Um Kernfragen zur Mehrautorenschaft in einer bestimmten Zielgruppe zu klären, konzentriert sich diese Arbeit auf Aspekte von technologischer Kompetenz, menschlicher Interaktion und institutioneller Leitlinien. Zuerst werden interdisziplinäre Argumente in Bezug zu Mehrautorenschaft aus den Sozialwissenschaften, Naturwissenschaften, Informatik und Geisteswissenschaften präsentiert. Die Literaturübersicht enthält Statistiken zu Informationsnutzung, Beschreibung von Strategien des Wissensmanagements, Erforschung von Verhaltensmustern und Trends in der Kommunikationstechnologie, sowie Diskussionen einiger historischer, politischer und inhaltlicher Aspekte, welche die Anwendung des Internet als kollaboratives Werkzeug im akademischen Kontext beeinflussen können. Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich auch mit einigen Kontroversen zur Konzeption von Wissenschaft und wissenschaftlicher Praktiken, welche indirekt mit der Problematik von wissenschaftlicher Kommunikation und Zusammenarbeit, sowie Wissensproduktion in Zusammenhang stehen, insofern sie die Produktion Texten mit mehreren Autoren betreffen. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt der Arbeit befasst sich mir dem zur Zeit vorherrschenden System zur Evaluation akademischer Publikationen (Bibliometrie oder Scientometrie; QUALIS und SCIELO Systeme). Das vorhandene System für die Evaluation von Autoren ist in der Regel unfair /voreingenommen. Das liegt daran, das Statistiken leicht manipuliert werden können um einer bürokratischen und unternehmerischen Agenda zu folgen oder individuelle Interessen darzustellen, anstatt die wirklichen Verdienste eines Autors widerzuspiegeln. Die Untersuchung wurde anhand von semi-strukturierten Interviews durchgeführt, in Kombination mit einer quantitativen Erhebung, welche drei miteinander verbundene Aspekte (technologische, institutionelle und kulturelle), die bei der in Mehrautorenschaft eine Rolle spielen, innerhalb des Graduiertenprogramms in 'Forest Engineering' an der Universidade Federal do Paraná (Brasilien) hervorheben sollte. / In order to verify core issues for co-authorship in a specific audience, the current work focus on technological literacy, human interaction, and institutional policy. It first presents an interdisciplinary collection of arguments from social sciences, natural sciences, computer sciences, and humanities about scientific collaboration, especially regarding co-authorship activities. This literature review includes statistics on information usage, description of knowledge management strategies, exploration of behavioral patterns, communication technology trends, and discussions of some historical, political and contextual elements that may be influencing the application of the Internet as a collaborative tool within academic contexts. It also draws back few controversies about the concept of science and its practices, which are indirectly related to the problematic of scholarly communication, scientific collaboration, and knowledge production. The investigation targets these activities in what they concern the production of co-authored texts. A special focus of this work targets the current mainstream system of academic publishing ranking and evaluation (Bibliometrics or Scientometrics; QUALIS and SCIELO systems). The existing measurement system for the ranking of authors is generally an unfair/biased system, as statistics can easily be manipulated by a bureaucratic and corporate agenda, or by individual interests, rather than representing the real merit of an author. The inquiry applies a semi-structured in-depth interview combined with a quantitative survey intending to reveal three interrelated aspects (Technological, Institutional, and Cultural) involved in co-authorship activities within the Graduate Program in Forest Engineering at the Federal University of Paraná/Brazil.

