La maladie rénale chronique (MRC) par ses conséquences organiques et psychologiques représente unenjeu majeur de santé publique. Sa physiopathologie reste mal connue, mais il est établi que toute atteinte rénale,quelle qu’en soit la cause, aboutit à une réduction du nombre de néphrons fonctionnels. Cette réductionnéphronique est responsable de processus adaptatifs complexes des néphrons sains restants pour maintenir unefonction rénale satisfaisante. Si la perte néphronique est suffisamment importante, le parenchyme rénal vas’altérer progressivement aboutissant au remplacement des néphrons sains par un tissu fibreux puis au déclin dela fonction rénale. Les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués, tant dans l’adaptation à la réduction néphronique,que dans la dégradation progressive du parenchyme rénal sont mal connus et les possibilités d’interventionsthérapeutiques limitées.La voie AKT/mTOR est une voie de signalisation intracellulaire ubiquitaire, très conservée, jouant unrôle central dans l’homéostasie cellulaire par sa fonction de régulation de la croissance, de l’apoptose et du cyclecellulaire. L’extraordinaire complexité de son mode de recrutement témoigne du rôle de carrefour de cette voie.Elle intègre des signaux multiples et très variés (facteurs de croissance, acides-aminés, niveau énergétiquecellulaire, disponibilité de l’oxygène) modulant l’anabolisme cellulaire. Notre compréhension du rôle de cettevoie dans la progression de la MRC est encore très limitée et les données sont peu nombreuses et controversées.Mon travail de thèse a consisté à évaluer, en utilisant un modèle expérimental de réduction néphroniquechez la souris, le rôle de la voie AKT/mTORC au cours de la progression des MRC.Nous résultats démontrent que AKT, et plus précisément AKT2, est une molécule essentielle àl’adaptation podocytaire aux contraintes imposées par la réduction néphronique. En appliquant plusieursmodèles de réduction néphronique à des souris génétiquement modifiées, nous avons pu établir la fonctioncruciale de cette isoforme. En effet, l’inactivation d’Akt2, soit systémique soit conditionnelle dans le podocyte,est responsable d’une hyporéactivité de la voie AKT podocytaire, d’un remodelage du cytosquelette, d’uneaugmentation de l’apoptose glomérulaire avec raréfaction podocytaire et de lésions de glomérulosclérose.Transposant nos données à la pathologie humaine, nous avons mis en évidence une activation podocytaired’AKT2 après transplantation rénale chez les patients présentant une altération importante de la fonction rénale.De façon marquante, la survenue d’une protéinurie en réponse à un traitement par sirolimus s’associait à uneperte de cette activation et à une augmentation de l’apoptose glomérulaire.Parallèlement, nous avons évalué le rôle de cette voie chez l’homme au cours d’une MRC trèsparticulière secondaire à la présence d’anticorps antiphospholipides. Cette néphropathie est caractérisée par laprésence de lésions vasculaires sévères prolifératives, hypertrophiques et progressivement obstructivesaboutissant à la destruction du parenchyme rénal. Jusqu'à maintenant, aucun lien formel n’avait été établi entre laprésence de ces anticorps et le développement des lésions vasculaires, et aucune thérapeutique n’était disponible.Nos résultats indiquent que ces anticorps sont directement pathogènes pour l’endothélium induisant l’activationde la voie AKT/mTORC. L’activation de cette voie stimule la prolifération des cellules endothéliales mais aussi .... / Pas de résumé en anglais

7Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by accumulation and deposition of extracellular beta-amyloid peptides (Aβ) and intra-neuronal hyperphosphorylated tau in the brain. The insulin signalling pathway begins upstream at the insulin receptor (IR), where the intracellular insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) is phosphorylated, thus propagating the signal downstream to the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, which affects both the glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β), which is a tau kinase, and mTOR, which is a critical part of the mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes that not only mediate a wide range of cell functions, but also feed back upstream to regulate Akt. Increasing evidence builds a strong case for the role of soluble Aβ oligomers (AβOs) in the impairment of insulin signalling in AD. Our in vitro studies with neuroblastoma 2a (N2a) cells stably transfected with human APP695 gene (N2a-APP), which secrete excess Aβ, show that the phosphorylation and expression of several but not all critical signalling proteins along the insulin signalling pathway are dysregulated in the cells in comparison to the parental N2a cells. N2a-APP cells were also found to be phenotypically insulin resistant. Subsequently, N2a-APP cells were treated with the Aβ binding peptide (ABP), which binds Aβ oligomers. The ABP treatment was observed to enhance insulin signalling response compared to untreated controls. The results suggest that Aβ may be responsible for inducing the insulin resistant phenotype in N2a-APP cells, and that the removal of Aβ oligomers is a potential treatment consideration for dysfunctional insulin signalling involved in Alzheimer’s disease.

