux supérieurs, se trouvent des pores appelés stomates et composés de deux cellules spécialisées, les cellules de garde. La régulation des mouvements stomatiques en réponse aux signaux de l’environnement permet le contrôle des échanges gazeux de la plante avec l’atmosphère. Ces mouvements sont dus à des variations rapides de la turgescence des cellules de garde. Les H+-ATPases sont des pompes à protons situées sur la membrane plasmique des cellules des végétaux. En excrétant les ions H+ dans l’apoplasme, ces protéines génèrent une force protomotrice capable de fournir l’énergie nécessaire à l’activation de canaux et transporteurs ioniques membranaires. Ce processus permet de contrôler la turgescence des cellules de garde. Des analyses d’expression nous ont permis d’identifier les trois isoformes d’H+-ATPases, AHA1, AHA2 et AHA5, exprimées dans la cellule de garde. Des études in silico nous ont révélé qu’en dépit d’une forte proximité génétique, ces trois protéines semblent être impliquées dans des voies de signalisation différentes. La caractérisation phénotypique d’une collection de mutants affectés dans l’expression de chacune des isoformes nous a permis de mettre en évidence qu’AHA1 est l’H+-ATPase spécifique de la réponse stomatique à la lumière bleue et que la perte d’expression de cette isoforme confère à la plante une croissance plus faible et une meilleure tolérance à la sécheresse que le sauvage. Enfin, nous avons confirmé par des études d’électrophysiologie et par l’élaboration de sondes fluorescentes pH-sensibles l’implication directe d’AHA1 dans la voie de signalisation de la lumière bleue dans la cellule de garde. / Stomata are pores laocated on high plant leaf epidermis and formed by two specialized guard cells. Stomatal movement regulation in response to environment allows the control plant-atmosphere gas exchanges. Stomatal movements are ruled by rapid turgor changes in guard cells. H+-ATPases are proton pomps expressed on plant cell plasma membrane. By extruding H+ in the apoplast, these proteins generate a protomotive force able to activate secondary ionic transporters and channels. This process leads to changes in ion homeostasy and in fine to turgor changes in the guard cell. Expression analyses allowed us to identify the three AHAs isoforms expressed in the guard cell : AHA1, AHA2 and AHA5. In silico study indicates that despite the high identity percentage between the three proteins, they seem involved in differents signalisation pathways. Phenotypic characterization of mutants impaired in the expression of each AHAs allowed us to conclude that AHA1 is specific for the blue light stomatal response. Furthermore, the lack of AHA1 leads to a lower growth and a better tolerance to drought stress of aha1 mutant compare to the wild type. Sugar metabolism studies in aha1 mutant gave us informations on the compensatory mecanism for stomatal opening in this mutant. Finally, we confirmed by electrophisiologcal studies and by fluorescent pH sensitive probes elaboration, the specific involvement of AHA1 in blue light signalisation pathway in the guard cell.