Submitted by Eunice Novais (enovais@uepg.br) on 2017-09-22T17:42:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Ilma Celia Ribeiro Honorato.pdf: 3114400 bytes, checksum: 4b476f5f46b9f636039b79c7436909bd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-22T17:42:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Ilma Celia Ribeiro Honorato.pdf: 3114400 bytes, checksum: 4b476f5f46b9f636039b79c7436909bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-28 / Esta tese tem como objeto de pesquisa a formação inicial do professor de Educação Física a partir dos pressupostos teóricos metodológicos da Teoria das Representações Sociais (TRS). Trata-se de uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa e caracteriza-se como um estudo de caso, transversal, descritivo. A pesquisa apresenta como problemática: Quais as representações sociais dos acadêmicos do Curso de Licenciatura em Educação Física em relação a sua formação profissional, ao que é Ser professor e Ser professor Educação Física, a partir dos pressupostos teóricos metodológicos da Teoria das Representações Sociais? A pesquisa tem como objetivo geral, analisar as representações sociais dos acadêmicos do Curso de Licenciatura em Educação Física em relação a sua formação profissional, ao que é Ser professor e Ser professor Educação Física, a partir dos pressupostos teóricos metodológicos da Teoria das Representações Sociais. O referencial teórico que fundamenta a pesquisa foi consubstanciado pelos estudos de Jodelet (1985, 2001), Moscovici (2001; 2009), Abric (2001), Doise (2001), Gilly (2001), Flament (2001) e Bourdieu (1983; 1992; 1996; 2001; 2004; 2011; 2015). A pesquisa foi realizada na Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG/PR), no Curso de Licenciatura em Educação Física, tendo como sujeitos da pesquisa os acadêmicos dos 1º, 2º, 3º e 4º anos do Curso. A amostra foi constituída de cento e cinco (105) acadêmicos. No que tange ao quadro teórico e metodológico, optamos pelo conceito de Representação Social de acordo com Moscovici (2010). Como delineamento metodológico da pesquisa, optamos pelo estudo de caso para o tratamento da abordagem qualitativa (LÜDKE; ANDRÉ, 1986, GIL, 2009) e um estudo transversal (THOMAS; NELSON; SILVERMAN, 2007) para o tratamento da abordagem quantitativa. A coleta de dados se deu por meio de um questionário aberto e a Associação Livre de Palavras (ALP) (ABRIC, 2001; MARCONI; LAKATOS, 2003). Os dados foram analisados qualitativamente e quantitativamente, com o uso das técnicas da Teoria do Núcleo Central, técnica de zona muda e dos esquemas estranhos (LÜDKE; ANDRÉ, 1986; ABRIC, 2001; DOISE 2001; FLEMENT, 2001; THOMAS NELSON; SILVERMAN, 2007; MOSCOVICI 2011). Os dados foram confrontados por meio da Análise de Conteúdo (BARDIN, 1977) e a luz do conceito de habitus de Bourdieu (1983; 1992; 1996; 2001; 2004; 2011; 2015). Como resultados da pesquisa apontamos que: as representações dos acadêmicos indicam que Ser Professor e Ser Professor de Educação Física é ser uma pessoa responsável, dedicada e comprometida com a ação pedagógica; o conceito evidenciado para a Educação Física no contexto escolar tem sua centralidade no esporte e na saúde; a escolha dos acadêmicos em Ser Professor de Educação Física se deu por meio das vivências nas aulas de Educação Física e com o esporte na infância e adolescência; em relação ao exercício da profissão, os acadêmicos apontam como perspectivas as possibilidades de ter estabilidade no emprego, ser valorizado e realizar avanços na Educação Física escolar por meio de ações pedagógicas inovadoras. Consideramos que as representações desveladas nesta pesquisa retratou a profissão de professor e professor de Educação Física como sendo legítima no ambiente escolar apesar da desvalorização no contexto social e econômico. Ponderamos ainda que especificamente a profissão de professor de Educação Física, nas representações dos acadêmicos apesar dos entraves metodológicos e de infraestrutura, possibilita ações pedagógicas capazes de promover transformações significativas na vida dos alunos. / This thesis research as the object the initial formation of the Physical Education teacher from the point of view of theoretical methodological assumptions of Theory of Social Representations (TRS). Thus, this is a quantitative and qualitative research and it is characterized as a case study, transverse and descriptive. The research presents as problematic: What are the social representations assumed by the Degree students in Physical Education in relation to their professional training and to what it is to be a teacher and to be Physical Education teacher? Taking into consideration the methodological assumptions of the Theory of Social Representations. The research has as general objective to analyse the social representations of the Degree students in Physical Education in relation to their professional training and what is to be a teacher and to be Physical Education teacher. The theoretical methodological assumptions of the Theory of Social Representations was chosen. The theoretical framework that underlies the research was Jodelet (1985; 2001), Moscovici (2001; 2009), Abric (2001), Doise (2001), Gilly (2001), Flament (2001) and Bourdieu (1983, 1992, 1996; 2001; 2004; 2011; 2015). The research was carried out at the University of Ponta (UEPG/PR), in the Course of Degree in Physical Education, having as participants the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th years of students the Course. The sample consisted of one hundred and five (105) subjects. Regarding the theoretical and methodological framework, the concept of Social Representation according to Moscovici (2001) best suits to the present research. As a methodological outline of the research, the case study for the Treatment of the qualitative approach (LÜDKE; ANDRÉ, 1986; GIL, 2009) and a Thomas, Nelson and Silverman, (2007) were chosen for the treatment of quantitative approach. The date collection was done through an open questionnaire and with the Free Association of Words (ALP) (ABRIC, 2001, MARCONI; LAKATOS, 2003). The date were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, using the techniques of the Central Nucleus Theory, the silent zone technique and the strange schemas (LÜDKE; ANDRÉ 1986; ABRIC, 2001; DOISE, 2001; FLEMENT, 2001; THOMAS; NELSON; SILVERMAN, 2007; MOSCOVICI, 2011). The date were analyzed by the Content Analysis (BARDIN, 1977) focusing on the concept of habitus of Bourdieu (1983, 1992, 1996, 2001, 2004, 2011, 2015). Among the results it is we highlighted that the representations of the Degree students indicate that being a teacher and being a Physical Education teacher is to be a responsible, dedicated and concerned person in order to do the Pedagogical action; The concept was evidenced for Physical Education students in the school context. The main focus was on the centrality in sport and health; The choice in being a Physical Education teacher is related to bring about the experiences with the sport in childhood and adolescence; In relation to work out with the profession, the prospects pointed out are the possibilities of stability in employment, to be valued and to make advances in Physical School Education by means of innovative pedagogical actions. We consider that representations unveiled in this research portrayed the profession of teacher and Physical Education teacher the students representations as being legitimate in the school environment despite the social and economic devaluation in the context, more specifically, the profession of teacher of Physical Education. / Esta tesis tiene como objeto la formación inicial del profesor de Educación Física a partir de los informes teóricos metodológicos de la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales (TRS). Es una investigación cuali-cuantitativa se caracteriza por ser un caso de estudio, transversal, descriptivo. La investigación presenta la problemática: Cuáles representaciones sociales de los académicos del Curso de Licenciatura en Educación Física en relación a su formación professional, al que es Ser professor y que es Ser profesor de Educación Física, a partir de los informes teóricos metodológicos de la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales? La investigación tiene como objetivo general analizar las representaciones sociales de los académicos del Curso de Licenciatura en Educación Física en relación a su formación professional, al que es Ser profesor y que es Ser profesor de Educación Física, a partir de los informes teóricos metodológicos de la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales. El referencial teórico que fundamenta la pesquisa fue basada en los estudios de Jodelet (1985, 2001), Moscovici (2001; 2009), Abric (2001), Doise (2001), Gilly (2001), Flament (2001) y Bourdieu (1983; 1992; 1996; 2001; 2004; 2011; 2015). La pesquisa fue realizada en la Universidad Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG/PR), en el Curso de Licenciatura en Educación Física, tenendo como sujetos de la investigación los académicos de los 1º, 2º, 3º y 4º años del Curso. La muestra fue constituída por ciento cinco (105) académicos. En lo que atañe al cuadro teórico y metodológico, elegimos el concepto de Representación Social de acuerdo con Moscovici (2010). Como delineación metodológico de la pesquisa, elegimos el estudio de caso para el tratamiento del enfoque cualitativo (LÜDKE; ANDRÉ, 1986; GIL, 2009) y un estudio transversal (THOMAS; NELSON; SILVERMAN, 2007) para el tratamiento del enfoque cuantitativo. La recopilación de datos se dió por medio de un cuestionario abierto y con la Asociación Libre de Palabras (ALP) (ABRIC, 2001; MARCONI; LAKATOS, 2003). Los datos fueron examinados cualitativamente y cuantitativamente, con el uso de las técnicas de la Teoría del Núcleo Central, técnica de zona muda y de los esquemas extraños (LÜDKE; ANDRÉ, 1986; ABRIC, 2001; DOISE 2001; FLEMENT, 2001; THOMAS NELSON; SILVERMAN, 2007; MOSCOVICI 2011). Los datos fueron confrontados por medio de Análisis de Contenido (BARDIN, 1977) la luz del concepto de habitus de Bourdieu (1983; 1992; 1996; 2001; 2004; 2011; 2015). Entre los resultados destacamos que las representaciones de los académicos indican que Ser Profesor y Ser Profesor de Educación Física es ser una persona responsable, dedicada y engajada con la acción pedagógica; el concepto evidenciado para la Educación Física en el contexto escolar tiene su centralidad en el deporte y en la salud; la decisión en Ser Profesor de Educación Física se dió por medio de las experiencias con el deporte en la niñez y adolescencia; en relación al ejercício de la profesión, las perspectivas señaladas son las posibilidades de tener estabilidad en el empleo, ser valorado en realizar avanzos en la Educación Física escolar por medio de acciones pedagógicas innovadoras. Consideramos que las representaciones desveladas en esta pesquisa retrató la profesión del Profesor y Profesor de Educación Física como sendo legítima en el ambiente escolar a pesar de la devaluación en el contexto social y económico. Y que especificamente la profesión de Profesor de Educación Física las representaciones de los académicos a pesar de las trabas metodológicas y de infraestructura, permite acciones corporales capaces de promover transformaciones positivas en la vida del alumno.