Mise en contexte : Le syndrome du X fragile (SXF) résulte de la perte d’expression de la protéine FMRP. L’absence de FMRP est responsable d’une série de perturbations signalétiques, notamment une hyperactivation de la voie MAPK/ERK. La lovastatine, un médicament hypocholestérolémiant, possède comme effet pléiotrope la capacité d’inhiber la voie MAPK/ERK et a permis de corriger certains phénotypes pathologiques clés du modèle murin du SXF, mettant en lumière son potentiel thérapeutique chez l’humain. Ainsi, nous avons réalisé en 2013 une étude ouverte visant à étudier l’effet d’un traitement de 12 semaines à la lovastatine sur les troubles cognitifs et comportementaux des enfants et des adultes avec SXF. La plupart des individus ont présenté des améliorations cognitives et comportementales, telles qu’évaluées par les échelles cliniques Vineland-II Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS-II) et Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community (ABC-C), respectivement. Ces échelles remplies par les tuteurs et les soignants sont toutefois évaluateur-dépendantes et sujettes à l’effet expérimentateur. Ces variables parasites, qui s’ajoutent à l’effet placebo inhérent à la conception ouverte de l’essai thérapeutique, peuvent ainsi avoir faussé l’évaluation de la réponse au traitement. Nous avons donc étudié si les cascades signalétiques des plaquettes sanguines peuvent être utilisées comme biomarqueurs objectifs pour surveiller la réponse au traitement. Méthode : Des échantillons sanguins des 15 individus SXF ayant participé à l’essai clinique ont été recueillis au début et à la fin de l’étude afin d’évaluer par Western Blot l’effet in vivo de la lovastatine sur l’activité de ERK dans les plaquettes sanguines, et ainsi de pouvoir corréler les réponses biologiques et cliniques. L’état de phosphorylation de ERK a également été étudié dans les plaquettes d’une cohorte contrôle. Résultats : Nos résultats démontrent une augmentation significative de près du double de la phosphorylation basale de ERK dans les plaquettes sanguines des individus avec SXF en comparaison avec les sujets contrôles (p=0,002). De plus, nous avons observé une normalisation de la phosphorylation de ERK chez 13 des 15 individus SXF après le traitement de 12 semaines à la lovastatine (p=0,007). Notre étude fournit ainsi les premières évidences d’un effet bénéfique de la lovastatine dans le SXF chez l’humain. Nous avons également démontré que les changements de la phosphorylation de ERK étaient partiellement corrélés à la réponse clinique, et ce, pour le score total et les scores des sous-domaines ‘socialisation’ et ‘compétences de la vie quotidienne’ de l’échelle VABS-II (p=0,003). Conclusion : De façon générale, ces résultats suggèrent que les cascades signalétiques plaquettaires peuvent être utilisées comme biomarqueurs pour évaluer de façon objective la réponse au traitement lors de futurs essais thérapeutiques. / Abstract: Background: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) results from loss of FMRP expression, which causes several signaling dysregulations, including the hyperactivation of the Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Lovastatin, a drug used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, pleiotropically inhibits the MAPK/ERK cascade and has successfully corrected key pathological phenotypes in the FXS mouse model, underscoring its ‘disease-modifying’ potential. Thereby, we conducted in 2013 the first open-label clinical trial investigating the effect of a 12-week lovastatin regimen on cognitive and behavioral disabilities in FXS. Most individuals presented subtle positive cognitive changes as assessed by the Vineland-II Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS-II) as well as behavior improvements using the widely used scale Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community (ABC-C). The latter two scales are filled up by caregivers making them rater-dependent and prone to observer-expectancy effect. This might result in a placebo effect which is inherent to the open-label design of the trial. We therefore investigated whether blood platelets’ signaling cascades may be used as objective biomarkers to monitor treatment response. Methods: Blood samples were gathered from 15 FXS individuals during the trial in order to evaluate by quantitative Western Blotting the in vivo effect of lovastatin on ERK activity in blood platelets, and to correlate clinical and biological