Ce travail se pose pour objectif de démontrer la coïncidence de deux phénomènes, l'écriture subjective et le found footage film, tout en articulant des approches différentes autour des problèmes de l'autoportrait et de l'écriture subjective au cinéma, de la représentation de l'identité de genre, de l'histoire et de la critique du film d'avant-garde. Le rapprochement des notions de réécriture filmique (Marie-Claire Ropars) et d'entre-images (Raymond Bellour) conduit d'abord à la problématisation d'une question centrale concernant la pratique de l'autoportrait : le rapport de ressemblance entre le référent et l'objet de la représentation. L'analyse de films de remploi, réalisés dans le cadre de la production cinématographique féminine à partir des années quatre-vingt, articule ultérieurement la réflexion au vu des débats occasionnés autour de la valeur du remploi artistique du film d'archive – entendu en tant qu'outil de ré-évaluation générale du cinéma comme dispositif (Christa Blümlinger) – aussi bien que de la répétition (Judith Butler) entendue en tant que stratégie pour dévoiler et mettre en discussion les mécaniques sous-jacents à la représentation de l'identité de genre. En valorisant la nature physique et matérielle des travaux analysées et en prenant en considération le contexte bio-politique de la réflexion post et trans-féministe, cette thèse vise enfin à définir le corps comme support et modèle d'une « micro-politique du soi » dont la réécriture se ferait instrument spécifique dans la détermination d'une subjectivité à la fois intermédiaire et inter-médiale, associée par un lien charnel aux technologies mais, dans le même temps, libre de la « chair » de l'image. / This work aims to study the coincidence between two phenomenons, subjective writing and found footage film, articulating different approaches around themes as filmic self-portrait and subjective writing, gender identity representation, the history and the critique of avant-garde film. Through the link between the notions of réécriture filmique (Marie-Claire Ropars) and entre-images (Raymond Bellour), this thesis problematise one of the main topic of self-portraiture practice: the resemblance bond between the referent and the object of representation. The analysis of “second hand” films – realized in the frame of woman's avant-garde cinema since the eighties – allowed me to articulate this theoretical reflexion in the light of recent debates around found footage film. Following the researches of Christa Blümlinger, I focused notably on the practice of reusing archive films as a form of analysis, critic, and reevaluation of cinema as a dispositif. Secondly, according to Judith Butler, I interpreted repetition as a strategy to discuss and dismantling the underlying mechanisms of gender identity representations. Finally, putting a specific emphasis on the physical and material nature of the work analysed, I highlighted a precise relationship between the material body of the filmic archive and the natural body of the artists. In this sense, the bio-political context of post and trans-feminist self-representation practices permitted me to conceive the natural body as both a surface and a medium of rewriting, shaping and determining an intermediate subjectivity which is linked “fleshly” to technologies as well as it is “freed” from the flesh of the image.

The hypothesis of this dissertation is that contemporary Norwegian painter, Odd Nerdrum (b 1944), uses tenebrism as a mode of beauty and a device to emphasise psychological states of being. Tenebrism is an effective kitsch device to create an impression of realism and so-called truthfulness while pointing to the deepest human sentiments and emotions. I argue that Nerdrum’s tenebrist art questions dark truths about modernity and its effect on the self. The darkness of his tenebrist style amplifies the emotional states of his human characters, and becomes a negative form of transcendence into absence and the power of its nothingness. Nerdrum’s paintings are a visual record of the human capacity to withstand selfdestruction and strive for restoration from the inane. His physical act of painting opens and refines consciousness by slowing down time, for insight and contemplation. / Dissertation (MA (Fine Arts))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Visual Arts / MA / unrestricted