SUMMARY CONSTRUCTING AND VALIDATING A MEASURING INSTRUMENT FOR COPING WITH OCCUPATIONAL STRESS by Melissa du Plessis Supervisor: Prof N. Martins Department: Industrial and Organisational Psychology Degree: Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology Orientation: Occupational stress is still a concern for both individuals and organisations, and academia is no exception. Employees’ ability to cope with occupational stressors depend on the regulatory strategies they adopt in response to the stressor. However, there is no clear consensus on how the coping construct should be measured. Existing literature further outlines various conceptual and methodological concerns regarding the measurement of coping. Van Wyk (2010) advocates that currently, no coping instrument has been developed and very few instruments have been validated in a South African and African context. Research purpose: The primary objective of this research was to construct a valid and reliable instrument for determining which coping strategies academics adopt in response to occupational stress. Research methodology: A combination of steps, suggested by scale development authors, was followed to develop the instrument. The process was broken down into three phases, namely: (1) theoretical investigation, (2) instrument purification, and (3) instrument optimisation. The construction of the questionnaire was based on a sample of 305 university employees who were permanently employed in a higher education institution in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. Main findings: The study resulted in a psychometrically sound 33-item measuring instrument. Nine empirically validated coping strategies emerged, namely (1) social coping, (2) religious coping, (3) cognitive coping, (4) active leisure coping, (5) avoidant coping, (6) social disengagement, (7) vacation time, (8) rumination, and (9) emotional coping. These strategies were further classified as adaptive or maladaptive coping strategies. CFA confirmed the nine-factor model. Empirical support for construct and content validity, internal consistency reliability v and composite reliability was available. The instrument further demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity. Contribution/value-add: The key contribution of this study was the development of a psychometrically sound instrument for determining which coping strategies academics adopt in response to occupational stress. This study further contributed to constructing and empirically testing a model for coping with occupational stress. Lastly, the study provided support for measurement invariance across different demographical groups, and the findings revealed that individuals from different demographical backgrounds differ significantly in the coping strategies they adopt in response to occupational stress. / DIE ONTWIKKELING EN VALIDASIE VAN ’N MEETINSTRUMENT VIR DIE HANTERING VAN BEROEPSTRES deur Melissa du Plessis Promotor: Prof N Martins Departement: Bedryfs- en Organisasiesielkunde Graad: DPhil in Sielkunde Oriëntasie: Beroepstres is steeds ’n bron van kommer vir individue sowel as organisasies, en die akademiese omgewing is geen uitsondering nie. Werknemers se vermoë om beroepstres te hanteer, word bepaal deur die regulatoriese strategieë wat hulle aanneem in reaksie tot die stressor. Daar is egter geen duidelike konsensus oor hoe die hanteringskonstruk gemeet behoort te word nie. Voorts dui bestaande literatuur op verskeie konseptuele en metodologiese probleme met betrekking tot die meet van streshantering. Van Wyk (2010) beweer dat daar tot dusver geen hanteringsinstrument ontwikkel is nie en baie min instrumente is in ’n Suid-Afrikaanse en Afrika-konteks gevalideer. Doel van die navorsing: Die primêre doel van hierdie navorsing was om ’n geldige en betroubare instrument te ontwikkel waarmee daar bepaal kan word watter hanteringstrategieë akademici aanneem om beroepstres te hanteer. Navorsingsmetodologie: Die instrument is ontwikkel deur die kombinasie van verskeie stappe wat deur skrywers oor skaalontwikkeling voorgestel is. Die proses is in die volgende drie fases verdeel: (1) ’n teoretiese ondersoek; (2) die suiwering van die instrument; en (3) die optimalisering van die instrument. Die vraelys is ontwerp met die oog op die steekproef bestaande uit 305 werknemers met permanente aanstellings by ’n hoëronderwysinstelling in die Gauteng provinsie in Suid-Afrika. Hoofbevindinge: Die studie het gelei tot die ontwerp van ’n psigometries betroubare meetinstrument bestaande uit 33 items. Nege empiries gestaafde