responses. The basal phosphorylation status of ERK was also assessed in platelets from a control cohort. Results: Our results showed a more than two-fold significant increase in FXS blood platelet basal ERK phosphorylation as compared to controls (p=0.002). Of note, we found that this hyperphosphorylation was normalized following the 12-week lovastatin trial (p=0.007) in 13 of the 15 FXS individuals enrolled in the trial. This represents the first evidence for a beneficial effect of lovastatin in human FXS. The extent of changes in ERK phosphorylation was also found to partly correlate with the clinical response scales’ scores, especially for the VABS-II. Indeed, the composite total score and the ‘daily living skills’ as well as the ‘socialization’ subscales scores of the VABS-II were correlated with the biological response (p=0.03). In comparison, no correlation was observed with the ABC-C scale. Conclusion: Broadly, these results suggest that platelets’ signaling cascades could be used as biomarkers to objectively assess treatment response during future clinical trials.

Breast cancer is a disease associated with excess exposures to estrogens. While the mode of cancer causation is unknown, others have shown that oxidative stress induced by prolonged exposure to estrogens mediates renal, liver, endometrial and mammary tumorigenesis though the mechanism(s) underling this process is unknown. In this study, we show that 4-hydroxyl 17β-estradiol (4-OHE2), a catechol metabolite of estrogen, induces mammary tumorigenesis in a redox dependent manner. We found that the mechanism of tumorigenesis involves redox activations of nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF1); a transcriptions factor associated with regulation of mitochondria biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), as well as mediation of cell survival and growth of cells during periods of oxidative stress. Key findings from our study are as follows: (i) Prolonged treatments of normal mammary epithelial cells with 4-OHE2, increased the formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). (ii) Estrogen-induced ROS activates redox sensitive transcription factors NRF1. (iii) 4-OHE2 through activation of serine-threonine kinase and histone acetyl transferase, phosphorylates and acetylate NRF1 respectively. (iv) Redox mediated epigenetic modifications of NRF1 facilitates mammary tumorigenesis and invasive phenotypes of breast cancer cells via modulations of genes involved in proliferation, growth and metastasis of exposed cells. (v) Animal engraftment of transformed clones formed invasive tumors. (vi) Treatment of cells or tumors with biological or chemical antioxidants, as well as silencing of NRF1 expressions, prevented 4-OHE2 induced mammary tumorigenesis and invasive phenotypes of MCF-10A cells. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that 4-OHE2 induced ROS epigenetically activate NRF1 through its phosphorylation and acylation. This, in turn, through NRF1-mediated transcriptional activation of the cell cycle genes, controls 4-OHE2 induced cell transformation and tumorigenesis.

In subclinical hypothyroidism (SH), high levels of circulating thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) maintain normal thyroid hormone levels, despite mild thyroid failure. SH is associated with cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance, although the underlying pathophysiology is not fully understood. We hypothesized that TSH may inhibit insulin action in adipocytes. To investigate this relationship, we studied primary human differentiated adipocytes. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were obtained (approved by OHSN-REB) from 16 weight-stable patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery. We stimulated adipocytes differentiated from stromal preadipocytes with 5 mU/ml TSH and/or 100 nM insulin, and assessed acute insulin signaling, lipogenesis and glucose uptake. Immunoblot analysis revealed that TSH suppressed insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation by 45% (n=5; p = 0.01). When adipocytes were pre-incubated with conventional protein kinase C (cPKC) inhibitor Gö6976, TSH inhibition was blocked. Our data indicate that TSH inhibits insulin-stimulated lipogenesis (up to 37%), but depends on BMI. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was enhanced by 36% and also correlated with BMI. This data suggests that TSH can modulate adipocyte insulin signaling.