Orientador: Nelson Alfredo Aguilar / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T02:08:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dunaeva_CristinaAntonioevna_M.pdf: 563718 bytes, checksum: 9e1ff31ec246ac81abb6304ae37d9f1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: De Sistemas Novos na Arte (O nóvikh sistiémakh v isskûstvie), 1919, é o primeiro tratado teórico de Kazímir Sievierínovitch Maliévitch (1878, Kíiev ¿ 1935, Leningrado), um dos principais artistas da vanguarda russa, criador do suprematismo, teórico da arte, filósofo e pedagogo. No tratado Maliévitch apresenta e analisa os sistemas novos da arte: o impressionismo, o cubismo, o futurismo, a obra pictórica de Cézanne, Van Gogh e Gauguin, assim como a crítica da arte dita primitiva, a arte da Grécia clássica e a romana, o primitivismo moderno e o academismo. A crítica da arte está ligada à reflexão filosófica sobre o contexto histórico e cultural do surgimento da arte moderna e do suprematismo. O tratado está relacionado às atividades pedagógicas desenvolvidas por Maliévitch. Em 1918 ele é o professor dos Ateliês Artísticos Livres do Estado (SVOMAS ¿ Svobódnyie Khudójestviennyie Mastierskíie), em Petrogrado, e em 1919 ¿ o Mestre-Chefe dos I e II Ateliês Artísticos Livres do Estado em Moscou. Em Vítiebsk cria o grupo UNOVIS (Afirmadores da Arte Nova ¿ Utvierdítieli Nóvogo Isskûstva) e embasa o ensinamento na análise dos sistemas pictóricos. O pintor afirmava que o livro editado em Vítiebsk fora a transcrição de uma das palestras supostamente dadas em Moscou1 / Abstract: ¿On The New Systems of Art¿, 1919, it¿s a first theoretical work of Kazimir Severinovich Malevich. This Russian artist of avant-garde, philosopher and pedagogue was the creator of the suprematism. In this work Malevich introduce the new systems of modern art, such as the impressionism, the cubism, the futurism, the painting of Cézanne, Van Gogh and Gaugain; and also represent the critics on the primeval art, the classic art of Greece and Rome, the modern primitivism and academic art. This critic is connected to philosophical reflection about the historical and cultural context of the birth of modern art and suprematism. In this period of time (1919) Malevich was a professor of the State Free Artistic Workshops (SVOMAS) in Petrograd and master of the I and II State Free Artistic Workshops in Moscow. In Vitebsk he created the Affirmers of the New Art (UNOVIS) group and instructed the pupils on the new systems of the art / Mestrado / Historia da Arte / Mestre em História

Orientador: Nelson Alfredo Aguilar / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T21:06:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nucci_Angela_D.pdf: 4545897 bytes, checksum: b757c0ee381a614e4de58b61e1dd3526 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A presente tese tem por objetivo discutir quais seriam as ligações entre o pensamento artístico-filosófico de Kazímir Sievierínovitch Maliévitch (1879-1935) ao longo dos anos de 1920 em relação aos debates da intelligentsia russa do início do século XX, especialmente aqueles ligados à tradição filosófico-mística. A preocupação de estudar Maliévitch frente a alguns de seus contemporâneos ocorre para entender o "sentido e o espírito" de um determinado período histórico e, embora as escolhas bibliográficas revelem interesse pela Filosofia russa, não se trata de uma tese centrada no âmbito da Filosofia, mas sim da História da Arte e suas ligações com a História Intelectual e a História Cultural. Ao longo de sua trajetória, Maliévitch fez uso de conceitos relacionados à tradição filosófica como intuição, mística, não-objetividade, infinito e transfiguração. Houve, portanto, a intenção de apresentar e discutir estes termos dentro de uma coerência interna que integrasse aspectos históricos e artísticos. Desconfiando da razão iluminista e das abordagens cientificistas do conhecimento, muitos pensadores russos viam na intuição, na individualidade criativa e no espírito o caminho para um conhecimento transcendente; pensamento perseguido pelo regime soviético, que no início de 1920 determinou a prisão e a deportação para o Ocidente de uma série de intelectuais russos. Dentre este grupo é possível citar alguns dos mais destacados pensadores russos do início do século XX, como Nikolai A. Berdiáev, Nikolai O. Losski, Pável A. Floriênski e Sierguéi N. Bulgákov. Estes filósofos retomavam alguns dos debates eslavófilos do século XIX e buscavam gerar novas discussões no campo filosófico, social e cultural, frente aos contextos pré e pós-revolucionários. A partir desse panorama, buscou-se pensar em um quadro mais amplo sobre os significados de algumas das questões abordadas por Maliévitch em seus tratados e em suas obras. Em um primeiro momento, buscou-se refletir sobre a produção pictórica pós-suprematista de Maliévitch, tanto no que diz respeito a sua ligação com a tradição popular e religiosa, quanto aos problemas e significados no contexto ideológico e artístico do período soviético. Um segundo ponto discutido, refere-se aos desdobramentos dos debates místicos no projeto artístico de Maliévitch, especialmente no período em que o artista viveu na cidade de Vitebsk, a qual acolheu pela mesma época figuras da importância de Mikhail M. Bakhtin e Pável N. Miedvédiev; estudiosos que estavam ligados a discussões e associações religiosas. Em um terceiro nível, a redação concentra-se no problema da representação artística e da livre criação no quadro da reconstrução social e de um "novo homem" no período em que existia um forte enfrentamento ideológico entre as correntes produtivistas, defensoras do desenvolvimento de uma "cultura material" e as correntes não-figurativas, nomeadas