hanteringstrategieë het na vore gekom: (1) sosiale hantering; (2) religieuse hantering; (3) kognitiewe hantering; (4) aktieweontspanningshantering; (5) vermydende hantering; (6) sosiale ontkoppeling; (7) vakansietyd; (8) ruminering; en (9) emosionele hantering. Hierdie strategieë is verder vii geklassifiseer as adaptiewe of wanadaptiewe hanteringstrategieë. Dié nege-faktormodel is deur BFA bevestig. Empiriese steun vir konstruk- en inhoudsgeldigheid, interne konsekwentheidsbetroubaarheid en saamgestelde betroubaarheid was beskikbaar. Voorts het die instrument ook konvergente en diskriminantgeldigheid gedemonstreer. Bydrae / waardetoevoeging: Die belangrikste bydrae van hierdie studie was die ontwikkeling van ’n psigometries betroubare instrument wat gebruik kan word om te bepaal watter strategieë akademici volg om beroepstres te hanteer. Die studie het ook bygedra tot die ontwerp en empiriese toetsing van ’n model vir die hantering van beroepstres. Ten slotte het die studie metingsinvariansies oor verskillende demografiese groepe heen bevestig en die bevindinge het getoon dat individue uit verskillende demografiese groepe se hanteringstrategieë vir beroepstres merkbaar verskil. / IQOQO LOKUBAKULEKILE UKWAKHA NOKUQINISEKISA ITHULUZI LOKULINGANISA UKUKWAZI UKUMELA UKUKHATHAZEKA NGENXA YEZIMO ZASEMSEBENZINI ngu Melissa du Plessis UMhloli Olulekayo: USolwazi N Martins Umnyango: Izifundo Mayelana Nokusebenza Kwengqondo Nomthelela Walokho Ekuziphatheni Kwabantu Emsebenzini Iziqu: UDokotela Wezifundo Zefilosofi Maqondana Nokusebenza Kwengqondo Nomthelela Walokho Ekuziphatheni Okumaqondana nakho:Ukukhathazeka okumaqondana nezimo zasemsebenzini kusayinto ehlupha abantu ngabodwana nezinkampani, kanti nezazi zezemfundo ephakeme nazo ngeke zashiywa ngaphandle. Ukukwazi kwabasebenzi ukubhekana nezimbangela zokukhathazeka ngenxa yezimo zomsebenzi kuya ngamasu okulawula asetshenziswayo ukubhekana nalokho okudala ukukhathazeka. Nakuba kunjalo, akukho ukuvumelana okucacile ekutheni lokho okwakhiwe kokubhekana nokukhathazeka kungalinganiswa kanjani. Imibhalo ekhona ibeka kabanzi okukhathazayo okwahlukahlukene okuqondene nokuqanjwa nendlela yokwenza maqondana nokulinganiswa kokukwazi ukubhekana nokukhathazeka. UVan Wyk (2010) ulwela ukuthi, njengamanje, akunathuluzi elakhelwe ukuqonda ngokukhathazeka eselike lakhiwa kanti ambalwa amathuluzi aseke aqinisekiswa eNingizimu Afrika nase-Afrika. Injongo yocwaningo:Okuyiyona njongo eqavile yalolu cwaningo ngukwakha ithuluzi elifanele nelikholakalayo ukuveza ukuthi yimaphi amasu okubhekana nezimo asetshenziswa yizazi kwezemfundo ephakeme ezimweni zokukhathazeka ngenxa yomsebenzi. Indlela ezolandelwa ekwenzeni ucwaningo:Ukuze kusungulwe leli thuluzi, kulandelwe inhlanganisela yamagxathu ahlongozwe ngababhala mayelana nokwakhiwa kwezikali. Indlela elandelwayo yahlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu, okuyilezi: (1) ukuhlolwa kwesichasiselo esibonwa ngokucabanga kwengqondo, (2) ukuhlanjululwa kwethuluzi, kanye (3) nokusetshenziswa kwangcono kwethuluzi. Ukuhlanganiswa kohlu lwemibuzo kwakuncike esampuleni lwabasebenzi basenyuvesi abangama-305 ababeqashwe ngokugcwele esikhungweni semfundo ephakeme esifundazweni saseGauteng eNingizimu Afrika. ix Imiphumela yocwaningo eqavile: Lolu cwaningo lwadala ukuba kube khona ithuluzi lokulinganisa elisebenza kahle maqondana nokukala okuphathelene nengqondo okunezinhla ezingama-33. Kwavela amasu ayisishiyagalolunye aqinisekiswe ngokubhekwa, nokuyilawa (1) ukubhekana nesimo ngokokuhlalisana nabantu, (2) ukubhekana nesimo ngokwezenkolo, (3) ukubhekana nesimo ngokokuqonda, (4) ukubhekana nesimo ngokuzibandakanya nezikaqedisizungu, (5) ukubhekana nesimo ngokuzila okuthile, (6) ukungazibandakanyi nezimo ezihlanganisana nabantu, (7) ukungcebeleka, (8) ukuzindla, kanye (9) nokubhekana nesimo ngokuba nomunyu. La masu abuye afakwa ngaphansi kohlu lwamasu okubhekana nesimo alandelekayo nangalandeleki. I-CFA yaziqinisekisa lezi zindlela ezihlukene kasishiyagalolunye. Ukwesekelwa kokubonakele ukuqinisekisa okwakhiwe nokuqukethwe, indlela yokubheka ukuthi ithuluzi elisetshenziswayo likulinganisa ngendlela efanele kangakanani lokho okubhekwayo kanye nokusebenza ngokukholakala ngokuphelele kwamaqoqo asetshenzisiwe. Ithuluzi labuye laveza ukuqinisekiseka kokufanayo nokwahlukayo. Okusebenzile/ okuhambisana nenzuzo: Okuyiyona nto emqoka kakhulu maqondana nalolu cwaningo kwaba ngukusungulwa kwethuluzi lokulinganisa elisebenza kahle maqondana nokulinganisa okuphathelene nengqondo ukubona ukuthi yimaphi amasu okubhekana nezimo asetshenziswa yizazi kwezemfundo ephakeme ezimweni zokukhathazeka ngenxa yomsebenzi. Ucwaningo luphinde lwadlala indima ekwakheni nasekuhloleni ngokubheka okwenzekayo ngethuluzi elingasetshenziselwa ukubhekana nesimo sokukhathazeka emsebenzini. Okokugcina, ucwaningo luhlinzeke ukwesekelwa kokungaguquki kwezilinganiso emaqoqweni ahlukahlukene ngokwezigaba, kanti imiphumela yaveza ukuthi abantu abaqhamuka emaqoqweni ahlukahlukene ngokwezigaba ahluka kakhulu uma kufikwa emaswini abakhetha ukuwasebenzisa maqondana nokukhathazeka ngenxa yezimo zomsebenzi. / Psychology / D. Phil.(Psychology)