The lipid kinase phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III β (PI4KIIIβ) phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) to generate PI(4)P in the Golgi. PI4KIIIβ is likely involved in the development of breast cancer as it has been reported genetically amplified in a subset of human breast tumours and is a downstream effector of the eukaryotic elongation factor 1 alpha 2 (eEF1A2), a transforming gene that is amplified and highly expressed in approximately 60% of human breast tumours. The goal of my thesis is to investigate a role for PI4KIIIβ in breast oncogenesis. We show that PI4KIIIβ is highly expressed in approximately 20% of primary human breast tumours. Overexpression of PI4KIIIβ in an invasive breast ductal carcinomas cell line, BT549, increased the production of filopodial actin filament protrusions and enhanced in vitro proliferative capacity. Enhanced PI4KIIIβ expression did not impact the migratory rate of these breast cancer cells. We found that PI4KIIIβ expression activates Akt kinase in the BT549 breast cancer cell line. PI4KIIIβ overexpression led to an increase in the plasma membrane abundance of the PI3K derived PI(3,4,5)P3/PI(3,4)P2 lipids, upstream activators of Akt signalling. PI(4)P and PI(4,5)P2 are precursors to PI(3,4,5)P3 and PI(3,4)P2 generation, however, no changes in the overall cellular abundance or localization of PI(4)P or PI(4,5)P2 were detected in PI4KIIIβ-overexpressing cells. Inhibition of PI4KIIIβ kinase activity, using the drug Pik93, had no effect on PI4KIIIβ-mediated Akt activation. Additionally, ectopic expression of a catalytically inactive PI4KIIIβ also led to increased Akt activity and PI(3,4,5)P3/PI(3,4)P2 plasma membrane abundance. Together, this implies that PI4KIIIβ regulates Akt independently of PI(4)P generation. The PI4KIIIβ interacting protein, Rab11, is likely involved in PI4KIIIβ mediated Akt activation, as RNAi-mediated depletion of Rab11 suppressed the effect of PI4KIIIβ overexpression on Akt activation. Furthermore, PI4KIIIβ overexpression altered cellular Rab11 distribution and led to enhanced recruitment of PI4KIIIβ and Rab11 to recycling endosomes. Therefore, PI4KIIIβ is highly expressed in a subset of breast tumours and upregulated PI4KIIIβ expression enhances filopodia production and cell growth in vitro. Enhanced PI4KIIIβ expression increases PI(3,4,5)P3/PI(3,4)P2 plasma membrane abundance and Akt activation independently of its kinase function, through a mechanism that likely involves Rab11. This work suggests that PI4KIIIβ impacts breast oncogenesis by regulating PI3K/Akt signalling through Rab11 and endosomal trafficking.