como "místicas" ou "subjetivas" por defenderem valores espirituais. Por fim, buscou-se evidenciar como a questão da representação artística na obra de Maliévitch, ligada ao reconhecimento de uma verdade dissociada da concepção objetiva da realidade, estava inserida em um conjunto de ideias que ganhou proporção suficiente para se tornar uma ameaça e ser diretamente combatido pelo regime soviético / Abstract: The present thesis aims to discuss what would be the connections between the artistic and philosophical thought of Kazimir Severinovich Malevich (1879-1935) along the 1920s compared to the debates of the Russian intelligentsia of the early twentieth century, especially those related to philosophical and mystical tradition. The concern of studying Malevich before some of his contemporaries is to understand the "meaning and the spirit" of a particular historical period, and although the bibliographic choices show interest in the Russian philosophy, it is not a thesis centered within the philosophy, but on Art History and its links to Intellectual History and Cultural History. Throughout his career, Malevich made use of concepts related to the philosophical tradition, such as intuition, mysticism, non-objectivity, infinite and transfiguration. Therefore, the intention was to present and discuss these terms within an internal coherence that integrates historical and artistic aspects. Distrusting enlightenment reason and scientistic approaches to knowledge, many Russian thinkers saw on intuition, creative individuality and spirit, the way to a transcendent knowledge; idea pursued by the Soviet regime, which in the early 1920s led to the arrest and deportation to the West of a number of Russian intellectuals. Among this group we can mention some of the most prominent Russian thinkers of the early twentieth century, as Nicolai A. Berdyaev, Nicolai O. Lossky, Pavel A. Florensky and Sergei N. Bulgakov. These philosophers retook some of the Slavophiles debates of the nineteenth century and sought to generate new discussions on philosophical, social and cultural fields, compared to pre and post-revolutionary contexts. From this background, we tried to think of a broader picture of the meanings of some of the issues addressed by Malevich in his treatises and in his works. At first, we tried to reflect on the pictorial production post-Suprematist of Malevich, both with regard to their connection with the popular and religious tradition, the problems and meanings in the ideological and artistic context of the Soviet period. A second point discussed refers to the unfolding of the mystics debates in the artistic design of Malevich, especially in the period in which the artist lived in the city of Vitebsk, which hosted the same time figures of the importance of Mikhail M. Bakhtin and Pavel N. Medvedev; scholars who were linked to discussions and religious associations. On a third level, the essay focuses on the problem of artistic representation and free creation in the context of social reconstruction and a "new man" in the period in which there was a strong ideological confrontation between the productivist currents, advocates the development of a "material culture" and the current non-figurative, named "mystical" or "subjective" for defending spiritual values. Finally, we sought to show how the issue of artistic representation in the work of Malevich, linked to the recognition of a dissociated truth of the objective conception of reality, was inserted into a set of ideas that gained sufficient proportion to become a threat and be directly fought by the Soviet regime / Doutorado / Historia da Arte / Doutora em História

The dissertation work deals with the organization of artistic life in the context of totalitarian regimes and its reflection in the Czech lands with the attention to fine arts education. It defines two types of artistic education - academic and modernistic. Significant interest is modern art infiltration into a cultural field in connection with social changes of interwar Russia and Italy. Historical research, Pierre Bourdieu's analytical approaches, analysis of Czechoslovak cultural, fine art and fine art pedagogically oriented magazines printed between 1919 - 1939 are the methods used for searching information. In terms of possibilities in Russia the biggest independence appeared in graphic design as means of modern visualization. However, the artists reached the position in the artistic field and following token power by taking social posts, especially teaching jobs, and often at the expense of their own espression. Italian authors voluntarily adapted their modernist creation to political development. Forms of their styles were much wider. The avantgarde quite smoothly managed to integrate into official culture. The most significant examle is aeropittura, which encouraged the cult of modern technologies and military power of fascistic Italy, and also which fluently continued in futuristic basis....

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