In the light of growing concerns regarding the quality of higher education after a period of rapid expansion, in 2003, the Chinese government launched the Undergraduate Teaching Evaluation (UTE), the first nation-wide evaluation of universities. In 2008, the UTE was replaced by the Quality Project, which signalled a change in its quality assurance approach, with a move from evaluations to the issuing of awards. In order to investigate the impact of the two national quality assurance policies, along with the impact of two long-standing internal quality assurance mechanisms employed by universities - class observation and student evaluation of teachers - on teaching, the researcher adopted policy analysis and a case study approach. Three different universities in the same region were selected as cases. Semi-structured interviews with 56 heads of department and teachers across three departments at each university were conducted. National and university policy documents, as well as interview data, were analysed thematically in the light of concepts derived from the political sciences, namely Knoepfel et al.'s (2007; 2011) framework for policy analysis and Schneider and Ingram's (1990) classification of policy tools. University policies and interview data revealed the patterns of impact of these two quality assurance policies. Faced with the UTE inspection, universities shifted their focus from assuring the quality of teaching to achieving good results in the exercise and therefore engaging in 'game-playing'. In order to ensure good UTE results, universities even resorted to the manipulation of data. University policies resulting from the UTE required teachers to produce standardised documents and to follow particular procedures. The majority of interviewed teachers regarded the impact of the UTE with cynicism, seeing it as a waste of time and effort, an interference with academic freedom, and believing it had the effect of undermining ethics. However, some teachers reported as positive impact of the fact that the UTE helped to keep teachers disciplined, and that it provided an impetus for ensuring teaching quality. Interview data showed that the Quality Project awards only had an impact on the award winners, who perceived the incentives on offer to be substantial. These award winners considered the acknowledgement given by the awards and the information obtained through reflection and good examples as valuable impacts. However, the Quality Project awards did not have impact on non-award winners, i.e. the majority of teachers. This study revealed that in order to have impact the institutional practices of class observation and the student evaluation of teachers relied on a number of conditions being in place. These practices had impact when the stakes were high or when university teachers received valid and reliable feedback. Whilst high stakes were found to lead to mixed impact, valid and reliable feedback contributed to the improvement of teaching. This study contributes to the understanding of the impact of quality assurance policies and mechanisms on teaching in Chinese higher education, an area that has not yet been the subject of significant empirical research. Covering the two major quality assurance policies in recent years, and also the institutional mechanisms teachers face, this research was able to capture the interdependence between these policies. No such research has previously been conducted in the context of Chinese higher education. In regard to the theoretical aspect of the research, the empirical evidence that was collected and a comprehensive review of other empirical research enabled the development of an Impact Framework. The Impact Framework identified patterns in the impact of various quality assurance policy tools and revealed their inherent strengths and weaknesses. Hence, the Impact Framework can serve in the future as an important reference for policy-makers who are seeking to design and implement effective quality assurance policy tools.