La voie PI3K/AKT est impliquée dans la progression de divers cancers humains, et semble jouer un rôle majeur dans le développement de tumeurs lymphoïdes. Elle pourrait être impliquée dans la pathogénie du lymphome folliculaire (LF) par certains mécanismes non identifiés. Les travaux de thèse portent sur l'étude des anomalies de la voie PI3K/AKT dans le LF, dans le but d'apporter une nouvelle cible thérapeutique. 38 biopsies tissulaires de LF humain ont été étudiées pour une analyse mutationnelle du gène PIK3CA dans les exons 9 et 20 par séquençage. Les mêmes échantillons ont été analysés par western blot et immunohistochimie pour détecter l'expression des protéines AKT, AKT phosphorylée (pAKT), et PTEN. Deux cas de lymphadénite ont été utilisés comme témoins.Les résultats obtenus montrent que l'expression d'AKT était présente dans tous les cas de LF et lymphadénite, et 14/38 (37%) échantillons de LF et 2/2 cas de lymphadénite exprimaient pAKT. 9/38 (24%) échantillons de LF ont montré un niveau élevé d'expression de pAKT, alors que 5/38 (13%) cas de LF, et 2/2 échantillons de lymphadénite montraient un faible niveau d'expression de pAKT. L'expression de PTEN a été observée dans 30/38 (79%) cas de LF et 2/2 cas de lymphadénite, tandis que 8/38 (21%) cas ont montré une perte d'expression de PTEN. En outre, 3 cas qui expriment pAKT montrent une perte d'expression de PTEN. Aucune mutation du gène PIK3CA n'a été détectée dans les échantillons étudiés. Ces données suggèrent que la voie PI3K/AKT peut être activée dans certains cas de LF, soit en raison de la phosphorylation d'AKT, soit en raison d'une perte d'expression de PTEN, en absence de mutations de PIK3CA. / The phosphoinositide 3- kinase (PI3K) pathway is involved in the growth of various human cancers, including lymphoid malignancies. However its role in the pathogenesis of follicular lymphoma (FL) has not been yet described.The PhD work focuses on the study of alterations in the PI3K/AKT pathway in follicular lymphoma, in order to provide a new therapeutic target.To clarify this point, biopsy tissue samples from 38 human FL cases were investigated for PIK3CA somatic mutations in exons 9 and 20 using Sanger sequencing. The same samples were analyzed using western blotting and immunohistochemistry to detect expression of AKT, phosphorylated AKT (pAKT), and PTEN proteins. Two cases of benign lymphadenitis were used as controls. AKT expression was present in all FL and lymphadenitis cases. 14/38 (37%) FL and 2/2 lymphadenitis cases expressed pAKT. 9/38 (24%) FL samples showed high level of pAKT, whereas 5/38 (13%) FL cases and 2/2 benign lymphadenitis samples expressed pAKT at low level. PTEN expression was observed in 30/38 (79%) FL and 2/2 benign lymphadenitis cases, whereas 8/38 (21%) of FL cases showed loss of PTEN expression. In addition, 3 cases with positive pAKT did not express PTEN. PIK3CA mutations were not detected in any sample. These data suggest that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway could be activated in a subset of FL cases, due to either AKT phosphorylation or PTEN downregulation, in the absence of PIK3CA mutations.

The focus of this dissertation is to understand the physicochemical factors that affect the spatiotemporal control of phosphoinositide signaling events. Despite their low abundance in cellular membranes ( ~ 1% of total lipids) phosphoinositides are assuming major roles in the spatiotemporal regulation of cellular signaling, therefore making this group of lipids an attractive area of study, especially for identifying drug targets. The main phosphoinositide studied in this dissertation is phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], which regulates various intracellular signaling pathways, notably the PI3K/AKT pathway. The PI3K/AKT pathway plays a critical role in regulating diverse cellular functions including metabolism, growth, proliferation, and survival. Thus, dysregulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway is implicated in a number of human diseases including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and neurological diseases. PI(4,5)P2 regulates phosphoinositide signaling in the PI3K/AKT pathway through interaction of its highly anionic headgroup with polybasic proteins. The highly specific manner that allows hundreds of structurally diverse proteins to interact with lipid species found in such low supply may require the local formation of PI(4,5)P2 clusters (domains). Although a significant amount of evidence has accumulated over the past decade that supports the notion of PI(4,5)P2-rich clusters, our understanding regarding the structural determinants required for cluster formation remains limited. Studies