Typischerweise entstehen Rechnungslegungsnormen im Rahmen eines politischen Prozesse, gleich, ob dieser parlamentarisch oder privatrechtlich organisiert ist. Daher sieht sich der Normentstehungsprozess regelmäßig Lobbyingaktivitäten diverser Interessengruppen ausgesetzt. Die vorliegende Arbeit undersucht in vier Manuskripten verschiedenste Bereiche der Entstehung von Rechnungslegungsnormen, sowohl im Rahmen parlamentarischer wie auch privatrechtlicher Regulierungsstrukturen. Manuskript A. bereitet den theoretischen Hintergrund des Rechnungslegungslobbying auf und identifiziert thematische wie auch methodische Forschungslücken. Manuskript B. entwickelt daraufhin eine neuartige Forschungsmethode für Rechnungslegungslobbying, die Elemente der sozialwissenschaftlichen Inhaltsanalyse mit solchen der Diskursanalyse verbindet. Im Rahmen der Anwendung dieser Methode auf die Entstehung des Bilanzrechtsmodernisierungsgesetzes wird gezeigt, dass die Methode in einem parlamentarischen Normentstehungsprozess anwendbar ist. Darüber hinaus werden Potenziale für eine Anwendung auch in privatrechtlich organisierten Rechnungslegungssystemen aufgezeigt. Manuskript C. betrachtet die Rolle der Wissenschaftler in einem deutschen Kontext und verbindet methodisch dabei die Inhaltsanalyse mit historisch-kritischer Forschung. Festgestellt werden kann dabei, dass die Einstellung deutscher Hochschullehrer im Bereich zur Zeitwertbewertung im Rahmen deutscher Rechnungslegung durchaus mit rechnungslegungshistorischen Beobachtungen erklärt werden kann. Manuskript D. widmet sich schließlich der privatrechtlich geprägten Normentstehung auf Ebene des IASV. Mit Hilfe einer interpretativen Inhaltsanalyse und deskriptiv statistischen Verfahren wird gezeigt, dass die Mitarbeiter Numerale im Rahmen bestimmter Dokumente inkonsistent verwenden. Dieses Ergebnis konterkariert die Bemühungen des IASB um Transparenz und lässt Lücken für nicht beobachtbare Einflussnahmen auf die Mitarbeiter des IASB. In ihrer Gesamtheit tragen die vier Manuskripte sowohl methodisch wie auch thematisch zur Fortentwicklung der Forschung im Rechnungslegungslobbying bei. Bislang vernachlässigte Forschungsmethoden werden aufgezeigt, modifiziert und auf eine Vielzahl verschiedener Fragestellungen angewandt. Darüber hinaus untersuchen die Manuskripte insbesondere diejenigen Bereiche des Rechnungslegungslobbying, die bislang von den meisten Forschern in diesem Gebiet vernachlässigt wurden. / Typically, accounting standards emerge within a political process, be it that this process is driven by a parliament or a private institution. Consequently, the whole process is subject to lobbying efforts by several interest groups. Four essays examine various parts of processes of emergence of accounting standards in parliamentary as well as private standard setting environments. Essay A. provides the theoretical background concerning lobbying on accounting standards and identifies research potential, in terms of topics as well as methods. Essay B. develops an innovative research method for research of lobbying on accounting standards combining elements of content and discourse analysis. It is proven that this research design is applicable in a parliamentary setting. Moreover potentials for research in private settings are identified. Essay C. focuses on academics in accounting standard setting in a German context and combines a content analysis with historical research. For the attitude of German accounting academics concerning fair value accounting in a German context it is shown that German accounting history may be a source of explanation. Finally, essay D. focuses on a private standard setting institution, namely the IASB. Using a content analysis and descriptive statistics, it is shown that the IASB staff uses quantifiers in certain documents inconsistently. This finding counteracts the IASB’s efforts towards transparency. Through all four essays a contribution to accounting standard lobbying is made. Alternative research methods are introduced, modified and used for a variety of lobbying areas. Moreover, the essays focus on groups in the context of accounting standards lobbying that have not yet been paid attention by most accounting researchers.

The research was conducted from the perspective of a positive psychological paradigm and investigated the interrelationship dynamics between the psychological constructs of resistance to change, work engagement and psychological capital which have been under-researched in the rapidly changing open distance learning work environment of academics. A quantitative survey was conducted on a probability sample of 423 (N=423) academics at a South African open distance learning higher education institution. Confirmatory- and exploratory factor analysis, in the absence of goodness of fit, revealed a four-construct measurement model for resistance to change, a two-factor measurement model for work engagement and a four-construct measurement model for psychological capital. A correlational analysis revealed significant relationships between resistance to change, work engagement and psychological capital and structural equation modelling indicated an adequate fit of the conceptual structural model. Tests for statistically significant mean differences revealed no differences between male and female academics, or between the educational levels of groups of academics, with regard to levels of resistance to change, work engagement and psychological capital. At a theoretical level, the research provided insight into the different concepts and theoretical models that lead to the development of positive psychological functioning, such as understanding of the notion of resistance to change in the work environment. At an empirical level, the new knowledge and insights derived from the results may add to a broader perspective on interrelationships between the psychological behavioural constructs of resistance to change, work engagement and psychological capital. This research has also added to the body of knowledge on how academics’ positive psychological behaviour can contribute to a positive organisation as well as to individual well-being in a changing open distance learning work environment. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / D. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Extant literature on academic identities claims that academic identities not only represent academics’ subjectively construed understandings of who they are but they also derive from roles, statuses, membership in disciplinary communities and characteristics that make academics unique individuals. Even so, research focusing exclusively on academic identities is unprecedented in the Lesotho higher education (HE) sector; therefore, this study describes how narratives of experiences and meanings attached to being an academic relate to the construction of academic identities at the National University of Lesotho (NUL). How do reflexive interpretations of cultural expectations tied to membership in disciplinary communities influence the negotiation of academic identities and work behaviour of academic staff? How do descriptions of the (mis)alignment between job facets, individual values and expectations influence the meaningfulness and fulfilment for academics’ professional self-concepts? How do stories of internalised meanings of involvement and symbolic identification with NUL influence academic identity trajectories? Being interpretive in nature, this study used narrative interviews to collect data from a sample of thirty-one academics from NUL. The findings revealed that ‘who’ an academic is derives from meanings of ‘lived experiences’ of work enjoyment, applicability, exploitation, facilitation, multitasking, prestige and burnout. The findings also showed that academic identities were negotiated by reflexively interpreting the cultural expectation of ‘finishing work on time’ through work behaviours such as managing time, working overtime, self-motivation, underperforming, balancing roles and seeking work assistance. The participants’ narratives also revealed that the fulfilment for academics’ professional self-concepts derived from autonomy, accomplishments, learning, interdependencies, work environment, students’ attitudes and recognition. Lastly, the study showed that participants’ academic identity trajectories were influenced by altruism, passion, options, disillusions and relations. Overall, the ‘narratives of experience’ reiterated that academic identities at NUL were contextualised constructs of ‘work experiences’, ‘membership in communities’, ‘job attitudes’ and ‘self -discovery,’ based on the self as a unique individual, a group member and a role holder. Consistent with the interactionist perspective, academic identities at NUL represent structurally, culturally and institutionally located stories of experiences and meanings derived from the work situation, the setting and social relationships that academics participate in daily at NUL. / Sociology / D. Phil. (Sociology)

This is a phenomenographic study, of which the aim was to explore the variation of experiences, needs, views and understandings through a phenomenographic study of academics who were enrolled in the MEd in Open and Distance Learning (ODL) at Unisa during 2012-2015. The MEd in ODL is a dual university programme between University of South Africa (Unisa) and University of Maryland University College (UMUC). The research question was around issues which Unisa academic staff members experienced during the course of their enrolment for the MEd in ODL. Relevant scholarly literature on online learning, theories for online learning, and previous research on online learning, was surveyed in this regard. Variation theory which framed the study through a phenomenographic research lens was described. Interviews were conducted with seven participants from the students on the MEd in ODL programme. Postings on MyUnisa Discussion Forum which were treated as data were analysed in relation to the aspects raised in the interviews. The findings revealed students’ varied online experiences in the three main aspects namely, experience and understanding, understanding the object of learning and learning objects. Important recommendations made, were based on the findings. In conclusion, the findings exhibited students’ varied experiences about issues which they battle with in the MEd in ODL programme, of which Unisa should take into consideration as they further enrol students in the programme. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / M. Ed. (Open and Distance Learning)

Die internationale Ausrichtung der akademischen Bildung ist nicht nur eine moderne Randerscheinung, sondern hat sich in den letzten Jahren als unverzichtbar im Wettbewerb der Hochschulen um Studierende und hochqualifizierten wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchs erwiesen. Ausgehend davon wird in diesem Papier ein Konzept für die Integration des postgradualen Master- und Promotionsstudiums in Economics präsentiert. Ein besonderes Merkmal dieses Konzeptes stellt die Bifurkation des Studienverlaufs nach einem gemeinsamen zweijährigen Kurssystem dar, wonach sowohl Graduierung als Master, als auch nach einer sich anschließenden Forschungs- und Kollegphase die Promotion erfolgen kann. Ziel ist es, nicht nur die Chancen und die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von Ökonomen/innen auf dem nationalen und internationalen Arbeitsmarkt für hochqualifizierte Tätigkeiten zu erhöhen, sondern auch die Attraktivität des postgradualen Studiums und die Zukunft des wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses zu gewährleisten. / The international orientation of the academic education is not only a modern side issue but in recent years it has proven as indispensable in the competition of universities among students and highly-qualified young scientists. Based on this, the paper presents an approach for the integration of the postgraduate master and doctoral studies in economics. A specific feature of this approach is the bifurcation of the course of study after a two-year curriculum course system. Afterwards both the graduation as Master and the PhD after a subsequently research and college phase can be made. The aim is not only to increase the chance and the competitiveness of economists in the international labour market for highly-qualified activities but also to ensure the attractiveness of the postgraduate studies and the future of high-qualified young scientists.

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