have shown that PI(4,5)P2 clustering is induced by cellular cations interacting with PI(4,5)P2 via electrostatic interactions, suggesting that non-clustering/clustering transitions are particularly sensitive to ionic conditions. However, why some ions are more effectively cluster PI(4,5)P2 than others remains to be understood. For our first research aim, we investigated the effects of divalent (Ca2+) and monovalent cations (Na+, K+ ) on PI(4,5)P2 clustering to understand the ionic environment required for electrostatic PI(4,5)P2 cluster formation. We used monolayers at the air/water interface (Langmuir films) to monitor PI(4,5)P2 molecular packing in the presence of each cation. Our results indicated that Ca2+ individually and Ca2+ along with K+ had a greater effects on PI(4,5)P2 cluster formation than Na+ and K+, individually and combined. We hypothesize that the cations shield the negatively charged headgroups, allowing adjacent PI(4,5)P2 molecules to interact via H- bonding networks. The analysis of the electrostatic environment required for stable PI(4,5)P2 clustering will help us understand important aspects of PI(4,5)P2 mediated signaling events, such as the temporal control of protein binding to PI(4,5)P2 clusters to enhance their function. Another important spatiotemporal modulator that affects the local concentration of PI(4,5)P2 clusters is cholesterol, a steroid present in large quantities (30-40 mole%) in the plasma membrane. Cholesterol has been shown to induce the formation of liquid-ordered domains when interacting with an otherwise gel phase forming lipid, however, the interaction of cholesterol with an inner leaflet lipid species that favors more of a disordered environment to form clusters is poorly understood. We hypothesize that cations along with cholesterol work synergistically to induce PI(4,5)P2 clustering. Thus, our second research aim was to investigate the role of cholesterol on PI(4,5)P2 clustering by monitoring the molecular packing of PI(4,5)P2 in the presence of both cholesterol and cations. This aim was investigated similarly to the first aim with Langmuir trough monolayer film experiments. Our results showed that cholesterol in the presence of Ca2+ had an additive effect leading to the strongest condensation of the monolayer (increase in PI(4,5)P2 packing). Our hypothesis is that Ca2+ significantly reduces the negative electron density of the phosphate groups, allowing the cholesterol hydroxyl group to interact with PI(4,5)P2 headgroup through hydrogen-bond formation. To confirm our hypothesis, we collaborated with a computational group at the NIH that performed all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations that closely agreed with our experimental data. Thus we were able to determine that the cholesterol hydroxyl group directly interacts via hydrogen-bonding with the phosphodiester group as well as the PI(4,5)P2 hydroxyl groups in the 2- and 6-position. The insight into the structural positioning of cholesterol moving closer to the PI(4,5)P2 headgroup region suggests this unique interaction is important for PI(4,5)P2 cluster formation. Other anionic lipid species are suspected to interact with PI(4,5)P2 and strengthen PI(4,5)P2 clustering. We were particularly interested in the interaction of PI(4,5)P2 with phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylserine (PS) because both are abundant in the plasma membrane, ~6-10% and ~10-20% respectively, and both electrostatically bind to peripheral proteins. Therefore, the third research aim analyzed the capacity of PI and PS to form stable clusters with PI(4,5)P2. We hypothesize that a mixed PI/PI(4,5)P2 or PS/PI(4,5)P2 domains are ideal for protein binding, since in combination PI or PS with PI(4,5)P2 would provide the necessary negative electrostatic environment, while PI(4,5)P2 would provide the high specificity and additional electrostatics for protein binding. Langmuir trough monolayer films were used to investigate the stabilization of PI/PI(4,5)P2 and PS/PI(4,5)P2 monolayers in the presence of Ca2+. Our results showed a condensation of the monolayer for both PI/PI(4,5)P2 and PS/PI(4,5)P2 with an increase in Ca2+concentrations, which suggests that Ca2+ shields the highly negatively charged phosphomonoester groups of PI(4,5)P2 allowing PI and PS to participate in PI(4,5)P2’s hydrogen-bond network. Interestingly, both PI and PS equally stabilized PI(4,5)P2 cluster formation, therefore it is highly likely that these lipids interact in vivo to form large stable electrostatic domains required for protein binding. The first three aims provided us with information about the physiological relevant environments required for PI(4,5)P2 cluster formation, while the last aim was geared towards understanding the temporal control of protein association with phosphoinositides in the plasma membrane. Specifically, we analyzed the plasma membrane association of PTEN-L, a translation variant protein of PTEN, that has the ability to exit and enter back into cells, unlike classical PTEN. The ability of PTEN-L to facilitate entry across the anionic and hydrophobic layers of the plasma membrane (in the case of direct transport of PTEN-L across the membrane) or into phospholipid transport vesicles (in the case of vesicular transport of PTEN-L across cells) is likely due to the addition of the 173 N-terminal amino acids, the alternative translated region (ATR-domain). Thus, our fourth research aim focused on the biophysical role of the ATR-domain to associate with inner leaflet plasma membrane lipids. Using attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy to monitor secondary structural changes of the ATR-domain upon lipid binding, it was revealed that both PS and PI(4,5)P2 induced conformational change towards a slight increase in β-sheet content in an otherwise unstructured domain suggesting these lipids are required for ATR-domain interaction with the PM. Further studies revealed that the ATR-domain affects the integrity of PS lipid vesicles, further indicating the presence of PS is required to drive ATR-domain across the membrane. This aim provides information on ATR-domain lipid binding preferences aiding in our understanding of the biological and functional role of PTEN-L as a deliverable tumor suppressor protein. The overall goal of the research in this dissertation is to understand factors that fine-tune PI(4,5)P2 cluster formation in space and time. Our first three research aims were designed to understand the synergistic effects of spatiotemporal modulators (cations, cholesterol, and anionic lipids) on local concentration of PI(4,5)P2 clusters. Our results indicate that Ca2+, cholesterol, and the presence of anionic lipids PI and PS all induce stable domains, thus it is highly likely this is part of the biological environment required in vivo for cationic proteins to bind. The last aim, the association of the ATR-domain with phospholipids in the plasma membrane, provided evidence that PS is likely required to drive the ATR-domain across the plasma membrane. This dissertation unifies nearly two decades worth of research by shedding light on synergistic modulators of PI(4,5)P2 cluster formation (Figure 1). Thus, this work has potentially far reaching consequences for understanding temporal control of the spatially resolved protein activity.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 甲第21928号 / 生博第413号 / 新制||生||54(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科高次生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 松田 道行, 教授 豊島 文子, 教授 安達 泰治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

Det övergripande syftet med detta forskningsarbete är att undersöka hur lärare i förskolan i samtal med barn tar sig an en i Läroplan för förskolan (1998) framskriven innehållsaspekt. Den innehållsaspekt som är i fokus är naturvetenskap. De forskningsfrågor som ställs är: Vad kommuniceras som objekt för lärande i ett naturvetenskapligt sammanhang i förskolan? Vilka akter av lärande framkommer i kommunicerandet av lärandets objekt? Studiens teoretiska referensram utgår från fenomenografi och sociokulturell teori, med särskild förankring i utvecklingspedagogisk forskning. Forskningsprojektet genomfördes på en förskoleavdelning med barn i åldern tre till sex år. Situationer med ett naturvetenskapligt innehåll har dokumenterats med videokamera. Lärarnas ”intended object of learning” var ’Livet i stubben’. Observationerna har skrivits ut i text med fokus på de dialoger som förekom mellan lärare och barn. Materialet har analyserats utifrån lärandets objekt och lärandets akt. Vid en fördjupad analys används tre nivåer av metareflekterande samtal. Denna analys har som syfte att visa i vilken mån det aktuella objektet synliggörs inom de tre nivåerna. Resultatanalysen av lärandets objekt visar på en variation av samtalstema. Resultatanalysen av lärandets akt har synliggjort ’akter som riktning’ och ’akter som uttryckssätt’. Vad som händer med lärandets objekt i förskolan diskuteras i termer av det meningsfulla sammanhanget, betydelsen av att uppfatta sammanhanget och lärarnas goda intentioner med innehållet. Resultaten pekar på att akter som uttryckssätt riskerar att bli ett redskap för innehållets anpassning till rådande omsorgs-, lek- och lärandepraktik. Avslutningsvis problematiseras lärandets objekt i relation till förskolans bildningsideal och framtida vägval för förskolan diskuteras.